Pitulung:IPA

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Kanggo pitulung masang fint sing cocog karo IPA, pirsani IPA font downloads.

Ing ngisor iki kunci dhasar simbul International Phonetic Alphabet.

Simbul utama

Simbul ditata miturut kamiripan karo abjad latin.

Simbul	Conto	Katrangan
A
(i) [ a ]	Basa Spanyol casa, Basa Prancis patte, Basa Jerman Mann	Kanggo akèh pamicara Basa Inggris, pérangan pisanan saka swara ow ing cow. Ditemokaké ing sawetara dialèk Basa Inggris ing cat utawa father.
(i) [ aː ]	Basa Jerman Aachen, Basa Prancis gare	[a] dawa.
[ ɐ ]	RP cut, Basa Jerman Kaiserslautern	(Basa Inggris, [ɐ] is biasané tinulis "[ʌ]".)
(i) [ ɑ ]	Basa Finlandia Linna
(i) [ ɑː ]	RP father, Basa Prancis pâte	[ɑ] dawa.
[ ɑ̃ ]	Basa Prancis Caen, sans, temps	Swara irung [ɑ].
(i) [ ɒ ]	RP cot	Kaya [ɑ], nanging kanthi lambé rada dibunderaké.
(i) [ ʌ ]		Kaya [ɔ], nanging tanpa lambé sing dibunderaké. (Nalika "[ʌ]" digunakna kanggo Basa Inggris, kaya [ɐ].)
(i) [ æ ]	RP cat
B
(i) [ b ]	Basa Inggris babble
(i) [ ɓ ]	Swahili bwana	Kaya pocapan [b] nalika ngulu.
(i) [ ʙ ]		Kaya swara brrr nalika kadhemen.
(i) [ β ]	Basa Spanyol la Bamba	Kaya [v], nanging kanthi lambé mèh nutup.
C
(i) [ c ]	Basa Turki kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow"	Luwih kaya Basa Inggris tune (RP) utawa cute. Kadhangkala digunakna kanggo [tʃ] ing basa kaya Hindi.
(i) [ ç ]	Basa Jerman Ich	Luwih kaya y-tinimbang[x]. Sawetara pamicara Basa Inggris duwé swara sing padha ing huge. Kanggo gawé swara iki, coba bisikna kanthi banter tembung "ye" kaya ing "Hear ye!".
(i) [ ɕ ]	Mandarin Xi'an	Luwih kaya y-tinimbang[ʃ]; kaya Basa Inggris she.
(i) [ ɔ ]	pirsani ing O
D
(i) [ d ]	Basa Inggris did
(i) [ ɗ ]	Swahili Dodoma	Kaya [d] dipocapaké karo ngulu.
(i) [ ɖ ]	Basa Inggris "harder"	Kaya [d] kanthi ilat ditekuk utawa ditarik memburi.
(i) [ ð ]	Basa Inggris the, bathe
(i) [ dz ]	Basa Inggris adze, basa Italia zero
[ dʑ ]	Basa Polski niedźwiedź "bear"	Kaya [dʒ], anging luwih kaya swara y.
(i) [ dʒ ]	Basa Inggris judge
E
(i) [ e ]	Basa Spanyol fe; Basa Prancis clé
(i) [ eː ]	Basa Jerman Klee	[e] dawa. kaya ing Basa Inggris hey,sadurungé y.
(i) [ ə ]	Basa Inggris above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Mung ana ing Basa Inggris nalika ora ditekan.)
[ ɚ ]	Basa Inggris Amérikarunner
(i) [ ɛ ]	Basa Inggris bet
[ ɛ̃ ]	Basa Prancis Agen, vin, main	Swara irung [ɛ].
(i) [ ɜ ]	RP bird (dawa)
[ ɝ ]	Basa Inggris Amérika bird
F
(i) [ f ]	Basa Inggris fun
(i) [ ɟ ]	pirsani ing J
(i) [ ʄ ]	pirsani ing J
G
(i) [ ɡ ]	Basa Inggris gig	(ora béda karo simbul "g")
(i) [ ɠ ]	Basa Swahili Uglana	Kaya [ɡ] dicopapaké nalika ngulu.
(i) [ ɢ ]		Kaya [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in sawetara Basa Arab dialèk kanggo /q/, as in Gaddafi.
(i) [ ʒ ]	pirsani ing Z	Basa Inggris beige.
H
(i) [ h ]	Basa Inggris Amérika house
(i) [ ɦ ]	Basa Inggris ahead, yèn dipocapaké kanthi cepet.
[ ʰ ]		The extra puff of air in Basa Inggris top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], utawa to Basa Prancis utawa Basa Spanyol [t].
(i) [ ħ ]	Basa Arab محمد Muhammad	Jero ing tenggorokan, kaya [h], nanging luwih kuwat.
(i) [ ɥ ]	pirsani ing U
[ ɮ ]	pirsani ing L
I
(i) [ i ]	Basa Prancis ville, Basa Spanyol Valladolid
(i) [ iː ]	Basa Inggris sea	[i] dawa.
(i) [ ɪ ]	Basa Inggris sit
(i) [ ɨ ]	Basa Rusia ты "you"	Kerep digunakna kanggo ngurangi tekanan ing Basa Inggris roses.
J
(i) [ j ]	Basa Inggris yes, Basa Jerman Junge
[ ʲ ]	Basa Rusia Ленин [lʲeˈnʲɪn]	Nuduhaké swara luwih kaya y.
(i) [ ʝ ]	Basa Spanyol cayo (sawetara dialèk)	Kaya [j], but stronger.
(i) [ ɟ ]	Basa Turki gör "pirsani" Czech díra "hole"	Luwih kaya Basa Inggris dew (RP) utawa argue. Kadhangkala digunakna kanggo [dʒ] in basa-basa kaya Hindi.
(i) [ ʄ ]	Swahili jambo	Kaya [ɟ] dipocapaké nalika ngulu.
K
(i) [ k ]	Basa Inggris kick, skip
L
(i) [ l ]	Basa Inggris leaf
(i) [ ɫ ]	Basa Inggris wool	"Dark" el.
(i) [ ɬ ]	Zulu hlala "sit"	Luwih kaya [l] lan [ʃ] utawa [l] lan [θ] dipocapaké bebarengan. Tinemu ing jeneng Welsh kaya Lloyd lan Llywelyn lan jeneng Nelson Mandela Xhosa Rolihlahla.
(i) [ ɭ ]		Kaya [l] kanthi ilat ditekuk utawa ditarik memburi.
(i) [ ɺ ]		A flapped [l], kaya [l] lan [ɾ] dipocapaké bebarengan.
(i) [ ɮ ]	Zulu dla "eat"	Luwih kaya [l] lan [ʒ], utawa [l] lan [ð], dipocapaké bebarengan.
M
(i) [ m ]	Basa Inggris mime
(i) [ ɱ ]	Basa Inggris symfony	Kaya [m], nanging lambé nyénggol untu kaya ing [f].
[ ɯ ]	pirsani ing W
(i) [ ʍ ]	pirsani ing W
N
(i) [ n ]	Basa Inggris nun
(i) [ ŋ ]	Basa Inggris sing
(i) [ ɲ ]	Basa Spanyol Peña, Basa Prancis champagne	Luwih kaya Basa Inggris canyon.
(i) [ ɳ ]	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] "Varuna"	Kaya [n] kanthi ilat ditekuk utawa ditarik memburi.
(i) [ ɴ ]	Castilian Basa Spanyol Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Kaya [ŋ], nanging luwih memburi ing tenggorokan.
O
(i) [ o ]	Basa Spanyol no, Basa Prancis eau
(i) [ oː ]	Basa Jerman Boden, Basa Prancis Vosges	[o] dawa. Luwih kaya Basa Inggris no.
(i) [ ɔ ]	Basa Jerman Oldenburg, Basa Prancis Garonne
(i) [ ɔː ]	RP law, Basa Prancis Limoges	[ɔ] dawa.
[ ɔ̃ ]	Basa Prancis Lyon, son	Swara irung [ɔ].
(i) [ ø ]	Basa Prancis feu, bœufs	Kaya [e], nanging kanthi lambé dibunderaké kaya [o].
(i) [ øː ]	Basa Jerman Goethe, Basa Prancis Deûle, neutre	[ø] dawa.
(i) [ œ ]	Basa Prancis bœuf, seul, Basa Jerman Göttingen	Kaya [ɛ], nanging kanthi lambé dibunderaké kaya [ɔ].
(i) [ œː ]	Basa Prancis œuvre, heure	[œ] dawa.
[ œ̃ ]	Basa Prancis brun, parfum	Swara irung [œ].
(i) [ θ ]	Basa Inggris thigh, bath
(i) [ ɸ ]	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji	Kaya [f], nanging lambé mèh nutup.
P
(i) [ p ]	Basa Inggris pip, spit
Q
(i) [ q ]	Basa Arab Qur’ān	Kaya [k], nanging luwih memburi ing tenggorokan.
R
(i) [ r ]	Basa Spanyol perro, Scots borrow	"Rolled R". (Umumé digunakna kanggo Basa Inggris [ɹ] nalika ora kudu persis.)
(i) [ ɾ ]	Basa Spanyol pero, Basa Inggris Amérika kitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
(i) [ ʀ ]		Getaran ing mburi tenggorokan. Digunakna kanggo /r/ in sawetara Basa Prancis konsèrvatif.
(i) [ ɽ ]	Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari"	Kaya [ɾ], nanging kanthi ilat ditekuk memburi.
(i) [ ɹ ]	RP borrow
(i) [ ɻ ]	Basa Inggris Amérika borrow, butter	Kaya [ɹ], nanging kanthi ilat ditekuk utawa ditarik memburi, kaya pocapan déning akèh pamicara Basa Inggris.
(i) [ ʁ ]	Basa Prancis Paris, Basa Jerman Riemann	Dipocapaké jroning tenggorokan, nanging ora digetaraké.
S
(i) [ s ]	Basa Inggris sass
(i) [ ʂ ]	Mandarin Shàolín, Basa Rusia Пушкин (Pushkin)	Kaya [s], nanging kanthi ilat ditekuk utawa ditarik memburi. (Pocapan béda-béda ing basa-basa iki.)
(i) [ ʃ ]	Basa Inggris she
T
(i) [ t ]	Basa Inggris tot, stop
(i) [ ʈ ]	Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	Kaya [t], nanging kanthi ilat ditekuk utawa ditarik memburi.
(i) [ ts ]	Basa Inggris cats, Basa Rusia царь tsar
[ tʃ ]	Basa Inggris church
[ tɕ ]	Mandarin 北京  (i) Běijīng	Kaya [tʃ], nanging luwih kaya swara y.
U
(i) [ u ]	Basa Prancis vous "you"
(i) [ uː ]	RP food, Basa Prancis Rocquencourt, Basa Jerman Schumacher	Long [u]. (Pocapan béda-béda ing basa-basa iki.)
(i) [ ʊ ]	Basa Inggris foot, Basa Jerman Bundesrepublik	(Pocapan béda-béda ing basa-basa iki.)
(i) [ ʉ ]	Australian Basa Inggris food (long)	Kaya [ɨ], nanging kanthi lambé dibunderaké kaya kanggo [u].
(i) [ ɥ ]	Basa Prancis lui	Kaya [j] lan [w] dipocapaké bebarengan.
(i) [ ɯ ]	pirsani ing W
V
(i) [ v ]	Basa Inggris verve
(i) [ ʋ ]	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"	Antara [v] lan [w]. Digunakna déning sawetara Basa Jerman lan basa Rusia kanggo v/w, lan déning sawetara pamicara wong British Basa Inggris kanggo r.
(i) [ ɣ ]	Basa Arab / Swahili ghali "expensive"	Uni luwih kaya Basa Prancis [ʁ].
(i) [ ɤ ]	Mandarin Hénán	Kaya [o] nanging lambé ora dibunderaké, kaya [ʊ] lan [ʌ].
[ ʌ ]	pirsani ing A
W
(i) [ w ]	Basa Inggris wow
[ ʷ ]	Basa Inggris rain [ɹʷɛn]	Nuduhaké swara lambé dibunderaké, quick.
(i) [ ʍ ]	what (sawetara dialek)	kaya [h] lan [w] dipocapaké bebarengan.
(i) [ ɯ ]	Basa Turki kayık "caïque"	Kaya [u], nanging kanthi lambé warata; kaya [ʊ].
(i) [ ɰ ]	Basa Spanyol agua
X
(i) [ x ]	Scottish Basa Inggris loch, Basa Jerman Bach, Basa Rusia хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good"
(i) [ χ ]	Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Basa Spanyol Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Kaya [x], nanging luwih memburi ing tenggorokan. Sawetara pamicara Basa Jerman lan Basa Arab nganggo [χ] kanggo ngganti [x].
Y
(i) [ y ]	Basa Prancis rue	Kaya [i], nanging kanthi lambé dibunderaké kaya kanggo [u].
(i) [ yː ]	Basa Jerman Bülow, Basa Prancis sûr	[y] dawa.
(i) [ ʏ ]	Basa Jerman Eisenhüttenstadt	Kaya [ɪ], nanging kanthi lambé dibunderaké kaya kanggo [ʊ].
(i) [ ʎ ]	Basa Spanyol llama (Castilian)	Luwih kaya y-tinimbang [l]. luwih kaya Basa Inggris million.
(i) [ ɥ ]	pirsani U
(i) [ ɤ ]	pirsani in V
[ ɣ ]	Pirsani ing V
Z
(i) [ z ]	Basa Inggris zoos
(i) [ ʑ ]	basa Rusia formal жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn"	Luwih kaya y-tinimbang[ʒ], kaya beigey.
(i) [ ʐ ]	Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", Rusia журнал "journal"	Kaya [z] kanthi ilat ditekuk utawa ditarik memburi . (Pocapan sing persis bisa béda-béda jroning basa-basa iki.)
(i) [ ʒ ]	Basa Inggris azure, Basa Prancis journal
[ ɮ ]	pirsani ing L
other
(i) [ ʔ ]	Basa Inggris uh-oh, Hawai‘i, Basa Jerman	'Glottal stop', a catch in the breath. Kanggo sawetara wong, kaya ing button [ˈbʌʔn̩], utawa antara aksara urip ing tembung: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]; kanggo sawetara wong Amerika, ing a apple [ʌˈʔæpl̩].
(i) [ ʕ ]	Basa Arab عربي (carabī) "Basa Arab"	Sawara lembut ing tenggorokan
(i) [ ǀ ]	Basa Inggris tsk-tsk! utawa tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(Basa Inggris click digunakna kanggo ora-setuju.) Wong Zimbabwe Ncube nduwèni click ing jenengé.
(i) [ ǁ ]	Basa Inggris tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(Basa Inggris click digunakna kanggo nggusah jaran.) Tinemu ing jeneng Xhosa.
(i) [ ǃ ]	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	Swara hollow popping sound, kaya nalika gabus tutup botol dijabut.

Diacritic marks

All diacritics are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a.

Symbol	Example	Description
[ ˈa ]	pronunciation [pʰɹɜʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Main stress. Note the syllable following the mark is stressed.
[ ˌa ]		Weaker stress. Note the syllable following the mark is stressed.
[ aː ]	English shh! [ʃː]	Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[ aˑ ]	RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt]	Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ a̯ ]	English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]	This vowel runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[ ã ]	French vin blanc [vɛ̃blɑ̃] "white wine"	A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ n̥ ]		Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[ n̩ ]	English button	A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[ d̪ ]	Spanish dos, French deux	The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
[ k’ ]	Zulu ukuza "come"	Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [t’ p’ q’ tʃ’ ts’ tɬ’].
[ á ]	Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother"	High tone.	Careful! The Pinyin Romanization used for Mandarin has these same diacritics, but with different values. (However, Thai Romanization uses them the way the IPA does.)
[ ā ]	Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother"	Mid tone.
[ à ]	Mandarin 马的 [màdɤ] "horse's"	Low tone.
[ â ]	Mandarin 骂 [mâ] "scold"	Falling tone.
[ ǎ ]	Mandarin 麻 [mǎ] "hemp"	Rising tone.
[ . ]	English London [ˌlɐn.dən]	Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

Brackets

Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:

• [Square brackets] indicate the phonetic details of the pronunciation, regardless of whether they're actually meaningful to a native speaker. This is what a foreigner who doesn't know the structure of a language might hear. For instance, the English word lulls is pronounced [ˈlɐɫz], with different el sounds at the beginning and end. This is obvious to speakers of some other languages, though a native English speaker might not believe it. Likewise, Spanish la bomba has two different b sounds to foreign ears, [laˈβomba], though a Spaniard might not be able to hear it. Omitting such detail won't make any difference to the identity of the word.
• /Slashes/ indicate phonemes. That is, changing symbol between slashes would make a difference in the meaning of the word, or produce nonsense. Since there is no meaningful difference between the two el sounds in the word lulls, they need to be transcribed with the same symbol: /ˈlʌlz/. Similarly, Spanish la bomba is phonemically transcribed /laˈbomba/.

A third kind of bracket is occasionally seen:

• |Pipes| indicate that the sounds are theoretical constructs that aren't actually heard. (This is called morphophonology.) For instance, if it is decided that the -s at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either /s/, as in talks /tɔːks/, or /z/, as in lulls /lʌlz/, is actually the former (the difference between /s/ and /z/ is meaningful in English, unlike for example in Spanish), then that could be written |s|, for a claim that phonemic /lʌlz/ is essentially |lʌls|.

Lastly,

• <Angle brackets> are occasionally used to represent the original orthography: <lulls>, <la bomba>.