A consequence of globalization of media economy and technology for journalism lies in the unifica... more A consequence of globalization of media economy and technology for journalism lies in the unification of the production processes of media content. Differences between journalistic production routines and applied principles are diminishing towards more popularized, more commercialized production of content (Hallin & Mancini, 2004). Furthermore, journalists in many countries around the world work in basically similar professional environments; they use similar equipment and technology and share a common occupational ideology. Michael Schudson (2001:153) describes the occupational ideology of journalism as cultural knowledge that constitutes ‘news judgment’, rooted deeply in the communicators’ consciousness. This ‘cultural knowledge’ comprises certain characteristics and values, which journalists generally agree upon as a basis of journalistic practice, and function ‘to self-legitimize their position in society’ (Deuze, 2005: 446).
This article attempts to explain the relationships between journalists, politics and the state fr... more This article attempts to explain the relationships between journalists, politics and the state from the perspective of collective autonomy, that of the professional organization of journalists. The case of Estonian Journalists’ Union demonstrates the complexity and historical contingency of professional autonomy of journalism. The development of the Estonian journalists’ organization occurred as a sequence of transformations from the Estonian Journalists’ Association to the Estonian Journalists’ Union to the Soviet type journalists’ union, and lastly to an independent trade union. This sequence was disrupted by several fatal breakdowns that changed not only the character of the association, but also professional values, the whole occupational ideology and the conditions of the existence of journalism as a profession in Estonia.
Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama pokomunistinių šalių spaudos laisvė, laisvoji rinka ir egzistuojant... more Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama pokomunistinių šalių spaudos laisvė, laisvoji rinka ir egzistuojantys žurnalistų etikos kodeksai, kurių nepakanka garbingos ir etiškos žurnalistikos, prižiūrimos savireguliacinių institucijų, plėtrai. Estijos pavyzdys, kaip demokratijos ir laisvos rinkos ekonomikos modelis, atskleidžia, jog vienoje iš “laisviausių” šalių žiniasklaidos elitas, siekdamas savo interesų ir pelno, išplėtojo užgaulingą “savireguliacijos simuliaciją”. Ten, kur valstybės žiniaskaidos politika išlieka itin liberali, o pilietinės ir politinės kultūros neišplėtotos, “socialiai atsakingos” žurnalistikos modelis neveikia.Freedom for the media? Issues of journalism ethics in Estonia*Epp Lauk SummaryThis paper argues that in the post-Communist countries freedom of the press, free market and existence of journalistic Codes of ethics are not sufficient conditions for the development of fair and ethical journalism that is guarded by a self-regulation body. The example of Estonia, a ‘mode...
The Editorial raises some challenging ethical and methodological aspects of Internet based resear... more The Editorial raises some challenging ethical and methodological aspects of Internet based research (such as protection of informational privacy, informed consent, general ethical guidelines vs case-based approach), which are further discussed in the five articles of this special issue.
This article analyzes the ethical discussion focusing on the Facebook emotional contagion experim... more This article analyzes the ethical discussion focusing on the Facebook emotional contagion experiment published by the <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> in 2014. The massive-scale experiment manipulated the News Feeds of a large amount of Facebook users and was successful in proving that emotional contagion happens also in online environments. However, the experiment caused ethical concerns within and outside academia mainly for two intertwined reasons, the first revolving around the idea of research as manipulation, and the second focusing on the problematic definition of informed consent. The article concurs with recent research that the era of social media and big data research are posing a significant challenge to research ethics, the practice and views of which are grounded in the pre social media era, and reflect the classical ethical stances of utilitarianism and deontology.
Estonia, at Independence in 1991, was a digital desert compared to Western European countries. Th... more Estonia, at Independence in 1991, was a digital desert compared to Western European countries. The digital revolution that was encircling the globe coincided with a major societal transition - the change from communism to democracy and a free market economy - in Estonia. The experience of the digital revolution in the West was a 'natural evolution' in a stable environment. By contrast the experience in Estonia was just one of many elements in a frenetic environment that affected all spheres of life. It would be reasonable to assume that in these circumstances the technological inno- vations in the fields of mass communication and information would generate a slightly different response from the Estonian society compared to the West. Young people are most open-minded and inquisitive about innovations and new ideas but they are also the most vulnerable. While access for children to the detrimental ele- ments of the traditional mass media was and is easier to control, childre...
The `Central European Journal of Comunication` was created after the General Meeting of Founders ... more The `Central European Journal of Comunication` was created after the General Meeting of Founders of the Polish Communication Association (PCA). The promotion of the first issue took place in the historical Oratorium Marianum (University of Wroc��aw) during the first Congress of the Association (September 15-17, 2008). The journal has been further advertised during the 59th ant the 60th congress of the International Communication Association and several media and communication conferences organized in Central and Eastern Europe. Guest Editors and Reviewers of ...
ABSTRACT: The system and practices of both German censorship in Norway in 19401945 and of Soviet... more ABSTRACT: The system and practices of both German censorship in Norway in 19401945 and of Soviet censorship in Estonia in 19441990 were, because of their totalitarian nature, very similar. Some aspects of the reorganisation of the press in Norway and Estonia after the ...
This article attempts to explain the relationships between journalists, politics and the state fr... more This article attempts to explain the relationships between journalists, politics and the state from the perspective of collective autonomy, that of the professional organization of journalists. The case of Estonian Journalists’ Union demonstrates the complexity and historical contingency of professional autonomy of journalism. The development of the Estonian journalists’ organization occurred as a sequence of transformations from the Estonian Journalists’ Association to the Estonian Journalists’ Union to the Soviet type journalists’ union, and lastly to an independent trade union. This sequence was disrupted by several fatal breakdowns that changed not only the character of the association, but also professional values, the whole occupational ideology and the conditions of the existence of journalism as a profession in Estonia.
Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama pokomunistinių šalių spaudos laisvė, laisvoji rinka ir egzistuojant... more Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama pokomunistinių šalių spaudos laisvė, laisvoji rinka ir egzistuojantys žurnalistų etikos kodeksai, kurių nepakanka garbingos ir etiškos žurnalistikos, prižiūrimos savireguliacinių institucijų, plėtrai. Estijos pavyzdys, kaip demokratijos ir laisvos rinkos ekonomikos modelis, atskleidžia, jog vienoje iš “laisviausių” šalių žiniasklaidos elitas, siekdamas savo interesų ir pelno, išplėtojo užgaulingą “savireguliacijos simuliaciją”. Ten, kur valstybės žiniaskaidos politika išlieka itin liberali, o pilietinės ir politinės kultūros neišplėtotos, “socialiai atsakingos” žurnalistikos modelis neveikia.Freedom for the media? Issues of journalism ethics in Estonia*Epp Lauk SummaryThis paper argues that in the post-Communist countries freedom of the press, free market and existence of journalistic Codes of ethics are not sufficient conditions for the development of fair and ethical journalism that is guarded by a self-regulation body. The example of Estonia, a ‘mode...
This article analyzes the ethical discussion focusing on the Facebook emotional contagion experim... more This article analyzes the ethical discussion focusing on the Facebook emotional contagion experiment published by the <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> in 2014. The massive-scale experiment manipulated the News Feeds of a large amount of Facebook users and was successful in proving that emotional contagion happens also in online environments. However, the experiment caused ethical concerns within and outside academia mainly for two intertwined reasons, the first revolving around the idea of research as manipulation, and the second focusing on the problematic definition of informed consent. The article concurs with recent research that the era of social media and big data research are posing a significant challenge to research ethics, the practice and views of which are grounded in the pre social media era, and reflect the classical ethical stances of utilitarianism and deontology.
A consequence of globalization of media economy and technology for journalism lies in the unifica... more A consequence of globalization of media economy and technology for journalism lies in the unification of the production processes of media content. Differences between journalistic production routines and applied principles are diminishing towards more popularized, more commercialized production of content (Hallin & Mancini, 2004). Furthermore, journalists in many countries around the world work in basically similar professional environments; they use similar equipment and technology and share a common occupational ideology. Michael Schudson (2001:153) describes the occupational ideology of journalism as cultural knowledge that constitutes ‘news judgment’, rooted deeply in the communicators’ consciousness. This ‘cultural knowledge’ comprises certain characteristics and values, which journalists generally agree upon as a basis of journalistic practice, and function ‘to self-legitimize their position in society’ (Deuze, 2005: 446).
This article attempts to explain the relationships between journalists, politics and the state fr... more This article attempts to explain the relationships between journalists, politics and the state from the perspective of collective autonomy, that of the professional organization of journalists. The case of Estonian Journalists’ Union demonstrates the complexity and historical contingency of professional autonomy of journalism. The development of the Estonian journalists’ organization occurred as a sequence of transformations from the Estonian Journalists’ Association to the Estonian Journalists’ Union to the Soviet type journalists’ union, and lastly to an independent trade union. This sequence was disrupted by several fatal breakdowns that changed not only the character of the association, but also professional values, the whole occupational ideology and the conditions of the existence of journalism as a profession in Estonia.
Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama pokomunistinių šalių spaudos laisvė, laisvoji rinka ir egzistuojant... more Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama pokomunistinių šalių spaudos laisvė, laisvoji rinka ir egzistuojantys žurnalistų etikos kodeksai, kurių nepakanka garbingos ir etiškos žurnalistikos, prižiūrimos savireguliacinių institucijų, plėtrai. Estijos pavyzdys, kaip demokratijos ir laisvos rinkos ekonomikos modelis, atskleidžia, jog vienoje iš “laisviausių” šalių žiniasklaidos elitas, siekdamas savo interesų ir pelno, išplėtojo užgaulingą “savireguliacijos simuliaciją”. Ten, kur valstybės žiniaskaidos politika išlieka itin liberali, o pilietinės ir politinės kultūros neišplėtotos, “socialiai atsakingos” žurnalistikos modelis neveikia.Freedom for the media? Issues of journalism ethics in Estonia*Epp Lauk SummaryThis paper argues that in the post-Communist countries freedom of the press, free market and existence of journalistic Codes of ethics are not sufficient conditions for the development of fair and ethical journalism that is guarded by a self-regulation body. The example of Estonia, a ‘mode...
The Editorial raises some challenging ethical and methodological aspects of Internet based resear... more The Editorial raises some challenging ethical and methodological aspects of Internet based research (such as protection of informational privacy, informed consent, general ethical guidelines vs case-based approach), which are further discussed in the five articles of this special issue.
This article analyzes the ethical discussion focusing on the Facebook emotional contagion experim... more This article analyzes the ethical discussion focusing on the Facebook emotional contagion experiment published by the <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> in 2014. The massive-scale experiment manipulated the News Feeds of a large amount of Facebook users and was successful in proving that emotional contagion happens also in online environments. However, the experiment caused ethical concerns within and outside academia mainly for two intertwined reasons, the first revolving around the idea of research as manipulation, and the second focusing on the problematic definition of informed consent. The article concurs with recent research that the era of social media and big data research are posing a significant challenge to research ethics, the practice and views of which are grounded in the pre social media era, and reflect the classical ethical stances of utilitarianism and deontology.
Estonia, at Independence in 1991, was a digital desert compared to Western European countries. Th... more Estonia, at Independence in 1991, was a digital desert compared to Western European countries. The digital revolution that was encircling the globe coincided with a major societal transition - the change from communism to democracy and a free market economy - in Estonia. The experience of the digital revolution in the West was a 'natural evolution' in a stable environment. By contrast the experience in Estonia was just one of many elements in a frenetic environment that affected all spheres of life. It would be reasonable to assume that in these circumstances the technological inno- vations in the fields of mass communication and information would generate a slightly different response from the Estonian society compared to the West. Young people are most open-minded and inquisitive about innovations and new ideas but they are also the most vulnerable. While access for children to the detrimental ele- ments of the traditional mass media was and is easier to control, childre...
The `Central European Journal of Comunication` was created after the General Meeting of Founders ... more The `Central European Journal of Comunication` was created after the General Meeting of Founders of the Polish Communication Association (PCA). The promotion of the first issue took place in the historical Oratorium Marianum (University of Wroc��aw) during the first Congress of the Association (September 15-17, 2008). The journal has been further advertised during the 59th ant the 60th congress of the International Communication Association and several media and communication conferences organized in Central and Eastern Europe. Guest Editors and Reviewers of ...
ABSTRACT: The system and practices of both German censorship in Norway in 19401945 and of Soviet... more ABSTRACT: The system and practices of both German censorship in Norway in 19401945 and of Soviet censorship in Estonia in 19441990 were, because of their totalitarian nature, very similar. Some aspects of the reorganisation of the press in Norway and Estonia after the ...
This article attempts to explain the relationships between journalists, politics and the state fr... more This article attempts to explain the relationships between journalists, politics and the state from the perspective of collective autonomy, that of the professional organization of journalists. The case of Estonian Journalists’ Union demonstrates the complexity and historical contingency of professional autonomy of journalism. The development of the Estonian journalists’ organization occurred as a sequence of transformations from the Estonian Journalists’ Association to the Estonian Journalists’ Union to the Soviet type journalists’ union, and lastly to an independent trade union. This sequence was disrupted by several fatal breakdowns that changed not only the character of the association, but also professional values, the whole occupational ideology and the conditions of the existence of journalism as a profession in Estonia.
Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama pokomunistinių šalių spaudos laisvė, laisvoji rinka ir egzistuojant... more Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama pokomunistinių šalių spaudos laisvė, laisvoji rinka ir egzistuojantys žurnalistų etikos kodeksai, kurių nepakanka garbingos ir etiškos žurnalistikos, prižiūrimos savireguliacinių institucijų, plėtrai. Estijos pavyzdys, kaip demokratijos ir laisvos rinkos ekonomikos modelis, atskleidžia, jog vienoje iš “laisviausių” šalių žiniasklaidos elitas, siekdamas savo interesų ir pelno, išplėtojo užgaulingą “savireguliacijos simuliaciją”. Ten, kur valstybės žiniaskaidos politika išlieka itin liberali, o pilietinės ir politinės kultūros neišplėtotos, “socialiai atsakingos” žurnalistikos modelis neveikia.Freedom for the media? Issues of journalism ethics in Estonia*Epp Lauk SummaryThis paper argues that in the post-Communist countries freedom of the press, free market and existence of journalistic Codes of ethics are not sufficient conditions for the development of fair and ethical journalism that is guarded by a self-regulation body. The example of Estonia, a ‘mode...
This article analyzes the ethical discussion focusing on the Facebook emotional contagion experim... more This article analyzes the ethical discussion focusing on the Facebook emotional contagion experiment published by the <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> in 2014. The massive-scale experiment manipulated the News Feeds of a large amount of Facebook users and was successful in proving that emotional contagion happens also in online environments. However, the experiment caused ethical concerns within and outside academia mainly for two intertwined reasons, the first revolving around the idea of research as manipulation, and the second focusing on the problematic definition of informed consent. The article concurs with recent research that the era of social media and big data research are posing a significant challenge to research ethics, the practice and views of which are grounded in the pre social media era, and reflect the classical ethical stances of utilitarianism and deontology.
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