The entire wound healing process is a complex series of events that begins at the moment of injur... more The entire wound healing process is a complex series of events that begins at the moment of injury and can continue for months to years. The stages of wound healing are inflammatory phase, proliferation phase, fibroblastic phase and maturation phase. Several Investigators has been found that, most of the tribal people are using Plumbago zeylanica mainly for wound healing, activity apart from in other conditions. So in the present study emphasis will be laid on the pharmacological screening of the plant with special reference to the wound healing activities. Methanolic root extract of Plumbago zeylanica are having significant wound healing activity in rats.
European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 2016
Olmesartan medoxomil is an orally given angiotensin II receptor antagonist indicated for the trea... more Olmesartan medoxomil is an orally given angiotensin II receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of hypertension. The aim of the study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic model for olmesartan, the active metabolite of olmesartan medoxomil, in Indian hypertensive patients, and to evaluate effects of covariates on the volume of distribution (V/F) and oral clearance (CL/F) of olmesartan. The population pharmacokinetic model for olmesartan was developed using Phoenix NLME 1.3 with a non-linear mixed-effect model. Bootstrap and visual predictive check were used simultaneously to validate the final population pharmacokinetic models. The covariates included age, sex, body surface area (BSA), bodyweight, height, creatinine clearance (CL) as an index of renal function and liver parameters as indices of hepatic function. A total of 205 olmesartan plasma sample concentrations from 69 patients with hypertension were collected in this study. The pharmacokinetic data of olmesartan was well described by a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption and an absorption lag-time. The mean values of CL/F and V/F of olmesartan in the patients were 0.31565 L/h and 44.5162 L, respectively. Analysis of covariates showed that age and CL were factors influencing the clearance of olmesartan and the volume of distribution of olmesartan was dependent on age and BSA. The final population pharmacokinetic model was demonstrated to be appropriate and effective and it can be used to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of olmesartan in Indian patients with hypertension.
The entire wound healing process is a complex series of events that begins at the moment of injur... more The entire wound healing process is a complex series of events that begins at the moment of injury and can continue for months to years. The stages of wound healing are inflammatory phase, proliferation phase, fibroblastic phase and maturation phase. Several Investigators has been found that, most of the tribal people are using Plumbago zeylanica mainly for wound healing, activity apart from in other conditions. So in the present study emphasis will be laid on the pharmacological screening of the plant with special reference to the wound healing activities. Methanolic root extract of Plumbago zeylanica are having significant wound healing activity in rats.
Liver is a vital organ of human body; it has been exposed to various hepatotoxicants (xenobiotics... more Liver is a vital organ of human body; it has been exposed to various hepatotoxicants (xenobiotics) in our day to day life of modernization especially in the developing countries. Despite of considerable progress in the treatment of liver damage by oral hepatoprotective agents, much attention has been focused on plant derived drugs because synthetic drugs have several limitations. Ethanolic extract of Svensonia hyderobadensis of (ESH, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated for prophylactic and therapeutic hepatoprotective activity against Paracetamol induced hepatic damage. Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as standard drug. Hepatoprotective activity was assessed by biochemical markers viz, AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and histopathological examination of liver sections. Alteration in the levels of biochemical markers of hepatic damage like AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin were studied in both treated and untreated groups. Paracetamol (2 g/kg, bw. p.o,) has enhanced t...
Introduction: Prescribing fault is a failure in the decision-making process that has the potentia... more Introduction: Prescribing fault is a failure in the decision-making process that has the potential to harm the patient. Prescription error is an inability in the process of writing prescription that results in a wrong instruction. Blind prescribing, where antibiotics are prescribed without any culture or sensitivity testing, contributes to antibiotic resistance. Methods: This is an observational prospective study done for 6 months (November 2018April 2019) in a tertiary care hospital. Patients‟ details were analyzed by the assistance of ICMR Treatment Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Common Syndromes 2017 and chi-square tests, percentage analysis, ratio estimates, confidence intervals and probability values were performed. Results: 303 patients were reviewed and categorized based on gender, age range, errors, faults, drugdrug interactions and types of therapy. In the study, males were predominant with 53%. The ratios of errors such as Poor legibility of hand writing, Abbreviation...
This book provides a user-friendly introduction to the Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling (NONMEM) ... more This book provides a user-friendly introduction to the Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling (NONMEM) system, the most powerful tool for pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic analysis. Introduces requisite background to using NONMEM/Phoenix NLME , covering data requirements, model building and evaluation. Provides examples of nonlinear modeling concepts and estimation basics with discussion on the model building process and applications of empirical Bayesian estimates in the drug development environment. Includes detailed chapters on data set structure, developing control streams for modeling and simulation, model applications, interpretation of NONMEM output and results. Using population approach, precise estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters and their variability will be quantifiable and significant covariates will be identified.
Objective: The objective of the study was to perform a Non linear mixed-effects analysis of the p... more Objective: The objective of the study was to perform a Non linear mixed-effects analysis of the pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel, to study the effect of covariates like age, body surface area and creatinine clearance on the population pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel in South Indian Cardiac patients. Methods: A simple, rapid and sensitive isocratic HPLC-UV method for detection and quantification of clopidogrel in plasma had been developed. Intra-and inter-assay variations were <1and <2% respectively. Recovery of clopidogrel was 98-99%. Total 281 blood samples for clopidogrel plasma concentration measurements following a single 75 mg and150 mg /day dose of clopidogrel were obtained from 75 subjects having age in between 18-70 years. The population PK model was built using NONMEM 7.2. The FO and FOCE methods were used to estimate base and covariate models for clopidogrel. Results: One-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination (ADVAN 2 TRANS 2) was best fit to t...
Objective: To evaluate the glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant status levels... more Objective: To evaluate the glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant status levels (TAS), and liver function parameters such as serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) in South Indian hypertensive patients before and after olmesartan and labetalol treatment. Methods: Total 69 subjects were selected for the study. Out of 69 subjects, 29 were healthy volunteers (HVs) and 40 subjects were hypertensive patients. The patients both male and female within the age group of 20-65 years were selected. GSH, lipid peroxidation, TAS, AST, and ALT levels in serum were estimated using reported methods. Individual methods were standardized, standard graphs were plotted, and the parameters were measured. Results: Significantly fewer levels of GSH and TAS and more levels of malondialdehyde were observed in untreated hypertensive patients as compared with HVs. After drug treatment, there was significant raise in the levels of GSH and TAS as compared with ...
Furosemide is a loop diuretic drug frequently indicated in hypertension and fluid overload condit... more Furosemide is a loop diuretic drug frequently indicated in hypertension and fluid overload conditions such as congestive heart failure and hepatic cirrhosis. The purpose of the study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic model for furosemide in Indian hypertensive and fluid overload patients, and to evaluate effects of covariates on the volume of distribution (V/F) and oral clearance (CL/F) of furosemide. A total of 188 furosemide plasma sample concentrations from 63 patients with hypertension or fluid overload conditions were collected in this study. The population pharmacokinetic model for furosemide was built using Phoenix NLME 1.3 software. The covariates included age, sex, body surface area, bodyweight, height and creatinine clearance (CRCL). The pharmacokinetic data of furosemide was adequately explained by a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption and an absorption lag-time. The mean values of CL/F and Vd/F of furosemide in the patient...
The entire wound healing process is a complex series of events that begins at the moment of injur... more The entire wound healing process is a complex series of events that begins at the moment of injury and can continue for months to years. The stages of wound healing are inflammatory phase, proliferation phase, fibroblastic phase and maturation phase. Several Investigators has been found that, most of the tribal people are using Plumbago zeylanica mainly for wound healing, activity apart from in other conditions. So in the present study emphasis will be laid on the pharmacological screening of the plant with special reference to the wound healing activities. Methanolic root extract of Plumbago zeylanica are having significant wound healing activity in rats.
European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 2016
Olmesartan medoxomil is an orally given angiotensin II receptor antagonist indicated for the trea... more Olmesartan medoxomil is an orally given angiotensin II receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of hypertension. The aim of the study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic model for olmesartan, the active metabolite of olmesartan medoxomil, in Indian hypertensive patients, and to evaluate effects of covariates on the volume of distribution (V/F) and oral clearance (CL/F) of olmesartan. The population pharmacokinetic model for olmesartan was developed using Phoenix NLME 1.3 with a non-linear mixed-effect model. Bootstrap and visual predictive check were used simultaneously to validate the final population pharmacokinetic models. The covariates included age, sex, body surface area (BSA), bodyweight, height, creatinine clearance (CL) as an index of renal function and liver parameters as indices of hepatic function. A total of 205 olmesartan plasma sample concentrations from 69 patients with hypertension were collected in this study. The pharmacokinetic data of olmesartan was well described by a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption and an absorption lag-time. The mean values of CL/F and V/F of olmesartan in the patients were 0.31565 L/h and 44.5162 L, respectively. Analysis of covariates showed that age and CL were factors influencing the clearance of olmesartan and the volume of distribution of olmesartan was dependent on age and BSA. The final population pharmacokinetic model was demonstrated to be appropriate and effective and it can be used to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of olmesartan in Indian patients with hypertension.
The entire wound healing process is a complex series of events that begins at the moment of injur... more The entire wound healing process is a complex series of events that begins at the moment of injury and can continue for months to years. The stages of wound healing are inflammatory phase, proliferation phase, fibroblastic phase and maturation phase. Several Investigators has been found that, most of the tribal people are using Plumbago zeylanica mainly for wound healing, activity apart from in other conditions. So in the present study emphasis will be laid on the pharmacological screening of the plant with special reference to the wound healing activities. Methanolic root extract of Plumbago zeylanica are having significant wound healing activity in rats.
Liver is a vital organ of human body; it has been exposed to various hepatotoxicants (xenobiotics... more Liver is a vital organ of human body; it has been exposed to various hepatotoxicants (xenobiotics) in our day to day life of modernization especially in the developing countries. Despite of considerable progress in the treatment of liver damage by oral hepatoprotective agents, much attention has been focused on plant derived drugs because synthetic drugs have several limitations. Ethanolic extract of Svensonia hyderobadensis of (ESH, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated for prophylactic and therapeutic hepatoprotective activity against Paracetamol induced hepatic damage. Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as standard drug. Hepatoprotective activity was assessed by biochemical markers viz, AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and histopathological examination of liver sections. Alteration in the levels of biochemical markers of hepatic damage like AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin were studied in both treated and untreated groups. Paracetamol (2 g/kg, bw. p.o,) has enhanced t...
Introduction: Prescribing fault is a failure in the decision-making process that has the potentia... more Introduction: Prescribing fault is a failure in the decision-making process that has the potential to harm the patient. Prescription error is an inability in the process of writing prescription that results in a wrong instruction. Blind prescribing, where antibiotics are prescribed without any culture or sensitivity testing, contributes to antibiotic resistance. Methods: This is an observational prospective study done for 6 months (November 2018April 2019) in a tertiary care hospital. Patients‟ details were analyzed by the assistance of ICMR Treatment Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Common Syndromes 2017 and chi-square tests, percentage analysis, ratio estimates, confidence intervals and probability values were performed. Results: 303 patients were reviewed and categorized based on gender, age range, errors, faults, drugdrug interactions and types of therapy. In the study, males were predominant with 53%. The ratios of errors such as Poor legibility of hand writing, Abbreviation...
This book provides a user-friendly introduction to the Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling (NONMEM) ... more This book provides a user-friendly introduction to the Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling (NONMEM) system, the most powerful tool for pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic analysis. Introduces requisite background to using NONMEM/Phoenix NLME , covering data requirements, model building and evaluation. Provides examples of nonlinear modeling concepts and estimation basics with discussion on the model building process and applications of empirical Bayesian estimates in the drug development environment. Includes detailed chapters on data set structure, developing control streams for modeling and simulation, model applications, interpretation of NONMEM output and results. Using population approach, precise estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters and their variability will be quantifiable and significant covariates will be identified.
Objective: The objective of the study was to perform a Non linear mixed-effects analysis of the p... more Objective: The objective of the study was to perform a Non linear mixed-effects analysis of the pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel, to study the effect of covariates like age, body surface area and creatinine clearance on the population pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel in South Indian Cardiac patients. Methods: A simple, rapid and sensitive isocratic HPLC-UV method for detection and quantification of clopidogrel in plasma had been developed. Intra-and inter-assay variations were <1and <2% respectively. Recovery of clopidogrel was 98-99%. Total 281 blood samples for clopidogrel plasma concentration measurements following a single 75 mg and150 mg /day dose of clopidogrel were obtained from 75 subjects having age in between 18-70 years. The population PK model was built using NONMEM 7.2. The FO and FOCE methods were used to estimate base and covariate models for clopidogrel. Results: One-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination (ADVAN 2 TRANS 2) was best fit to t...
Objective: To evaluate the glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant status levels... more Objective: To evaluate the glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant status levels (TAS), and liver function parameters such as serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) in South Indian hypertensive patients before and after olmesartan and labetalol treatment. Methods: Total 69 subjects were selected for the study. Out of 69 subjects, 29 were healthy volunteers (HVs) and 40 subjects were hypertensive patients. The patients both male and female within the age group of 20-65 years were selected. GSH, lipid peroxidation, TAS, AST, and ALT levels in serum were estimated using reported methods. Individual methods were standardized, standard graphs were plotted, and the parameters were measured. Results: Significantly fewer levels of GSH and TAS and more levels of malondialdehyde were observed in untreated hypertensive patients as compared with HVs. After drug treatment, there was significant raise in the levels of GSH and TAS as compared with ...
Furosemide is a loop diuretic drug frequently indicated in hypertension and fluid overload condit... more Furosemide is a loop diuretic drug frequently indicated in hypertension and fluid overload conditions such as congestive heart failure and hepatic cirrhosis. The purpose of the study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic model for furosemide in Indian hypertensive and fluid overload patients, and to evaluate effects of covariates on the volume of distribution (V/F) and oral clearance (CL/F) of furosemide. A total of 188 furosemide plasma sample concentrations from 63 patients with hypertension or fluid overload conditions were collected in this study. The population pharmacokinetic model for furosemide was built using Phoenix NLME 1.3 software. The covariates included age, sex, body surface area, bodyweight, height and creatinine clearance (CRCL). The pharmacokinetic data of furosemide was adequately explained by a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption and an absorption lag-time. The mean values of CL/F and Vd/F of furosemide in the patient...
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