IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
As the use of Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) battery is increasing, proper means of increasing the life cyc... more As the use of Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) battery is increasing, proper means of increasing the life cycle and reliability of the battery should be adopted. A discussion on the precautions to be carried out while integrating Li-Ion batteries are discussed. A Battery Management System (BMS) is developed to address the unbalance State of Charge (SoC) issue that arise in the battery pack. The proposed algorithm is simulated in MATLAB Simulink. The battery pack used in this simulation is inspired from Tesla. This paper can be used as a tutorial or as a reference for anyone getting started with Li-Ion batteries or battery management systems.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Level of demand of Li-ion battery (LIB) applications are arising, including Electric Drive Vehicl... more Level of demand of Li-ion battery (LIB) applications are arising, including Electric Drive Vehicles and Energy Storage devices, cell design and performance requirements are continually changing, that poses unique difficulties to existing battery manufacturers. In response, there is an inevitable requirement of high-power density and energy in the function of LIB. In this review we have discussed about the alternate battery technologies which can potentially replace the existing LIB technology. Li battery’s electrical performances, their challenges the world will face in the near future as well as the upcoming battery technologies like graphene batteries, redox flow batteries which have the potential to compete in the current market have been discussed in this paper.
International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems
Nowadays the demand for electric vehicles has been increasing due to their dropping price range a... more Nowadays the demand for electric vehicles has been increasing due to their dropping price range and zero emission of carbon. This article initially discusses the development of various electric vehicles from the past to the present. Since the electric motor plays a significant role in EVs, various motors suitable for EVs have been identified and surveyed in this work. The battery storage system is a critical component of EVs; hence, the article goes over all the different types of batteries, from lead acid to lithium ion. Additionally, the other vehicle components such as converters required for charging the batteries, intelligent controllers, electric vehicle charging process, power management, and battery energy management concepts that are available are discussed in detail. Moreover, we bring our work to a conclusion by outlining the research opportunities that remain for the academic and industrial groups. Therefore, the proposed work intends to assist as a state-of-the-art refe...
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROELECTRONICS, SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 2019, 2020
Blood grouping is the first and foremost essentiality for many of the major medical procedures. T... more Blood grouping is the first and foremost essentiality for many of the major medical procedures. Traditional ways of detecting blood group have remained analogue in this era of digitization and are therefore susceptible to human fallibility. Digital methods are essential in handling blood group identification and classification reduces error. So it would be very efficient and arguably a lifesaving approach if the process of detecting blood can be completed successfully in a cost effective way with the technologies at hand and without the plausibility of man-made error. This proposition is expected to evaluate the Rh factor as well as the group of a sample blood with its computed image. The whole process excludes a major probability of human error while detecting the agglutination from the traditional method and it would get the task done within a fairly insignificant amount of time. The procedure will start by taking a photo of the sample blood slide followed by the application of a number of algorithms su...
for developing electronic ballasts, supplying high-intensity discharge lamps fed by a pulse width... more for developing electronic ballasts, supplying high-intensity discharge lamps fed by a pulse width-modulation ac–ac converter, implemented with bidirectional switches. The lamp operates directly from the ac mains; thus, the drawbacks of the low frequency square waveform operation get eliminated. The features of the proposed solution are high efficiency, high power factor, low cost, and the absence of electrolytic capacitors. This paper includes the design of passive elements.
Adaptive Cruise Control is used in vehicles for giving support to the drivers and to circumvent r... more Adaptive Cruise Control is used in vehicles for giving support to the drivers and to circumvent rear end collision. Due to the presence of nonlinearity in the vehicle (system), it is difficult to design an exact mathematical model of the system. Heuristic based fuzzy logic controller with optimized rule base, which does not require accurate mathematical modelling is proposed here which uses the knowledge of the designer for developing the rule base. The performance metrics in terms of better control and response time of the controller depends upon how well the rule base is formulated. More the number of rules in the rule base, higher the search time and increase in the total response time of the system but better will be the control. On the other hand, if the rules are less, then the search time will reduce which in turn decreases the total time of response of the system but control will be poor. In order to obtain an optimized control, the rule base is optimized using Particle Swar...
2021 International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Computing, Communication and Sustainable Technologies (ICAECT), 2021
A recent challenge faced by farmers is to produce crops with good quality and on the other hand t... more A recent challenge faced by farmers is to produce crops with good quality and on the other hand to meet the increased food demand. In order to have a good production there must be an increased crop yield, which in turn requires the use of fertilizers and nutrition on the crops. An automated system helps in achieving better plant growth, and providing a friendly user interface to users for monitoring the field remotely. The system proposed here is able to achieve this objective with cost effective and reliable solution using Arduino UNO. The proposed system was tested for Green Gram and the crop growth showed a positive response.
89 Abstract— Automatic vehicle speed control is presently one of the most popular research topics... more 89 Abstract— Automatic vehicle speed control is presently one of the most popular research topics throughout the automotive industry and particularly in the Intelligent Transportation Systems field (ITS). Cruise Control (CC) system employs the concept of running at set speed under no obstacle / vehicle in front (velocity Control). CC for the metropolitan areas can significantly enhance the benefits in terms of comfort, safety, traffic flow, noise and emissions with some improved technology. CC fails to work when a vehicle / obstacle is detected in the front of the host vehicle. To overcome this drawback, Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system was developed. ACC can also wok in velocity control mode along with distance control mode. In distance control mode ACC can automatically adjust the velocity of the vehicle in order to maintain a proper distance between leading vehicle and the host vehicle. This paper discuss about the various evolutions that has been evolved in the field of crui...
This project work proposes SEPIC converter topology for developing electronic ballasts, supplying... more This project work proposes SEPIC converter topology for developing electronic ballasts, supplying highintensity discharge lamps fed by a pulse width-modulation ac–ac converter, implemented with bidirectional switches. The lamp operates directly from the ac mains; thus, the drawbacks of the low frequency square waveform operation get eliminated. The features of the proposed solution are high efficiency, high power factor, low cost, and the absence of electrolytic capacitors. This paper includes the design of passive elements.
Conventional controllers l Derivative (PD), Proportional Integral (PI) Integral Derivative (PID) ... more Conventional controllers l Derivative (PD), Proportional Integral (PI) Integral Derivative (PID) controllers were use Velocity Control Mode (VCM) in Cruise C Adaptive Cruise control (ACC) vehicles. Tran "resume mode" of CC and transitions t switching from Distance Control Mode (DCM ACC is considered primarily for the design of transition creates the disturbance in the co vehicle occupants. Disturbance above a predefi to rejection of such driver assistance systems proposed optimized fuzzy controller using G (GA) has shown a better performance over th system in terms of minimizing the jerk b acceleration within the comfortable level.
Vehicle automation for rear end collision avoidance during vehicle following is an area of resear... more Vehicle automation for rear end collision avoidance during vehicle following is an area of research for the past few decade. For Adaptive cruising of vehicles, various controllers have been developed like PI, PID, Model predictive, Sliding mode control, which depend upon the system mathematical model. Designing such a mathematical model for nonlinear system with multiple parameters may not be easy. A controller which can emulate the behaviour of the human, and mimics their reaction which does not require the mathematical modeling of the system may be of high repute. One such controller is Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC). FLC does not need an exact mathematical representation of the system which is to be controlled. The performance of the FLC depends upon how well the fuzzy rule base is framed. The problem with FLC-based system is that, the number of rules used. The rule increases exponentially with the increase of the number of membership values that involve in the rules. This increase...
This paper presents an electronic ballast for High Intensity Discharge lamp. The modified flyback... more This paper presents an electronic ballast for High Intensity Discharge lamp. The modified flyback converter is used to produce Low-Frequency Square-Waveform inorder to avoid acoustic resonance. The converter has the advantages of only two active switches for current control and a single choke. The design of the converter is presented. The converter is simulated in PSIM and the simulation results are shown.
Adaptive Cruise Control System (ACC) is an automotive feature that allows the vehicle speed to au... more Adaptive Cruise Control System (ACC) is an automotive feature that allows the vehicle speed to automatically adjust to the speed of the lead vehicle and maintain a safe distance avoiding rear end collision. ACC is implemented using Neural Network Controller and the hardware implementation is done using dSPACE DS1103. The input of the Neural Network Controlled ACC is speed error. The actual distance between the vehicle equipped with ACC (host vehicle) and the lead vehicle is measured by using range sensor and speed of the vehicle is measured using proximity sensor. The dSPACE controller is used for the real time testing of the ACC system and performance of the system is studied by logging the required information. The controller output is obtained as throttle value and brake value which is given to the respective actuators to accelerate and decelerate the vehicle according to the spacing between the lead and the host vehicles.
A practical pinch torque estimator based on the H∞ filter is proposed for low-cost anti-pinch win... more A practical pinch torque estimator based on the H∞ filter is proposed for low-cost anti-pinch window control systems. To obtain the acceptable angular velocity measurements, the angular velocity calculation algorithm was proposed with the measurement noise reduction logics in previous method. Apart from the previous works based on the angular velocity or torque estimates for detecting the pinched condition, the proposed pinch detection algorithm makes use of the torque rate information integrated with state flow chart. To do this, the torque rate is augmented to the system model and the torque rate estimator is derived by applying the steady-state H∞ filter recursion to the model. The motivation of this approach comes from the idea that the torque rate is less sensitive to the motor parameter uncertainties. Moreover, the statistics of modeling errors and angular velocity measurement noises are actually unknown. Hence, the proposed scheme minimizes the anti-pinch window control syste...
Use of fuzzy controller offers the advantage of assimilating the human intelligence for nonlinear... more Use of fuzzy controller offers the advantage of assimilating the human intelligence for nonlinear complex system like autonomous vehicle. In order to prevent rear end collision of vehicles travelling in the same direction, Forward collision avoidance system is introduced which uses automated throttle and brake adjustment. Occupant comfort and safety are used as performance measures for assessing the performance of the system. The performance of the system depends on the spacing policy which describes about the distance to be maintained between the vehicles (lead and host) travelling in the same lane and direction of travel with respect to the velocity of travel. This research work proposes a novel Human Behavioural Model to determine the spacing between the vehicles and a heuristic-based Fuzzy controller since it does not require a detailed mathematical model of the system. Test result shows that the controller with the proposed method has shown an improved performance over the othe...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
As the use of Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) battery is increasing, proper means of increasing the life cyc... more As the use of Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) battery is increasing, proper means of increasing the life cycle and reliability of the battery should be adopted. A discussion on the precautions to be carried out while integrating Li-Ion batteries are discussed. A Battery Management System (BMS) is developed to address the unbalance State of Charge (SoC) issue that arise in the battery pack. The proposed algorithm is simulated in MATLAB Simulink. The battery pack used in this simulation is inspired from Tesla. This paper can be used as a tutorial or as a reference for anyone getting started with Li-Ion batteries or battery management systems.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Level of demand of Li-ion battery (LIB) applications are arising, including Electric Drive Vehicl... more Level of demand of Li-ion battery (LIB) applications are arising, including Electric Drive Vehicles and Energy Storage devices, cell design and performance requirements are continually changing, that poses unique difficulties to existing battery manufacturers. In response, there is an inevitable requirement of high-power density and energy in the function of LIB. In this review we have discussed about the alternate battery technologies which can potentially replace the existing LIB technology. Li battery’s electrical performances, their challenges the world will face in the near future as well as the upcoming battery technologies like graphene batteries, redox flow batteries which have the potential to compete in the current market have been discussed in this paper.
International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems
Nowadays the demand for electric vehicles has been increasing due to their dropping price range a... more Nowadays the demand for electric vehicles has been increasing due to their dropping price range and zero emission of carbon. This article initially discusses the development of various electric vehicles from the past to the present. Since the electric motor plays a significant role in EVs, various motors suitable for EVs have been identified and surveyed in this work. The battery storage system is a critical component of EVs; hence, the article goes over all the different types of batteries, from lead acid to lithium ion. Additionally, the other vehicle components such as converters required for charging the batteries, intelligent controllers, electric vehicle charging process, power management, and battery energy management concepts that are available are discussed in detail. Moreover, we bring our work to a conclusion by outlining the research opportunities that remain for the academic and industrial groups. Therefore, the proposed work intends to assist as a state-of-the-art refe...
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROELECTRONICS, SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 2019, 2020
Blood grouping is the first and foremost essentiality for many of the major medical procedures. T... more Blood grouping is the first and foremost essentiality for many of the major medical procedures. Traditional ways of detecting blood group have remained analogue in this era of digitization and are therefore susceptible to human fallibility. Digital methods are essential in handling blood group identification and classification reduces error. So it would be very efficient and arguably a lifesaving approach if the process of detecting blood can be completed successfully in a cost effective way with the technologies at hand and without the plausibility of man-made error. This proposition is expected to evaluate the Rh factor as well as the group of a sample blood with its computed image. The whole process excludes a major probability of human error while detecting the agglutination from the traditional method and it would get the task done within a fairly insignificant amount of time. The procedure will start by taking a photo of the sample blood slide followed by the application of a number of algorithms su...
for developing electronic ballasts, supplying high-intensity discharge lamps fed by a pulse width... more for developing electronic ballasts, supplying high-intensity discharge lamps fed by a pulse width-modulation ac–ac converter, implemented with bidirectional switches. The lamp operates directly from the ac mains; thus, the drawbacks of the low frequency square waveform operation get eliminated. The features of the proposed solution are high efficiency, high power factor, low cost, and the absence of electrolytic capacitors. This paper includes the design of passive elements.
Adaptive Cruise Control is used in vehicles for giving support to the drivers and to circumvent r... more Adaptive Cruise Control is used in vehicles for giving support to the drivers and to circumvent rear end collision. Due to the presence of nonlinearity in the vehicle (system), it is difficult to design an exact mathematical model of the system. Heuristic based fuzzy logic controller with optimized rule base, which does not require accurate mathematical modelling is proposed here which uses the knowledge of the designer for developing the rule base. The performance metrics in terms of better control and response time of the controller depends upon how well the rule base is formulated. More the number of rules in the rule base, higher the search time and increase in the total response time of the system but better will be the control. On the other hand, if the rules are less, then the search time will reduce which in turn decreases the total time of response of the system but control will be poor. In order to obtain an optimized control, the rule base is optimized using Particle Swar...
2021 International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Computing, Communication and Sustainable Technologies (ICAECT), 2021
A recent challenge faced by farmers is to produce crops with good quality and on the other hand t... more A recent challenge faced by farmers is to produce crops with good quality and on the other hand to meet the increased food demand. In order to have a good production there must be an increased crop yield, which in turn requires the use of fertilizers and nutrition on the crops. An automated system helps in achieving better plant growth, and providing a friendly user interface to users for monitoring the field remotely. The system proposed here is able to achieve this objective with cost effective and reliable solution using Arduino UNO. The proposed system was tested for Green Gram and the crop growth showed a positive response.
89 Abstract— Automatic vehicle speed control is presently one of the most popular research topics... more 89 Abstract— Automatic vehicle speed control is presently one of the most popular research topics throughout the automotive industry and particularly in the Intelligent Transportation Systems field (ITS). Cruise Control (CC) system employs the concept of running at set speed under no obstacle / vehicle in front (velocity Control). CC for the metropolitan areas can significantly enhance the benefits in terms of comfort, safety, traffic flow, noise and emissions with some improved technology. CC fails to work when a vehicle / obstacle is detected in the front of the host vehicle. To overcome this drawback, Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system was developed. ACC can also wok in velocity control mode along with distance control mode. In distance control mode ACC can automatically adjust the velocity of the vehicle in order to maintain a proper distance between leading vehicle and the host vehicle. This paper discuss about the various evolutions that has been evolved in the field of crui...
This project work proposes SEPIC converter topology for developing electronic ballasts, supplying... more This project work proposes SEPIC converter topology for developing electronic ballasts, supplying highintensity discharge lamps fed by a pulse width-modulation ac–ac converter, implemented with bidirectional switches. The lamp operates directly from the ac mains; thus, the drawbacks of the low frequency square waveform operation get eliminated. The features of the proposed solution are high efficiency, high power factor, low cost, and the absence of electrolytic capacitors. This paper includes the design of passive elements.
Conventional controllers l Derivative (PD), Proportional Integral (PI) Integral Derivative (PID) ... more Conventional controllers l Derivative (PD), Proportional Integral (PI) Integral Derivative (PID) controllers were use Velocity Control Mode (VCM) in Cruise C Adaptive Cruise control (ACC) vehicles. Tran "resume mode" of CC and transitions t switching from Distance Control Mode (DCM ACC is considered primarily for the design of transition creates the disturbance in the co vehicle occupants. Disturbance above a predefi to rejection of such driver assistance systems proposed optimized fuzzy controller using G (GA) has shown a better performance over th system in terms of minimizing the jerk b acceleration within the comfortable level.
Vehicle automation for rear end collision avoidance during vehicle following is an area of resear... more Vehicle automation for rear end collision avoidance during vehicle following is an area of research for the past few decade. For Adaptive cruising of vehicles, various controllers have been developed like PI, PID, Model predictive, Sliding mode control, which depend upon the system mathematical model. Designing such a mathematical model for nonlinear system with multiple parameters may not be easy. A controller which can emulate the behaviour of the human, and mimics their reaction which does not require the mathematical modeling of the system may be of high repute. One such controller is Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC). FLC does not need an exact mathematical representation of the system which is to be controlled. The performance of the FLC depends upon how well the fuzzy rule base is framed. The problem with FLC-based system is that, the number of rules used. The rule increases exponentially with the increase of the number of membership values that involve in the rules. This increase...
This paper presents an electronic ballast for High Intensity Discharge lamp. The modified flyback... more This paper presents an electronic ballast for High Intensity Discharge lamp. The modified flyback converter is used to produce Low-Frequency Square-Waveform inorder to avoid acoustic resonance. The converter has the advantages of only two active switches for current control and a single choke. The design of the converter is presented. The converter is simulated in PSIM and the simulation results are shown.
Adaptive Cruise Control System (ACC) is an automotive feature that allows the vehicle speed to au... more Adaptive Cruise Control System (ACC) is an automotive feature that allows the vehicle speed to automatically adjust to the speed of the lead vehicle and maintain a safe distance avoiding rear end collision. ACC is implemented using Neural Network Controller and the hardware implementation is done using dSPACE DS1103. The input of the Neural Network Controlled ACC is speed error. The actual distance between the vehicle equipped with ACC (host vehicle) and the lead vehicle is measured by using range sensor and speed of the vehicle is measured using proximity sensor. The dSPACE controller is used for the real time testing of the ACC system and performance of the system is studied by logging the required information. The controller output is obtained as throttle value and brake value which is given to the respective actuators to accelerate and decelerate the vehicle according to the spacing between the lead and the host vehicles.
A practical pinch torque estimator based on the H∞ filter is proposed for low-cost anti-pinch win... more A practical pinch torque estimator based on the H∞ filter is proposed for low-cost anti-pinch window control systems. To obtain the acceptable angular velocity measurements, the angular velocity calculation algorithm was proposed with the measurement noise reduction logics in previous method. Apart from the previous works based on the angular velocity or torque estimates for detecting the pinched condition, the proposed pinch detection algorithm makes use of the torque rate information integrated with state flow chart. To do this, the torque rate is augmented to the system model and the torque rate estimator is derived by applying the steady-state H∞ filter recursion to the model. The motivation of this approach comes from the idea that the torque rate is less sensitive to the motor parameter uncertainties. Moreover, the statistics of modeling errors and angular velocity measurement noises are actually unknown. Hence, the proposed scheme minimizes the anti-pinch window control syste...
Use of fuzzy controller offers the advantage of assimilating the human intelligence for nonlinear... more Use of fuzzy controller offers the advantage of assimilating the human intelligence for nonlinear complex system like autonomous vehicle. In order to prevent rear end collision of vehicles travelling in the same direction, Forward collision avoidance system is introduced which uses automated throttle and brake adjustment. Occupant comfort and safety are used as performance measures for assessing the performance of the system. The performance of the system depends on the spacing policy which describes about the distance to be maintained between the vehicles (lead and host) travelling in the same lane and direction of travel with respect to the velocity of travel. This research work proposes a novel Human Behavioural Model to determine the spacing between the vehicles and a heuristic-based Fuzzy controller since it does not require a detailed mathematical model of the system. Test result shows that the controller with the proposed method has shown an improved performance over the othe...
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