Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has a consistent global association with nasopharyngeal carc... more Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has a consistent global association with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The detection of EBV in NPC has been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic importance. Latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) immunochemical staining is a well-recognized, rapid, and effective method of EBV detection. This study aims to determine the EBV status of NPC seen over 22 years, from 1992 to 2013 in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH). Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study of all NPCs diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, ABUTH from January 1, 1992 to December 31, 2013. The paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of all histologically diagnosed NPCs within the study period were retrieved and examined. Cases in which the tissue blocks were missing, badly damaged, or had insufficient tissue were excluded from the study. Histopathological diagnosis was in accordance to the 2005 World Health Organization classification. EBV detection was done using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for EBV LMP-1. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24. Fisher's exact test statistic value is 0.545, which is not significant at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 112 NPC cases were histologically diagnosed, 66 (58.9%) of these were available for EBV LMP-1 IHC and 46 (41.1%) were excluded. EBV LMP-I IHC was positive in 51 samples (77.3%), while 15 (22.7%) were negative. There were 63 (95.5%) cases of nonkeratinizing carcinoma (NKC) seen, of which 49 (77.8%) were EBV positive and 14 (22.2%) were negative. Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (KSCC) constituted 3 (4.5%) cases, 2 of which were EBV positive (66.7%) and 1 was negative (33.3%). No basaloid squamous cell carcinoma case was available for the study. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of EBV in NPC. However, there is no statistical difference in the prevalence of EBV in NKC and KSCC. NPC showed an association with EBV irrespective of histological type. LMP-1 IHC has proved useful in detecting EBV in NPC in this study.
Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences, 2012
Background and Objective: Tumors of eye and ocular adnexa are reported to be common in Africa, bu... more Background and Objective: Tumors of eye and ocular adnexa are reported to be common in Africa, but no formal study has been conducted here in Kano, the largest Northern Nigerian city. This study is a documentation of the pattern of ophthalmic tumors in our locality. Materials and Methods: This was a 12-year (1999-2010 inclusive) retrospective study of all orbito-ocular neoplasms diagnosed at the pathology department of a teaching hospital. Results : 438 ophthalmic tumors were diagnosed during the study period, of which 79.7% were malignant and 20.3% benign. Males were slightly more preponderant with M/F ratio of 1.3:1. Retinoblastoma and conjunctival squamous carcinoma were the commonest tumors respectively comprising 44.5% and 18.9%. These two ocular malignancies also largely accounted for the bimodal age distribution peaks of ophthalmic cancer in the 1 st and 4 th decades. Conjunctival squamous papilloma and hemangioma were the most prevalent benign ophthalmic tumors. Conclusion : Our findings were broadly similar to most other Nigerian and African studies but significantly at variance with those of the western world.
Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a very uncommon disease. Its etiopathogenesis is uncertai... more Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a very uncommon disease. Its etiopathogenesis is uncertain, although it has been linked to a variety of factors. Its main characteristic is the overgrowth of fat in form of an unencapsulated lesion. Most of the cases reported are in the head and neck region. We report a case that occurred in the breasts of a 62-year-old man. A clinical diagnosis of gynecomastia was initially made. Partial mastectomy was done and MSL was reported on histopathologic examination. Our literature search revealed no previous case of MSL in the breast reported from our environment.
Background: Chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) is the leading cause of chronic liver diseases (CLD) an... more Background: Chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) is the leading cause of chronic liver diseases (CLD) and exhibit diffuse parenchymal damage requiring a systematic assessment of disease extent and progression. Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiological pattern and grade/stage all cases of CVH using Ishaq Modified Histologic Activity Index (HAI); then share and to compare our experience with similar works elsewhere. Methods: Ten years (2006–2015) liver biopsies received in the Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with routine and special stains were reviewed, graded and staged using Ishaq HAI. Data were analysed and presented in statistical frequency distribution tables and figures. Results: CVH formed 55.2% was the most common of liver diseases. There were119 male and 47 female with male-to-female ratio of 2.5: 1 and peaked in the third decade of life. Nearly 42.2% had modified Ishaq HAI score of 4–8, while 28.3% and 27.1% had score 1–3 and score 9–12, respectively. Only 2.4% had score of 13–18. Nearly 70.5% of cases were between Stages 0 and 2, 25.9% of cases were Stage 3and 4 while only 6% were in Stage 5. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the most common aetiology and found in 77.7% of cases, 13.3% were associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HBV/HCV co infection in 9.0%. Conclusions: CVH was the most common form of CLD, peaked in the third decade of life. Nearly 42.2% were in mild grade disease while 70.5% had Stage 2 and below disease. HBV infection was the most common aetiology.
Background : Bladder tumour is a leading type of urinary tract malignancy after the prostate. Thi... more Background : Bladder tumour is a leading type of urinary tract malignancy after the prostate. This study was carried out to analyse the pathological and ultrasonographic features of urinary bladder tumours. Method : Ninety six consecutive patients were reviewed prospectively between, September 2004 and December 2007. The location, size, multiplicity, shape, surface, and presence of calcification of the bladder tumour as well as the pathological types were described. Results : There were 5 cases of multicentric tumours. Tumour size ranged from 24 mm to 113 mm (mean = 59.6 ±19 mm.The tumour involves the bladder base (31.3%), right anterolateral wall (26l.8%) and left anterolateral wall (17.7%). The posterior and anterior wall involvements were (12.5% and (4.2%) respectively, while lateral and right posterior lateral had (1.0%) and 7.3%, respectively. Calcified foci are seen in 7(7.3%) of the bladder masses.The bladder mass surfaces was regular 5(5.2%) and irregular in 67 (69.5%) of the masses, and sessile/polypoidal in 2 (2.1%). Pathologically, squamous cell carcinoma(59.0%) outnumbered transitional cell carcinoma(27.3%) . Conclusion : Most bladder tumours were single, arising from the bladder base and of squcmous cell type on histology
 Background: The entrance surface dose (ESD) has been used to determine the diagnostic reference... more  Background: The entrance surface dose (ESD) has been used to determine the diagnostic reference levels (DRL) by regulatory bodies to help medical radiation workers to checkmate excessive dose to patients. Objective: To peer review practice in our centre using recommended diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) as standard. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of fifty x-ray patients who had thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-100) taped on their skin to quantify entrance surface dose (ESD) during x-ray investigation. The patients appeared in Radiology Department of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto between 1st August and 30th September 2018. Their weights and heights were measured directly. Thereafter, they were divided into 5 groups of ten each for five specific anatomical areas: PA chest, AP of pelvis, abdomen, lumbosacral spine, and lateral lumbosacral spine. Irradiated TLDs were read, and the mean ESD was calculated. Results:  Entrance surface dose...
Background: Tumours of the eye and adnexa demonstrate great histologic variety and constitute a s... more Background: Tumours of the eye and adnexa demonstrate great histologic variety and constitute a serious threat to vision especially in children. Aims: The study aims to review the epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa in the paediatric age group (0-14 years). Methods: All the cases entered into the departmental records as tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa over a 10-year period in the age group 0-14 years were extracted. The patients' request cards with all relevant Haematoxylin & Eosin (H & E)-stained histology slides were retrieved. All the slides were reviewed and the cases were classified in accordance with the 4th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Eye (2018). The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistical tabulation and analysis. Results: A total of 104 tumours of the eye and ocular adnexae were diagnosed in the paediatric age group, accounting for 40.5% of all eye and ocular adnexal tumours diagnosed over the study period. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1 and malignant tumours greatly outnumbered benign tumours by a ratio of 5.5:1. Majority (76%) of the tumours occurred in the retina with retinoblastoma representing all the tumours diagnosed in this location. Rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common paediatric orbital tumour accounting for over half (53.8%) of all tumours in the orbit. Tumours of the conjunctiva and the eyelid were infrequent with benign soft tissue tumours (vascular, neural and lipomatous tumours) being the major tumours at these sites. Conclusion: Retinoblastoma is the single most common tumour in this age group.
Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is uncommon cancer with unique geographical variations... more Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is uncommon cancer with unique geographical variations and strong association with Epstein–Barr Virus. The increasing incidence of NPC in Nigeria in recent years has reinforced the need for more studies to be done. This study aims to determine the frequency, age, and sex distribution as well as the histopathological patterns of NPC seen over a period of 22 years, from 1992 to 2013. Materials and Method: It was a retrospective study of all NPCs diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital from January 1st 1992 to December 31st, 2013. The request forms, histopathology reports, slides, and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of all histologically diagnosed NPCs within the study period were retrieved and examined. The age, sex and site/nature of the biopsy were extracted. Histopathological diagnosis was in accordance to the 2005 World Health Organization classification. Results: NPC showed a frequency of 0.3% (112 cases) with a significant rise in incidence in the last decade. There was a male preponderance with M: F of 3.5:1. The age range was 6–91 years, mode 40 years, mean age 42.4 years, and peak age of incidence 40–49 years (18.8%). Histologically, nonkeratinizing carcinoma (NKC) was the most common (94.6%) followed by keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (KSCC, 4.5%) and a single case of basaloid squamous cell carcinomas (bscc, 0.9%). Undifferentiated subtypes made up 79.4% of NKC, 12.7% differentiated and 7.9% mixed. In addition, 44.4% were of Regaud type growth pattern, 34.9% Schmincke type, and 20.6% were mixed. The nasopharynx was the most common site of surgical biopsy (57.1%) followed by the nasal cavity (17.9%) and cervical lymph node (11.6%). Conclusions: NPC showed a recent increase in frequency, a male preponderance and a unimodal age pattern that peaked in the 5th decade with an overall mean age of 42.4 years. NKC over KSCC and a solitary case of BSCC was seen. A significant number of biopsies were from sites outside the nasopharynx, suggestive of advanced disease with poor prognosis.
Context: Breast tumors are common worldwide, and various reports suggest an increasing incidence ... more Context: Breast tumors are common worldwide, and various reports suggest an increasing incidence in Nigeria, which necessitates an urgent need to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. Aims: To classify, grade and to determine the changing pattern, frequency, age and sex distribution of breast tumors seen in a tertiary hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a 10-year retrospective study of all breast tumors diagnosed at the Pathology Department of a Teaching Hospital from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2010. Results: A total of 1,566 breast tumors were diagnosed during the study period, of which 1035 (66.1%) were benign, and 531 (33.9%) were malignant. Fibroadenoma was the commonest benign breast tumor followed by fibrocystic change, and they accounted for 47.1% and 25.4% of benign breast tumors respectively. Out of the 531 malignant cases reviewed; 496 (93.4%) were females, and 35 (6.6%) were males with a female to male:ratio of 14.2:1.0. The age range of malignant cases was between 21 and 79 years with a mean age of 42.0 years. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the predominant histological type with 316 cases (59.5%). This was followed by medullary carcinoma with 61 (11.5%) cases, invasive lobular carcinoma and invasive papillary carcinoma each with 37 (6.9%) cases. Three hundred and ninety-eight cases satisfied the criteria for grading, out of which 237 (59.5%) cases were classified in Grade 1, 133 (33.4%) cases in Grade 2 and 28 (7.1%) cases in Grade 2. Conclusions: Breast tumors are quite common which are mostly benign and are seen in both sexes with a striking female preponderance. The findings are generally similar to most previous studies from Nigeria, Africa and western world with minimal variations.
Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences, 2013
Background and Objective: Malignant soft tissue tumours account for less than 1% of overall human... more Background and Objective: Malignant soft tissue tumours account for less than 1% of overall human burden of malignant tumours. Increasing incidences of these tumours have been noted worldwide. This study aims to determine the pattern of soft tissue sarcomas seen in a teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of all cases of soft tissue sarcoma diagnosed over a 10-year review from 1 January 1999-31 December 2008. Results: A total of 264 cases of soft tissue sarcomas were reviewed; 162 males and 102 females with a male to female ratio of 1.6:1. The age range was between 3 months and 89 years with a mean age of 39.0 years. Kaposi sarcoma was the predominant histological type with 56 cases (21.2%). This was followed by rhabdomyosarcoma with 54 (20.5%) cases, dermatofibrosarcoma with 52 (19.7%) cases and liposarcoma with 32 (12.0%) cases. The most common site of affectation was the lower limb with 73 (27.7%) cases, followed by the trunk with 66 (25.0%) cases, head and neck with 45 (17.0%) cases and upper limb with 35 (13.3%) cases. Two hundred and eight cases satisfied the criteria for grading, out of which 34.1% were classified in grade I, 32.2% in grade II and 33.7% in grade III. Conclusion: Soft tissue sarcomas accounted for 8.8% of malignant tumours seen over the review period and Kaposi sarcoma was the predominant histological subtype commonly affecting young adults in our centre.
Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has a consistent global association with nasopharyngeal carc... more Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has a consistent global association with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The detection of EBV in NPC has been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic importance. Latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) immunochemical staining is a well-recognized, rapid, and effective method of EBV detection. This study aims to determine the EBV status of NPC seen over 22 years, from 1992 to 2013 in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH). Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study of all NPCs diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, ABUTH from January 1, 1992 to December 31, 2013. The paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of all histologically diagnosed NPCs within the study period were retrieved and examined. Cases in which the tissue blocks were missing, badly damaged, or had insufficient tissue were excluded from the study. Histopathological diagnosis was in accordance to the 2005 World Health Organization classification. EBV detection was done using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for EBV LMP-1. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24. Fisher's exact test statistic value is 0.545, which is not significant at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 112 NPC cases were histologically diagnosed, 66 (58.9%) of these were available for EBV LMP-1 IHC and 46 (41.1%) were excluded. EBV LMP-I IHC was positive in 51 samples (77.3%), while 15 (22.7%) were negative. There were 63 (95.5%) cases of nonkeratinizing carcinoma (NKC) seen, of which 49 (77.8%) were EBV positive and 14 (22.2%) were negative. Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (KSCC) constituted 3 (4.5%) cases, 2 of which were EBV positive (66.7%) and 1 was negative (33.3%). No basaloid squamous cell carcinoma case was available for the study. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of EBV in NPC. However, there is no statistical difference in the prevalence of EBV in NKC and KSCC. NPC showed an association with EBV irrespective of histological type. LMP-1 IHC has proved useful in detecting EBV in NPC in this study.
Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences, 2012
Background and Objective: Tumors of eye and ocular adnexa are reported to be common in Africa, bu... more Background and Objective: Tumors of eye and ocular adnexa are reported to be common in Africa, but no formal study has been conducted here in Kano, the largest Northern Nigerian city. This study is a documentation of the pattern of ophthalmic tumors in our locality. Materials and Methods: This was a 12-year (1999-2010 inclusive) retrospective study of all orbito-ocular neoplasms diagnosed at the pathology department of a teaching hospital. Results : 438 ophthalmic tumors were diagnosed during the study period, of which 79.7% were malignant and 20.3% benign. Males were slightly more preponderant with M/F ratio of 1.3:1. Retinoblastoma and conjunctival squamous carcinoma were the commonest tumors respectively comprising 44.5% and 18.9%. These two ocular malignancies also largely accounted for the bimodal age distribution peaks of ophthalmic cancer in the 1 st and 4 th decades. Conjunctival squamous papilloma and hemangioma were the most prevalent benign ophthalmic tumors. Conclusion : Our findings were broadly similar to most other Nigerian and African studies but significantly at variance with those of the western world.
Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a very uncommon disease. Its etiopathogenesis is uncertai... more Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a very uncommon disease. Its etiopathogenesis is uncertain, although it has been linked to a variety of factors. Its main characteristic is the overgrowth of fat in form of an unencapsulated lesion. Most of the cases reported are in the head and neck region. We report a case that occurred in the breasts of a 62-year-old man. A clinical diagnosis of gynecomastia was initially made. Partial mastectomy was done and MSL was reported on histopathologic examination. Our literature search revealed no previous case of MSL in the breast reported from our environment.
Background: Chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) is the leading cause of chronic liver diseases (CLD) an... more Background: Chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) is the leading cause of chronic liver diseases (CLD) and exhibit diffuse parenchymal damage requiring a systematic assessment of disease extent and progression. Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiological pattern and grade/stage all cases of CVH using Ishaq Modified Histologic Activity Index (HAI); then share and to compare our experience with similar works elsewhere. Methods: Ten years (2006–2015) liver biopsies received in the Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with routine and special stains were reviewed, graded and staged using Ishaq HAI. Data were analysed and presented in statistical frequency distribution tables and figures. Results: CVH formed 55.2% was the most common of liver diseases. There were119 male and 47 female with male-to-female ratio of 2.5: 1 and peaked in the third decade of life. Nearly 42.2% had modified Ishaq HAI score of 4–8, while 28.3% and 27.1% had score 1–3 and score 9–12, respectively. Only 2.4% had score of 13–18. Nearly 70.5% of cases were between Stages 0 and 2, 25.9% of cases were Stage 3and 4 while only 6% were in Stage 5. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the most common aetiology and found in 77.7% of cases, 13.3% were associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HBV/HCV co infection in 9.0%. Conclusions: CVH was the most common form of CLD, peaked in the third decade of life. Nearly 42.2% were in mild grade disease while 70.5% had Stage 2 and below disease. HBV infection was the most common aetiology.
Background : Bladder tumour is a leading type of urinary tract malignancy after the prostate. Thi... more Background : Bladder tumour is a leading type of urinary tract malignancy after the prostate. This study was carried out to analyse the pathological and ultrasonographic features of urinary bladder tumours. Method : Ninety six consecutive patients were reviewed prospectively between, September 2004 and December 2007. The location, size, multiplicity, shape, surface, and presence of calcification of the bladder tumour as well as the pathological types were described. Results : There were 5 cases of multicentric tumours. Tumour size ranged from 24 mm to 113 mm (mean = 59.6 ±19 mm.The tumour involves the bladder base (31.3%), right anterolateral wall (26l.8%) and left anterolateral wall (17.7%). The posterior and anterior wall involvements were (12.5% and (4.2%) respectively, while lateral and right posterior lateral had (1.0%) and 7.3%, respectively. Calcified foci are seen in 7(7.3%) of the bladder masses.The bladder mass surfaces was regular 5(5.2%) and irregular in 67 (69.5%) of the masses, and sessile/polypoidal in 2 (2.1%). Pathologically, squamous cell carcinoma(59.0%) outnumbered transitional cell carcinoma(27.3%) . Conclusion : Most bladder tumours were single, arising from the bladder base and of squcmous cell type on histology
 Background: The entrance surface dose (ESD) has been used to determine the diagnostic reference... more  Background: The entrance surface dose (ESD) has been used to determine the diagnostic reference levels (DRL) by regulatory bodies to help medical radiation workers to checkmate excessive dose to patients. Objective: To peer review practice in our centre using recommended diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) as standard. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of fifty x-ray patients who had thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-100) taped on their skin to quantify entrance surface dose (ESD) during x-ray investigation. The patients appeared in Radiology Department of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto between 1st August and 30th September 2018. Their weights and heights were measured directly. Thereafter, they were divided into 5 groups of ten each for five specific anatomical areas: PA chest, AP of pelvis, abdomen, lumbosacral spine, and lateral lumbosacral spine. Irradiated TLDs were read, and the mean ESD was calculated. Results:  Entrance surface dose...
Background: Tumours of the eye and adnexa demonstrate great histologic variety and constitute a s... more Background: Tumours of the eye and adnexa demonstrate great histologic variety and constitute a serious threat to vision especially in children. Aims: The study aims to review the epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa in the paediatric age group (0-14 years). Methods: All the cases entered into the departmental records as tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa over a 10-year period in the age group 0-14 years were extracted. The patients' request cards with all relevant Haematoxylin & Eosin (H & E)-stained histology slides were retrieved. All the slides were reviewed and the cases were classified in accordance with the 4th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Eye (2018). The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistical tabulation and analysis. Results: A total of 104 tumours of the eye and ocular adnexae were diagnosed in the paediatric age group, accounting for 40.5% of all eye and ocular adnexal tumours diagnosed over the study period. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1 and malignant tumours greatly outnumbered benign tumours by a ratio of 5.5:1. Majority (76%) of the tumours occurred in the retina with retinoblastoma representing all the tumours diagnosed in this location. Rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common paediatric orbital tumour accounting for over half (53.8%) of all tumours in the orbit. Tumours of the conjunctiva and the eyelid were infrequent with benign soft tissue tumours (vascular, neural and lipomatous tumours) being the major tumours at these sites. Conclusion: Retinoblastoma is the single most common tumour in this age group.
Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is uncommon cancer with unique geographical variations... more Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is uncommon cancer with unique geographical variations and strong association with Epstein–Barr Virus. The increasing incidence of NPC in Nigeria in recent years has reinforced the need for more studies to be done. This study aims to determine the frequency, age, and sex distribution as well as the histopathological patterns of NPC seen over a period of 22 years, from 1992 to 2013. Materials and Method: It was a retrospective study of all NPCs diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital from January 1st 1992 to December 31st, 2013. The request forms, histopathology reports, slides, and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of all histologically diagnosed NPCs within the study period were retrieved and examined. The age, sex and site/nature of the biopsy were extracted. Histopathological diagnosis was in accordance to the 2005 World Health Organization classification. Results: NPC showed a frequency of 0.3% (112 cases) with a significant rise in incidence in the last decade. There was a male preponderance with M: F of 3.5:1. The age range was 6–91 years, mode 40 years, mean age 42.4 years, and peak age of incidence 40–49 years (18.8%). Histologically, nonkeratinizing carcinoma (NKC) was the most common (94.6%) followed by keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (KSCC, 4.5%) and a single case of basaloid squamous cell carcinomas (bscc, 0.9%). Undifferentiated subtypes made up 79.4% of NKC, 12.7% differentiated and 7.9% mixed. In addition, 44.4% were of Regaud type growth pattern, 34.9% Schmincke type, and 20.6% were mixed. The nasopharynx was the most common site of surgical biopsy (57.1%) followed by the nasal cavity (17.9%) and cervical lymph node (11.6%). Conclusions: NPC showed a recent increase in frequency, a male preponderance and a unimodal age pattern that peaked in the 5th decade with an overall mean age of 42.4 years. NKC over KSCC and a solitary case of BSCC was seen. A significant number of biopsies were from sites outside the nasopharynx, suggestive of advanced disease with poor prognosis.
Context: Breast tumors are common worldwide, and various reports suggest an increasing incidence ... more Context: Breast tumors are common worldwide, and various reports suggest an increasing incidence in Nigeria, which necessitates an urgent need to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. Aims: To classify, grade and to determine the changing pattern, frequency, age and sex distribution of breast tumors seen in a tertiary hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a 10-year retrospective study of all breast tumors diagnosed at the Pathology Department of a Teaching Hospital from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2010. Results: A total of 1,566 breast tumors were diagnosed during the study period, of which 1035 (66.1%) were benign, and 531 (33.9%) were malignant. Fibroadenoma was the commonest benign breast tumor followed by fibrocystic change, and they accounted for 47.1% and 25.4% of benign breast tumors respectively. Out of the 531 malignant cases reviewed; 496 (93.4%) were females, and 35 (6.6%) were males with a female to male:ratio of 14.2:1.0. The age range of malignant cases was between 21 and 79 years with a mean age of 42.0 years. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the predominant histological type with 316 cases (59.5%). This was followed by medullary carcinoma with 61 (11.5%) cases, invasive lobular carcinoma and invasive papillary carcinoma each with 37 (6.9%) cases. Three hundred and ninety-eight cases satisfied the criteria for grading, out of which 237 (59.5%) cases were classified in Grade 1, 133 (33.4%) cases in Grade 2 and 28 (7.1%) cases in Grade 2. Conclusions: Breast tumors are quite common which are mostly benign and are seen in both sexes with a striking female preponderance. The findings are generally similar to most previous studies from Nigeria, Africa and western world with minimal variations.
Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences, 2013
Background and Objective: Malignant soft tissue tumours account for less than 1% of overall human... more Background and Objective: Malignant soft tissue tumours account for less than 1% of overall human burden of malignant tumours. Increasing incidences of these tumours have been noted worldwide. This study aims to determine the pattern of soft tissue sarcomas seen in a teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of all cases of soft tissue sarcoma diagnosed over a 10-year review from 1 January 1999-31 December 2008. Results: A total of 264 cases of soft tissue sarcomas were reviewed; 162 males and 102 females with a male to female ratio of 1.6:1. The age range was between 3 months and 89 years with a mean age of 39.0 years. Kaposi sarcoma was the predominant histological type with 56 cases (21.2%). This was followed by rhabdomyosarcoma with 54 (20.5%) cases, dermatofibrosarcoma with 52 (19.7%) cases and liposarcoma with 32 (12.0%) cases. The most common site of affectation was the lower limb with 73 (27.7%) cases, followed by the trunk with 66 (25.0%) cases, head and neck with 45 (17.0%) cases and upper limb with 35 (13.3%) cases. Two hundred and eight cases satisfied the criteria for grading, out of which 34.1% were classified in grade I, 32.2% in grade II and 33.7% in grade III. Conclusion: Soft tissue sarcomas accounted for 8.8% of malignant tumours seen over the review period and Kaposi sarcoma was the predominant histological subtype commonly affecting young adults in our centre.
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