International Baccalaureate by Katrina Lavender
In the arts, we as the knower are the audience. The arts offer an irrational perspective, which c... more In the arts, we as the knower are the audience. The arts offer an irrational perspective, which can be prudent in this situation as art is such a subjective form and follows a wide spectrum, at one end being naturalistic, at the other, abstracted. Art is fiction, but that is not always its intention. Our world is based around the human condition and science. Without scientific proof, we tend to fail to believe certain concepts. Literature follows the same outlines within its own ‘world’, which is unlike ours as it does not exist at all, yet successfully entails a story that is believable and could indeed occur in our world, with the exception of fantasy and science-fiction as of yet. Characters in literature can be either a representation of another role, for example, Napoleon the pig of Animal Farm , being an allegory of Stalin, or alternatively a character may be an imaginative idea of the author, that is, a figment of their imagination such as Christopher Boone of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time or a character based around a real person such as Claudius of Hamlet who is a representation of Feng in Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus. The story, incidentally, is entitled Amleth, Prince of Denmark , hence Shakespeare used an acronym in creating his masterpiece. Art is created for the purpose of stretching beyond the limits of possibility through fantastical imagery. But that does not mean that it is not realistic or believable, or even a lie. But, it is a representation. This essay will evaluate Picasso’s claim in relation to the art form of literature. The ways of knowing to investigate it will be reason and language. The areas of knowledge will be psychology as human science and art. The author’s craft aids its reader in believing the work to be a good substitute for reality. Therefore the word ‘lie’ perhaps has a different meaning in the context of the arts than in everyday language, since it is so subjective. Art can take you nearer to the truth- but also further from it. This essay entails, ‘to what extent does imagination connect to reality and how can form convey meaning?’
The Cold War is the term given to the conflict that existed between the USA and the USSR after ... more The Cold War is the term given to the conflict that existed between the USA and the USSR after the Second World War between 1945 and 1989. The research question asks: to what extent was ideology the main cause of the Cold War? This historical investigation focuses on the effects, contribution and background of ideology before and during the Cold War.
The subject of this investigation is ideology during the Cold War, which was caused by ideological differences, opposite aims for Germany, tension produced by the American intervention in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922 , the USSR’s signing of the Nazi-Soviet pact , Western appeasement of Hitler and disputes over the future of Eastern Europe.
The scope of this essay will encompass the differing beliefs of Communism and Capitalism , its effect on relations between the superpowers during the war, events crucial to the development of the war and the role played by Cold War ideologies. A summary of evidence will be included in Section B, primary and secondary sources in Section C, analysis in Section D and a conclusion in Section E.
A highly comprehensive analysis of Act 1 in regards to the theme "Disordered Society and Disturbe... more A highly comprehensive analysis of Act 1 in regards to the theme "Disordered Society and Disturbed Individuals". Includes significant quotes from the passage along with analysis of those quotes.
This essay will examine the actions leading to the downfall of the protagonists Jean-Baptiste Gre... more This essay will examine the actions leading to the downfall of the protagonists Jean-Baptiste Grenouille of Perfume, set in eighteenth century France, and the supposed Knut Hamsun of Hunger, set in nineteenth century Norway. Grenouille possesses a super-human ability; an acute sense of smell. Those in his presence sense a strange aura from him; oblivious that this is a product of his lack of scent, which repels mankind. This isolation strengthens his resentment towards humans, induced by the rejection of his mother at birth. Hamsun appears out of touch with his true character. His pride resists the urge to embrace it, and he is forever creating fantasies in which he indulges in grandeur, possessing luxuries and powerful acquaintances-the opposite of his true self. Reality dictates his squalor and poverty. The subject of the characters’ downfalls can be considered a vital aspect to these novels because it was never within their intentions to clash in society. They vouched for the complete opposite, what with Grenouille viewing himself as superior to mankind but at the same time possessing an extreme craving for their love, and Hamsun constantly articulating the importance of maintaining his pride and dignity. Yet, society would frown upon the characters’ escapades. In essence, the protagonists long for the embracement of their respective cultures, but in turn this desire leads to their anticlimax.
In this essay I will examine the factors of similarity within the novels One Day in the Life… and... more In this essay I will examine the factors of similarity within the novels One Day in the Life… and Hunger. Knut Hamsun wrote Hunger in 1890. The nameless first-person protagonist reflects the psychological effects of starvation and obsession. Set in Kristianna, Norway in the 19th century, the anonymous male faces challenges when his unwillingness to find proper employment jeopardizes his psychological health, nourishment and dignity. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote One Day in the Life… in 1962. The protagonist is that of Ivan Shukhov Denisovich, and the novel follows a single day of the ordinary prisoner’s life in a Soviet camp. The setting is in Siberia in the former USSR, and explores the effects that Stalinist repression and the choice to survive has on the inmates within the camp. It is an outcry by the author against Stalinism.
A letter from Tita to Gertrudis after Gertrudis runs away from the ranch.
For my World Literatur... more A letter from Tita to Gertrudis after Gertrudis runs away from the ranch.
For my World Literature assignment, I intend to write a letter addressed from the protagonist Tita to her sister, Gertrudis, based on Laura Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate. Gertrudis, who by now has been away from the ranch long enough for her nephew to be born and for three other family members to have left, was one of Tita’s only confidantes. I will write the letter framing what I believe to be Tita’s feelings, which she must forever suppress from Mama Elena’s eyes. The letter will as stated, consist of Tita’s feelings; these will attempt to show how she feels towards Mama, Pedro and Roberto, along with her emotions of being trapped by the family tradition. This letter depicts what she would do with her life if her willpower was not restricted. It also exposes a darker side to her, unleashing some of her anger as a result of the cruelty Mama has put her through, revealed in this letter as she rarely exposes that in the reality of the novel.
When considering the subject of art, there are many forms common to us, obvious examples being pa... more When considering the subject of art, there are many forms common to us, obvious examples being paintings, music and sculpture. However, certain forms may be considered by some as ‘Good’ or otherwise for various reasons to be later discussed. This essay will encompass an area of knowledge, art, and a way of knowing, emotion. Art affects our emotions and senses, and allows one to perceive it differently from another due to the diverse messages it has to offer within the creative approach the artist has taken. The fact that art affects emotion makes it the key ingredient to our understanding of art. Not all art conveys positive messages, however. The content may display immorality. But does that necessarily mean it is not good? ‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ are vague indicators when it comes to a view of art. We all have different understandings of it as Knowers. It may not necessarily be ‘Good or ‘Bad’, but rather another meaning. The question I will examine challenges how we place our outlook on art based on the concern with the distinction between good or evil.
The aim of this coursework is to investigate the relationship between Mathematics IGCSE scores of... more The aim of this coursework is to investigate the relationship between Mathematics IGCSE scores of 2009 within a school in Bermuda and emotional intelligence scores of the same students. I gathered my data from the students in the said school, who each performed the EI test and completed their mathematics IGCSE in 2009. The EI results were the product of restricted conditions which consisted of remaining silent and not communicating with fellow students-because then they are more likely to retain proof that the data is reliable and accurate, which will aid my investigation with regards to validity. The investigation will focus on the mathematics IGCSE score acquired by each student in relation to their EI score.
The forty leaves collected for this experiment were taken from a Suriname Cherry Tree. Twenty wer... more The forty leaves collected for this experiment were taken from a Suriname Cherry Tree. Twenty were collected from the North side of the tree and twenty were collected from the South side of the tree. Around two weeks before collecting the leaves, Bermuda experienced Hurricane Igor, which subsequently caused damage to this species, as harsh winds caused many of the leaves from the tree to fly away, leaving behind a tree that did not have as many leaves as it did previously. Therefore, this affected the experiment, since leaves collected may not have been very mature. They may have been leaves that had not been affected by the storm, or leaves that had grown after the storm took place. Therefore one is unaware of how mature the leaves collected may have been.
The same species, and the same tree, were used in order to maintain a fair test. All leaves, whether north or south, were collected from the same height. There may however, have been error as greener leaves are older, and leaves of a more red colour are younger. The majority of the leaves collected were of a deep green colour in order to attempt to maintain a fair test by using leaves that were of a similar maturity. Twenty leaves from each side were used to allow more quantity of data as this allows more reliable results, especially when measuring averages. A clinometer was used for measurements of thickness, and a ruler was used for measurements of width and length, but these measurements may have been inaccurate with respect to the fact that there may have been approximately a 1mm error as on occasion, one had to round up or down, or of course the conducted measurements may not have been performed correctly.
When considering the depth of mankind, it is apparent that it is second nature to us to lie, whet... more When considering the depth of mankind, it is apparent that it is second nature to us to lie, whether it be big or small. Truth can be defined as ‘being in accordance with a fact’. It is common knowledge that the opposite of this is to lie, which is considered ‘an untruthful statement’. The subject of truth can be difficult to interpret. Everybody lies. But it is hard to establish exactly when people lie, and what causes them to do it; what would ever give one reason to change the truth about something specific? If we are to associate the ways of Knowing to truth, it can be considered that emotion is the least reliable. If one is sentimental, they may favour their own feelings over the truth. An example of this is if someone commits a crime, perhaps they would rather be dishonest than to tell the truth because it means they may not have to face the consequences of that crime. The way one feels can change their perspective on things, which can induce the creation of bias.
A highly comprehensive analysis of Part 1 in regards to the themes "Pessimism, Religion, Optimism... more A highly comprehensive analysis of Part 1 in regards to the themes "Pessimism, Religion, Optimism, Obsession". Includes significant quotes from the passage along with analysis of those quotes.
A highly comprehensive analysis of various quotations in regards to a number of identified themes.
A highly comprehensive analysis of various quotations in regards to a number of identified themes.
Anthropology by Katrina Lavender
Spiritual landscape connotes how people imagine spirit forces to be connected to places and to th... more Spiritual landscape connotes how people imagine spirit forces to be connected to places and to the attitudes that people may have to the hidden realms lying immanent within the visible earth. Bovensiepen's 2005-2007 fieldwork on the Idate-speaking people of the East-Timorese highlands portrays landscape as cultural process. This process is reflected by the way in which peoples' identities are shaped by landscape through engagement with fertility, reciprocity and danger and prosperity connected to that environment, the main themes of this paper. I focus on eliminating the tension of the idea that cultures and landscapes should be distinct, isolated units. This essay explores cross-cultural comparison of space as contextually constituted phenomenon, assigned different meanings depending on use. We come to see the motion by which nature is created, appropriated, imbued with meanings and transformed into a socially significant category mirroring images of human identity. Bovensiepen's study of Idate exchange relationships following resettlement of Funar villagers during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor emphasises spiritual and ancestral connections to landscape. Since 1999, villagers have returned, but remain anxious that their enforced absence has disturbed reciprocal relations with the landscape. They stress the health, wealth and well-being to be gained by living on ancestral land. Different accounts of reciprocity, fertility and prosperity and danger associated with landscape imply cultural processes by which identities are formed. Selected narratives implement these themes, implying their significance in identity formation, demonstrating Geertz's argument that cultures arrange symbolic templates defining limits of behaviour, guiding it along predictable paths. In this context, the environment is that template.
Keywords: Bermuda, Third Culture Kids, Expatriates, Identity, Anthropology, Symbolic Interactioni... more Keywords: Bermuda, Third Culture Kids, Expatriates, Identity, Anthropology, Symbolic Interactionism
This research is based on twelve in-depth interviews conducted in Bermuda, Southampton and on Skype. The subjects are the adult children of expatriates who have spent a significant period of their adolescent years in Bermuda. These individuals are ATCKS, second-generation expatriates since they are the children of parents who have moved abroad from their country of citizenship (Lyttle and Barker, 2011, 686). The focus of this research is on these individuals as adults.
In the last century, we have seen “Third Culture Kids” become more significant within Anthropological enquiry as they come to comprise a global presence. Bermuda’s culture is unique as it is one of the only countries that had no native population before colonisation. I attempt to contribute to empirical studies of ATCKs, especially as very few exist regarding Bermuda.
Through an interactionist lens, this research explores Bermuda’s ATCKs using the following themes: Subculture, migration, globalisation, homelessness, belonging, rootlessness, identity and Bermuda in terms of the expatriate community and the tensions between this community and Bermudians. Case studies of attitudes towards ATCKs in the Caymans are referred to alongside this, in order to test the dominant thought surrounding this subject.
The methodology, conducted from a phenomenological perspective, explains the qualitative paradigm deemed appropriate for accessing informants and retrieving their experiences. Key themes emerge, including Bermudian culture, race, identity, immigration issues and relationships. The results found the following:
• The cohort had mixed views towards island life and Bermudians, with the cohort seeing friendliness, cultural events, climate and opportunities as positive, but tensions between expatriates and Bermudians, the country’s size, gossip and homophobia as negative.
• Race, immigration and accent played a large part in individuals’ affiliation to the expatriate community.
• Draconian immigration laws caused massive dissatisfaction amongst the cohort.
The study concludes by considering how effectively the research objectives have been met and recommendations for further research.
Kitzinger and Toerien claim to speak to feminist concerns in the anthropological field, stemming ... more Kitzinger and Toerien claim to speak to feminist concerns in the anthropological field, stemming from emotional labour. Their research explores a recorded empirical example in which eyebrow threaders in a London-based salon undergo emotional labour during customer interaction, predominantly through the use of the single example of a therapist’s hand extension coupled with her navigation of topic talk and hair removal. The central argument is shaped around this interaction, an example of emotional labour, with the authors interpreting the therapist’s multiple involvements. However, this review finds that the authors’ interpretation lacks clear evidentiary support. Examining this article alongside the work of Bolton, Lupton and Barbalet allows for a more comprehensive overall analysis. The authors use conversation analysis as their methodological approach, applying it to worker-client interaction in order to frame their central interpretation. This review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of this method in producing insight, and proposes a more appropriate alternative. The review also ultimately considers the extent to which this study offers a significant contribution to the anthropological study of emotional labour through its consideration of the gendered, performative and economic dimensions of interactional skills in service institutions.
The contemporary world has seen the rise of the body as an anthropological problem, what with it ... more The contemporary world has seen the rise of the body as an anthropological problem, what with it being a culturally contingent category that can be fashioned and individualized, particularly in the West, in which its commodification has been immense. Individuals enter this world as women but leave as men, marking that from cradle to grave, body modification affects our everyday lives. Medicalisation offers a change in the way people inhabit bodies, what with modification having become a typicality of our time. Mascia-Lees describes the body as " a site of adornment, manipulation and mutilation ", which makes sense when considering that body modification has progressed to the extent that humans undergo it in order to define social characteristics such as gender, which is the prime scope of this work. This essay discusses the proposition that the body is restrained by meaning while being free to express its own meaning in relation to transgender people, arguing that there is a struggle between physiological expression and cultured expectations regarding gender, raising ethical confusion about biological preconditions coming at a social price. Transgenders are individuals whose gender identity does not match their assigned birth gender. This essay focuses on a number of transgender ethnographies including the Hijras of India, the two-spirit people and the Tombois of Sumatra. Cross-cultural comparison displays the differences between these cultural systems in regard to the body's meaning, informed by Bourdieu's habitus and the ideology of gender, identity and the body. Discussion will communicate these themes in respect to tradition, image, gender discourse, medicalisation of the body and language.
This essay discusses the proposition that belief systems such as African witchcraft, cultural con... more This essay discusses the proposition that belief systems such as African witchcraft, cultural constructions of health and illness and spirit possession are ‘traditional’ and consequently are rigid, inflexible and have no capacity to adapt in conjunction with social change. By examining various studies conducted in postcolonial Africa, this paper dictates in many ways that these practices act as tools that achieve power, economic prosperity and social cohesion in addition to supplying individuals the ability to voice against oppressive dominant paradigms of gender, religion and development. Moreover, among many Africans, rather than opposing one another, the ‘traditional’ and the ‘modern’
The connection between love, jealousy and anger lies at the heart of anthropological enquiry. It ... more The connection between love, jealousy and anger lies at the heart of anthropological enquiry. It is argued that “fieldwork is based on information gathered through relationships, and therefore the emotional elements of those associations are relevant to the ethnographic writing that is produced”. This essay critically assesses the claim that “universally, love, jealousy and anger impact on fundamental social bonds”. Due to the fact that this is an open-ended topic, this essay assesses the claim through a specific lens, focusing particularly on the extent to which this claim is universal, and whether the impact of these emotions has positive or negative results on social bonds in light of different examples of empirical evidence. We see that these emotions can either form social bonds or break them. Firstly, this essay shows why love, jealousy and anger are considered “dangerous emotions”. The essay then assesses the claim in relation to empirical case studies of love, jealousy and anger respectively. Case studies of kinship networks and intimate relationships are examined, utilizing the works of Rosaldo, Abu-Rabia-Queder, Dunn and Klima. we see how the three emotions differ cross-culturally in the impact they have, and show how significant an exploration of this nature is for anthropology by applying a number of theoretical perspectives that appropriately address the anthropology of emotions. I conclude that the claim is broad but true in terms of the fact that these three emotions fundamentally impact on social cohesion, but from a variety of angles and cultural contexts. I also attempt to disprove the ‘universal’ aspect of the claim.
This paper covers a recent reform of our time, the English Baccalaureate. This is a performance m... more This paper covers a recent reform of our time, the English Baccalaureate. This is a performance measure that Ofsted will take into account when inspecting schools. It was initially a certificate, the EBC, intended to replace GCSEs, which met strong resistance. In 2011, fewer than one in six pupils achieved the certificate in schools nationwide. The qualification does not remain, but the measure, EBacc, acts as an umbrella award to students who achieve GCSE passes in a prescribed set of subjects. Ofsted judges the performance of schools using league tables based on the amount who secure the combination of EBacc GCSE subjects.
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International Baccalaureate by Katrina Lavender
The subject of this investigation is ideology during the Cold War, which was caused by ideological differences, opposite aims for Germany, tension produced by the American intervention in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922 , the USSR’s signing of the Nazi-Soviet pact , Western appeasement of Hitler and disputes over the future of Eastern Europe.
The scope of this essay will encompass the differing beliefs of Communism and Capitalism , its effect on relations between the superpowers during the war, events crucial to the development of the war and the role played by Cold War ideologies. A summary of evidence will be included in Section B, primary and secondary sources in Section C, analysis in Section D and a conclusion in Section E.
For my World Literature assignment, I intend to write a letter addressed from the protagonist Tita to her sister, Gertrudis, based on Laura Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate. Gertrudis, who by now has been away from the ranch long enough for her nephew to be born and for three other family members to have left, was one of Tita’s only confidantes. I will write the letter framing what I believe to be Tita’s feelings, which she must forever suppress from Mama Elena’s eyes. The letter will as stated, consist of Tita’s feelings; these will attempt to show how she feels towards Mama, Pedro and Roberto, along with her emotions of being trapped by the family tradition. This letter depicts what she would do with her life if her willpower was not restricted. It also exposes a darker side to her, unleashing some of her anger as a result of the cruelty Mama has put her through, revealed in this letter as she rarely exposes that in the reality of the novel.
The same species, and the same tree, were used in order to maintain a fair test. All leaves, whether north or south, were collected from the same height. There may however, have been error as greener leaves are older, and leaves of a more red colour are younger. The majority of the leaves collected were of a deep green colour in order to attempt to maintain a fair test by using leaves that were of a similar maturity. Twenty leaves from each side were used to allow more quantity of data as this allows more reliable results, especially when measuring averages. A clinometer was used for measurements of thickness, and a ruler was used for measurements of width and length, but these measurements may have been inaccurate with respect to the fact that there may have been approximately a 1mm error as on occasion, one had to round up or down, or of course the conducted measurements may not have been performed correctly.
Anthropology by Katrina Lavender
This research is based on twelve in-depth interviews conducted in Bermuda, Southampton and on Skype. The subjects are the adult children of expatriates who have spent a significant period of their adolescent years in Bermuda. These individuals are ATCKS, second-generation expatriates since they are the children of parents who have moved abroad from their country of citizenship (Lyttle and Barker, 2011, 686). The focus of this research is on these individuals as adults.
In the last century, we have seen “Third Culture Kids” become more significant within Anthropological enquiry as they come to comprise a global presence. Bermuda’s culture is unique as it is one of the only countries that had no native population before colonisation. I attempt to contribute to empirical studies of ATCKs, especially as very few exist regarding Bermuda.
Through an interactionist lens, this research explores Bermuda’s ATCKs using the following themes: Subculture, migration, globalisation, homelessness, belonging, rootlessness, identity and Bermuda in terms of the expatriate community and the tensions between this community and Bermudians. Case studies of attitudes towards ATCKs in the Caymans are referred to alongside this, in order to test the dominant thought surrounding this subject.
The methodology, conducted from a phenomenological perspective, explains the qualitative paradigm deemed appropriate for accessing informants and retrieving their experiences. Key themes emerge, including Bermudian culture, race, identity, immigration issues and relationships. The results found the following:
• The cohort had mixed views towards island life and Bermudians, with the cohort seeing friendliness, cultural events, climate and opportunities as positive, but tensions between expatriates and Bermudians, the country’s size, gossip and homophobia as negative.
• Race, immigration and accent played a large part in individuals’ affiliation to the expatriate community.
• Draconian immigration laws caused massive dissatisfaction amongst the cohort.
The study concludes by considering how effectively the research objectives have been met and recommendations for further research.
The subject of this investigation is ideology during the Cold War, which was caused by ideological differences, opposite aims for Germany, tension produced by the American intervention in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922 , the USSR’s signing of the Nazi-Soviet pact , Western appeasement of Hitler and disputes over the future of Eastern Europe.
The scope of this essay will encompass the differing beliefs of Communism and Capitalism , its effect on relations between the superpowers during the war, events crucial to the development of the war and the role played by Cold War ideologies. A summary of evidence will be included in Section B, primary and secondary sources in Section C, analysis in Section D and a conclusion in Section E.
For my World Literature assignment, I intend to write a letter addressed from the protagonist Tita to her sister, Gertrudis, based on Laura Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate. Gertrudis, who by now has been away from the ranch long enough for her nephew to be born and for three other family members to have left, was one of Tita’s only confidantes. I will write the letter framing what I believe to be Tita’s feelings, which she must forever suppress from Mama Elena’s eyes. The letter will as stated, consist of Tita’s feelings; these will attempt to show how she feels towards Mama, Pedro and Roberto, along with her emotions of being trapped by the family tradition. This letter depicts what she would do with her life if her willpower was not restricted. It also exposes a darker side to her, unleashing some of her anger as a result of the cruelty Mama has put her through, revealed in this letter as she rarely exposes that in the reality of the novel.
The same species, and the same tree, were used in order to maintain a fair test. All leaves, whether north or south, were collected from the same height. There may however, have been error as greener leaves are older, and leaves of a more red colour are younger. The majority of the leaves collected were of a deep green colour in order to attempt to maintain a fair test by using leaves that were of a similar maturity. Twenty leaves from each side were used to allow more quantity of data as this allows more reliable results, especially when measuring averages. A clinometer was used for measurements of thickness, and a ruler was used for measurements of width and length, but these measurements may have been inaccurate with respect to the fact that there may have been approximately a 1mm error as on occasion, one had to round up or down, or of course the conducted measurements may not have been performed correctly.
This research is based on twelve in-depth interviews conducted in Bermuda, Southampton and on Skype. The subjects are the adult children of expatriates who have spent a significant period of their adolescent years in Bermuda. These individuals are ATCKS, second-generation expatriates since they are the children of parents who have moved abroad from their country of citizenship (Lyttle and Barker, 2011, 686). The focus of this research is on these individuals as adults.
In the last century, we have seen “Third Culture Kids” become more significant within Anthropological enquiry as they come to comprise a global presence. Bermuda’s culture is unique as it is one of the only countries that had no native population before colonisation. I attempt to contribute to empirical studies of ATCKs, especially as very few exist regarding Bermuda.
Through an interactionist lens, this research explores Bermuda’s ATCKs using the following themes: Subculture, migration, globalisation, homelessness, belonging, rootlessness, identity and Bermuda in terms of the expatriate community and the tensions between this community and Bermudians. Case studies of attitudes towards ATCKs in the Caymans are referred to alongside this, in order to test the dominant thought surrounding this subject.
The methodology, conducted from a phenomenological perspective, explains the qualitative paradigm deemed appropriate for accessing informants and retrieving their experiences. Key themes emerge, including Bermudian culture, race, identity, immigration issues and relationships. The results found the following:
• The cohort had mixed views towards island life and Bermudians, with the cohort seeing friendliness, cultural events, climate and opportunities as positive, but tensions between expatriates and Bermudians, the country’s size, gossip and homophobia as negative.
• Race, immigration and accent played a large part in individuals’ affiliation to the expatriate community.
• Draconian immigration laws caused massive dissatisfaction amongst the cohort.
The study concludes by considering how effectively the research objectives have been met and recommendations for further research.
Firstly, I consider Criminal Justice policy. I outline the case of youth victims as a policy issue that exemplifies effects on policy stemming from “moral panics”. I emphasise this to be an example of emotional governance. I then examine Environmental policy with particular attention to the Extinction Rebellion. I assess how climate change is framed in the media in various ways by supporters and sceptics alike. I explain that climate change as an issue exemplifies polarization in this way.
These are cases presenting issues that have been the subject of public policy deliberation and that demonstrate the diverse effects that have culminated because of the way these issues have been represented in digital media. Since the media’s role in understanding how and why issues reach a limited agenda is often ignored in policy research, (Russell et al 2016) this is undoubtedly worthy of further inquiry in furthering understanding the relationship outlined thus far.
Methodology: The study performed a search, i.e., comprehensive, general, main heading and cited references on three databases, namely, EBSCO, ProQuest, and Google Scholar (and a general search on Google.com). The searches found articles about the main themes of the dissertation, that of education policy in the UK and Finland, mental illness and also education systems and their impacts on mental health outcomes.
Results: After a review of the title and abstract of articles online, 2800 articles were found, but 60 were chosen for further analysis. Out of the 60 articles, 15 were selected for review.
Conclusion: The information from the articles in the results section collaborated with the knowledge conveyed in the literature review section. Early diagnosis and treatment is significant as children are an important resource for a country’s national future (Bradshaw, 1997:2) and poorer mental health leads to poorer outcomes in later life (Ramnazzo, 2017:17). The dissertation recommends that the UK should emulate the Finnish education model, which will focus on striking a balance between academic achievement and mental wellbeing. In line with the theory of policy transfer, the process will be complex (and not straightforward), but the outcomes will be an upgrade of the UK’s education policy on mental health and ultimately a balance between academic achievement and wellbeing among children. Consideration of an educational institution’s structural determinants can offer fertile ground for the contemporary needs of a country’s public policy, especially when compared to the systems of neighbours.
Keywords: mental health, public policy, education policy, policy transfer, mental illness.
differences, the three go hand-in-hand, highlighting the limits to explaining variances with just one variable.
Forests not only provide for vital ecological purposes as global natural assets, (Schrijver, 2015, 1253) but also employment and by extension wealth. As such, the ownership of forests would be a determinant of a portion of global GDP and GDP growth. In Europe alone, raw forest materials contribute to 9% of GDP. This illuminates why key global challenges of the World Bank include enhancing the role of forests in accelerating growth and development, as well as fostering forest ownership and long-term sustainability (The World Bank, 2008).
Various actors are involved with forest ownership issues, particularly when we consider conservation efforts, multilateral trading and biodiversity. For example, Seto & Reenburg (2014, 197) highlight that global governance of forests is subject to “both international and transnational policy instruments, market-driven governance, regulatory capitalism and liberal environmentalism, involving both public and private actors”.
This diary examines public and private forest ownership, bringing attention to the impact of multilateral agreements and international organisations on ownership along with the effects on the global economics of medicine. With 30% of Earth’s land covered by forests, (International Tropical Timber Organisation, 2012) 13 million hectares of which are lost annually, (Agrawal , 2007, 113) it is imperative to make sense of international discourse surrounding ownership and what in turn this means for the world economy.
In the pages that follow, I firstly contribute to awareness of previous failings by offering an overview of this “gulf”. Secondly, I offer a theory as to why this gulf occurs - the way in which issues fall off the Agenda, and the effects that this had on the success of the Government Select Committee’s proposal to reform sex work. Thirdly, I explore another theory, Cultural and Operational Disconnect, and how it contributed to policy failure of the English Baccalaureate (EBacc). Lastly, I draw conclusions. The gulfs specific to these cases are worthy of investigation since problems were ultimately left unsolved – specifically, that of the risks to sex workers and adverse effects experienced by schools implementing the EBacc.
I explain the use of a “Most Similar Systems Design” choice, then consider the countries’ contexts. I compare differences and similarities between Bermuda and Gibraltar in addressing LGBT issues, with particular focus on same-sex marriage. I attribute those differences and similarities towards interest groups, political parties and moral implications, drawing on cultural theory. Finally, I outline the observed effects of LGBT policy in these spaces, concluding that the comparison helps illuminate the influence of interest groups, political parties and moral implications towards LGBT policy, but other factors may be involved, and since Bermuda is the first country to repeal same-sex marriage, we do not know how this will impact global LGBT policy.