Researcher BiographyJP Kibiisyo M-Masai is a scholar doing his PhD at Kenyatta University. His academic journey has been marked by a commitment to addressing some of the most pressing issues of our time, particularly in the realm of environmental ethics and sustainability.Research FocusJP M-Masai’s primary research area is Ecotheology, an innovative and multidisciplinary field that bridges the gap between theological studies and environmental science. This cutting-edge approach aims to complement the work of climate scientists by introducing a crucial moral and ethical dimension to the ongoing discourse on climate change.Publications and ContributionsAs a prolific researcher, JP M-Masai has authored numerous papers covering a wide range of topics, which are available on Academia.com. Their work demonstrates a unique ability to synthesize ideas from various disciplines, contributing to a more holistic understanding of environmental challenges and their ethical implications.Impact and Future DirectionsBy integrating ethical considerations into climate change discussions, JP's work is helping to shape a more comprehensive and nuanced approach to environmental policy and action. Their research not only advances academic understanding but also has the potential to influence real-world decision-making processes in addressing global environmental challenges.JP continues to be at the forefront of Ecotheology research, pushing the boundaries of this emerging field and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle the complex issues surrounding climate change and environmental stewardship. Supervisors: Prof Maura and Dr. Githogo
African Journal of Education and Human Development Vol 4(1) PP 1-15, ISSN: 2518-0304, Copyright: 2017 AJBM Open Access Online @ http://www.onlinesciencejournals.com/index.php/ajehd/index IPPRC, 2017
In this study the researcher has combined an empirical and a theological documentary methodology ... more In this study the researcher has combined an empirical and a theological documentary methodology to: investigate whether there are significant levels of aberrant faith expression; andalso re-examined the doctrine of conversion and discipleship, in the Central Kenya Conference. The major concern has been there may be flawed spiritual formation processes of the newly converted members in this particular church of CKC. The investigations focused on the correlation of the aberrant faith expressions and rebaptism cycles involving older members seeking to be re-baptized ever spiritual revival even is over. The compelling empirical evidence suggests that the religious praxis of the church in CKCis significantly aberrant. The evidence shows that levels of up 65% of the respondents mix their traditional beliefs with Christian doctrines.Thus, the researcher argued that the Christian convert and the doctrine of conversion and experiencing it engender particular ways of talking and thinking about and practicing belief in the church. Change that is presupposed by it must be made a steady progression through the model developed so as to bring about a progression in cognitive restructuring or transformation rather than an instant event. However, the theological documentary inquiry gleaned evidences that suggest that aberrance in religious praxis is a natural consequence of doing theology in Africa especially engineered by the African consortia as a scion of the new African Liberation theology. African scholars have strongly defended it as Nthamburi, Mbiti, Idowu, among others.This view is persuasiveas an excuse for aberrant faith but then others like Gosnell Yorke depart diametrically to defend the aberrant faith expression as proof of syncretism that is unavoidable and a natural result of conversion thus giving the debate an important twist. It is thus recommended that a Charigma-Didache Discipling model be adopted in addressing this aberrant faith situation. It advances the argument that change isbeing a new creation as opposed to being a new creature. Key words:Christian Conversion; Discipleship; Aberrant faith; Charigma- Didache- Discipleship; Seventh - day Adventist
The concept of ecclesiastical commonwealth has played a significant role in the intersection of r... more The concept of ecclesiastical commonwealth has played a significant role in the intersection of religion and politics throughout history. This paper explores the idea's origins, development, and contemporary manifestations, drawing upon historical examples and scholarly analyses. By examining the philosophical and theological foundations of the ecclesiastical commonwealth and its critiques and implications, this study aims to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between religious institutions and temporal authority. The paper argues that while the concept has evolved, it remains relevant in the study of religion and society today, particularly in the context of esoteric and exoteric practices that may influence modern and postmodern society through the control of banking and political spaces.
This paper explores the interpretation of the ten toe kingdoms mentioned in the prophecy of Danie... more This paper explores the interpretation of the ten toe kingdoms mentioned in the prophecy of Daniel 2, challenging the commonly held Adventist view that these kingdoms represent the remnants of the divided Roman Empire. By comparing various prophetic interpretations and considering the revelations in Daniel 7, 2 Thessalonians 2:3-12, Matthew 24:15, and Revelations 9:11 and 17, an alternative theory is proposed. This theory suggests that the ten strong-weak kingdoms are distinct from the historical division of the Roman Empire and are instead linked to the future rise of the Antichrist and the establishment of God's eternal kingdom. The study examines the interconnectedness of the ten toes, the little horn of Daniel 7, the man of sin in 2 Thessalonians 2, the Abomination of Desolation in Matthew 24:15, the Apollyon figure in Revelation 9, and the ten kings of Revelation 17. It also considers the possibility of a future rebuilt Third Temple in Jerusalem serving as the seat of the Antichrist's power, as described in 2 Thessalonians 2 and Matthew 24:15, and explores the parallels found in Hebrew eschatology and Islamic Hadith traditions regarding a false messiah figure and the rebuilding of the Temple. The paper emphasizes the importance of regularly reassessing prophetic interpretations in light of the passage of time and the unfolding events of Earth's history to gain a clearer and more accurate understanding of God's prophetic plan. By offering a comprehensive and biblically consistent interpretation of the ten toe kingdoms in Daniel 2, this study aims to contribute to a more accurate understanding of the events leading up to the establishment of God's eternal kingdom.
This comprehensive literature review explores the biblical and theological foundations of convers... more This comprehensive literature review explores the biblical and theological foundations of conversion and discipleship, drawing on key scholarly perspectives to analyze these essential Christian concepts. Conversion is understood as a transformative spiritual reorientation involving a turning from false beliefs and practices to embrace true faith in the God of Scripture (Heikkinen, 1966; Peace, 1999). Discipleship is conceptualized as an ongoing process of learning, following, and growing in the knowledge and ways of God, rooted in a covenant relationship with Christ (Gallagher, 2006; Willard, 1998).
This paper examines the lives and influence of the 1st century High Priests Annas and Caiaphas. I... more This paper examines the lives and influence of the 1st century High Priests Annas and Caiaphas. It provides background on the two men, their relationship, and their role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The paper argues that while Annas and Caiaphas schemed to eliminate Jesus to consolidate their power, their actions precipitated seismic shifts in Judaism that ultimately led to the dissolution of the priesthood and Temple. Their intolerance exacerbated divisions and unrest in Judea which resulted in the Jewish Revolt and destruction of Jerusalem. Sources from ancient historians, rabbinical scholarship, and Christian texts are synthesized to analyze the profound but unintended impact these two figures had on Jewish history.
In a postmodern era where philosophy operates as an autonomous mode of inquiry, this paper explor... more In a postmodern era where philosophy operates as an autonomous mode of inquiry, this paper explores the ancient Greek philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism through an interdisciplinary lens. Encountered by the Apostle Paul in Acts 17 on the Areopagus Hill in Athens, these contrasting schools of thought offer unique perspectives on attaining fulfilment and navigating life's complexities. The paper examines the core principles, strengths, and critiques of Stoicism and Epicureanism as independent philosophical systems, untethered from the constraints of science and religion. Drawing from scholarly discourse, it evaluates the relevance of these philosophies in addressing the multifaceted social challenges faced by the postmillennial generation in the post-COVID world. By synthesizing insights from various disciplines, the paper presents a framework for applying Stoic concepts of virtue, reason, and acceptance alongside Epicurean ideals of pleasure and freedom from perturbation. It proposes strategies for youth to cultivate resilience, self-discovery, and personal growth by judiciously integrating principles from these ancient philosophies into their modern lived experiences.
This paper provides an in-depth examination of the emergence and evolution of African theology in... more This paper provides an in-depth examination of the emergence and evolution of African theology in Kenya between 1945-1980. It analyzes how the growing indigenous African church movement transitioning away from colonial missionary Christianity incorporated elements of African Traditional Religion (ATR) and culture alongside Biblical concepts to develop a uniquely syncretic ecclesiology fusing dual influences. A historical, anthropological, and theological analysis reveals multiple dimensions of this blended ecclesiology alongside the socio-political implications of Africanization efforts in religion paralleling escalating anti-colonial resistance. Findings reveal this Pan-African theological awakening catalyzed both religious indigenization and ideological opposition to domination by external powers.
This paper critically analyses recent empirical findings that challenge the widely accepted spher... more This paper critically analyses recent empirical findings that challenge the widely accepted spherical Earth model. The inconsistencies found in navigation references and geometric disparities during advanced northern and southern pole circumnavigational travels reveal possible fundamental flaws in current cosmic cartography. Reliable orientation reliance on the magnetic north pole aligns with contrary southern orbital path documentation, indicating significant scale inconsistencies. These inconsistencies require a deeper analysis beyond the consensus paradigms and demand collective inquiry and bold reimagining to revise our understanding of the layout of terra firma relative to cardinal vectors and celestial motions plotted. The paper highlights these empirical findings and their implications in undermining the assumed conceptions of our planet's shape and motion. The paper follows APA guidelines, including a title, abstract, background, subheadings, and conclusion, with a reference list.
This analysis examines symbolic parallels between the structure of our modern solar system model ... more This analysis examines symbolic parallels between the structure of our modern solar system model and the mythological cosmologies of antiquity centered on chief creator gods and pantheons of lesser deities associated with celestial spheres. Beginning with biblical cautions against idolatry directed at stellar objects, it explores how scientific examination of cosmic design can inspire awe toward divine origins while also fostering reductive displacement of sacred creation when practiced unethically. The etymology of "planet" is traced to the Greek "planetes" meaning "wandering stars," embodied in named gods like warlike Mars. Yet resonant myths undergirding the planets persist even as modern astronomy has revealed regular orbital motions rather than tricksome wanderings. This reveals an interplay of mythic imagination and empirical observations that shape humanity's quest for orientation within the cosmos. Proper practice of science to glorify ethical divine order is upheld, while warning against warped materialist or anthropocentric worldviews that could constitute misplaced "planē"-the deceitful diversion central to end times prophecy. Ultimately this analysis suggests ethical celestial inquiry reveals God's majesty in the heavens while guiding conscience back toward reverence for the Most High and guarding against subtle cosmic idolatry.
This paper analyzes Job 12:7-10, arguing its allegorical personification of nature contains wisdo... more This paper analyzes Job 12:7-10, arguing its allegorical personification of nature contains wisdom relevant for environmental stewardship policies in an era of climate change. A proposed reading explores themes of developing humility to learn from ecological systems and transitioning from an exploitative posture to an intrinsic value ethic caring for all creation. The analysis suggests applying these biblical teachings to improve climate policies focused on conservation and sustainability over arrogance and unrestrained resource extraction.
This paper analyzes Job 12:7-10, arguing its allegorical personification of nature contains wisdo... more This paper analyzes Job 12:7-10, arguing its allegorical personification of nature contains wisdom relevant for environmental stewardship policies in an era of climate change. A proposed reading explores themes of developing humility to learn from ecological systems and transitioning from an exploitative posture to an intrinsic value ethic caring for all creation. The analysis suggests applying these biblical teachings to improve climate policies focused on conservation and sustainability over arrogance and unrestrained resource extraction.
This paper examines the lives and influence of the 1st century High Priests Annas and Caiaphas. I... more This paper examines the lives and influence of the 1st century High Priests Annas and Caiaphas. It provides background on the two men, their relaConship, and their role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The paper argues that while Annas and Caiaphas schemed to eliminate Jesus to consolidate their power, their acCons precipitated seismic shiFs in Judaism that ulCmately led to the dissoluCon of the priesthood and Temple. Their intolerance exacerbated divisions and unrest in Judea which resulted in the Jewish Revolt and destrucCon of Jerusalem. Sources from ancient historians, rabbinical scholarship, and ChrisCan texts are synthesized to analyze the profound but unintended impact these two figures had on Jewish history.
This paper provides a detailed analysis of a2empts to link the biblical Canaanite curse to a meta... more This paper provides a detailed analysis of a2empts to link the biblical Canaanite curse to a metaphorical curse on Africa. It examines the curse in Genesis 9:24-27, wider biblical associaFons between Canaanites and the Nephilim, perspecFves from extra-biblical sources, and comparaFve historical tradiFons concerning demigod creatures (Hesiod, 1914; Nachmanides, 1971; Abarbanel, 1987; Vital et al., 2015). Through comprehensive textual and cultural analysis, this paper argues the Canaanite curse was intended to prohibit intermarriage with Nephilim hybrids rather than broadly curse African lineages. By appropriately situaFng the curse within its ancient socio-cultural context, this paper contends against decontextualized biblical interpretaFons that risk promoFng prejudicial views of modern groups (Jennings, 2016). It concludes that construcFve biblical scholarship should advance concrete soluFons to Africa's complex challenges today rather than simplisFcally imposing problemaFc curse narraFves that disregard current realiFes (Rodney, 2018; Nunn, 2008).
This paper provides a detailed analysis of a2empts to link the biblical Canaanite curse to a meta... more This paper provides a detailed analysis of a2empts to link the biblical Canaanite curse to a metaphorical curse on Africa. It examines the curse in Genesis 9:24-27, wider biblical associaFons between Canaanites and the Nephilim, perspecFves from extra-biblical sources, and comparaFve historical tradiFons concerning demigod creatures (Hesiod, 1914; Nachmanides, 1971; Abarbanel, 1987; Vital et al., 2015). Through comprehensive textual and cultural analysis, this paper argues the Canaanite curse was intended to prohibit intermarriage with Nephilim hybrids rather than broadly curse African lineages. By appropriately situaFng the curse within its ancient socio-cultural context, this paper contends against decontextualized biblical interpretaFons that risk promoFng prejudicial views of modern groups (Jennings, 2016). It concludes that construcFve biblical scholarship should advance concrete soluFons to Africa's complex challenges today rather than simplisFcally imposing problemaFc curse narraFves that disregard current realiFes (Rodney, 2018; Nunn, 2008).
Introduc)on This paper cri+ques a.empts to impose literal readings of the Genesis 9:24-25 curse o... more Introduc)on This paper cri+ques a.empts to impose literal readings of the Genesis 9:24-25 curse on Canaan by Noah as a generalized curse on Africa. A contextual analysis reveals this curse aimed to prohibit intermarriage with Nephilim hybrids, not broadly curse African lineages. Interpreta+ons equa+ng Canaan's curse to a con+nental curse on Africa lack sound textual support. The Curse of Canaan in Context In Genesis 9, Noah curses Canaan, son of Ham, aMer Ham sees Noah drunk and naked in his tent. Cri+cs have contended it is unjust for Canaan to be cursed rather than Ham (Kugel, 2003). However, later biblical accounts provide the ra+onale for Canaan's curse by associa+ng his lineage with intermarriage and hybridiza+on Nephilim problems that Genesis 6:4 seems to point to. The incursion happened once but the Nephilim problem was to recur clearly beyond the flood. The Extra-Canonical Bible endorsed sources of Jasher (Joshua 10:13 and Enoch 1 explain the incursion with the Hebrew Tradi+onal interpreta+on). It certainly makes a lot of sense, then, that Noah cursed his grandson rather than the younger son Ham who had sinned against his father. Li.le Canaan must have had the Gen 6 alien gene+c phenotypical features of "Giants". The same argument seems to be the concern of Numbers 13:27-32 but the giants are called the sons of Anak or the Anakim [the plural suffix "im" in Hebrew denotes plurality].
This paper examines the biblical concept of the raqiya or "firmament" described in Genesis 1. It ... more This paper examines the biblical concept of the raqiya or "firmament" described in Genesis 1. It focuses specifically on Paul Seely's research arguing the firmament represents a literal solid dome encircling the earth. Through detailed linguisBc analysis of Hebrew terminology and cultural context, Seely builds a case for the raqiya as a solid structure rather than a mere "expanse." This paper summarizes key evidence from Seely while engaging scholarly criBques. It finds substanBal support for a solid firmament in early biblical cosmology, challenging common modern interpretaBons of raqiya as vapour or abstract sky.
This paper provides a historical survey of the major developments in biblical hermeneutics, highl... more This paper provides a historical survey of the major developments in biblical hermeneutics, highlighting influential contributors and interpretive approaches across different eras. It traces hermeneutical thinking from the early church fathers through the medieval, reformation, modern, and contemporary periods. Key figures discussed include Irenaeus, Origen, Augustine, Aquinas, Luther, Calvin, Schleiermacher, Barth, and Ricoeur among others. The analysis explores differences between the Alexandrian and Antiochian schools, the rise of the historical-critical method, evangelical pushback, feminist approaches, and postmodern philosophical hermeneutics. It outlines ongoing debates regarding the role of the author, text, reader, and community in interpretation. The study provides perspective on the diversity of hermeneutical principles employed throughout church history in wrestling with the challenges of faithfully interpreting scripture. It concludes by underscoring the importance of responsible exegesis attentive to grammar, history, literary form, and theology for discerning the intended meaning of the biblical text.
The aberrant expression of Chris1an faith has been a complex issue facing the church in Africa. T... more The aberrant expression of Chris1an faith has been a complex issue facing the church in Africa. This paper provides a cri1cal analysis of the factors underlying this phenomenon based on empirical and theological inquiry. Data collected from a church in Central Kenya Conference suggests the existence of aberrant faith among members significantly influenced by worldview and tradi1onal beliefs across demographics. Theologically, reasons advanced include the African holis1c worldview, incomplete change during conversion, adapta1on and incultura1on, religious concubinage, crypto-religion, and lack of discipleship teaching. Evalua1on of these arguments reveals valid concerns like lack of teaching and power in the gospel witness, but also problema1c defenses like jus1fying syncre1sm. There is a need to reexamine the doctrine and prac1ce of conversion and discipleship. A reconstructed defini1on of conversion is proposed that involves a divine-human cogni1ve process and ethical monotheism teaching. This has implica1ons for implemen1ng inten1onal discipleship programs to establish converts in biblical faith and transform worldviews.
This literature review chapter explores the biblical and theological concepts of conversion and d... more This literature review chapter explores the biblical and theological concepts of conversion and discipleship. Conversion refers to a spiritual reorientation entailing a turning from false beliefs and practices to embrace true faith in the God of Scripture. Discipleship involves an ongoing process of learning, following and growing in the knowledge and ways of God.
African Journal of Education and Human Development Vol 4(1) PP 1-15, ISSN: 2518-0304, Copyright: 2017 AJBM Open Access Online @ http://www.onlinesciencejournals.com/index.php/ajehd/index IPPRC, 2017
In this study the researcher has combined an empirical and a theological documentary methodology ... more In this study the researcher has combined an empirical and a theological documentary methodology to: investigate whether there are significant levels of aberrant faith expression; andalso re-examined the doctrine of conversion and discipleship, in the Central Kenya Conference. The major concern has been there may be flawed spiritual formation processes of the newly converted members in this particular church of CKC. The investigations focused on the correlation of the aberrant faith expressions and rebaptism cycles involving older members seeking to be re-baptized ever spiritual revival even is over. The compelling empirical evidence suggests that the religious praxis of the church in CKCis significantly aberrant. The evidence shows that levels of up 65% of the respondents mix their traditional beliefs with Christian doctrines.Thus, the researcher argued that the Christian convert and the doctrine of conversion and experiencing it engender particular ways of talking and thinking about and practicing belief in the church. Change that is presupposed by it must be made a steady progression through the model developed so as to bring about a progression in cognitive restructuring or transformation rather than an instant event. However, the theological documentary inquiry gleaned evidences that suggest that aberrance in religious praxis is a natural consequence of doing theology in Africa especially engineered by the African consortia as a scion of the new African Liberation theology. African scholars have strongly defended it as Nthamburi, Mbiti, Idowu, among others.This view is persuasiveas an excuse for aberrant faith but then others like Gosnell Yorke depart diametrically to defend the aberrant faith expression as proof of syncretism that is unavoidable and a natural result of conversion thus giving the debate an important twist. It is thus recommended that a Charigma-Didache Discipling model be adopted in addressing this aberrant faith situation. It advances the argument that change isbeing a new creation as opposed to being a new creature. Key words:Christian Conversion; Discipleship; Aberrant faith; Charigma- Didache- Discipleship; Seventh - day Adventist
The concept of ecclesiastical commonwealth has played a significant role in the intersection of r... more The concept of ecclesiastical commonwealth has played a significant role in the intersection of religion and politics throughout history. This paper explores the idea's origins, development, and contemporary manifestations, drawing upon historical examples and scholarly analyses. By examining the philosophical and theological foundations of the ecclesiastical commonwealth and its critiques and implications, this study aims to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between religious institutions and temporal authority. The paper argues that while the concept has evolved, it remains relevant in the study of religion and society today, particularly in the context of esoteric and exoteric practices that may influence modern and postmodern society through the control of banking and political spaces.
This paper explores the interpretation of the ten toe kingdoms mentioned in the prophecy of Danie... more This paper explores the interpretation of the ten toe kingdoms mentioned in the prophecy of Daniel 2, challenging the commonly held Adventist view that these kingdoms represent the remnants of the divided Roman Empire. By comparing various prophetic interpretations and considering the revelations in Daniel 7, 2 Thessalonians 2:3-12, Matthew 24:15, and Revelations 9:11 and 17, an alternative theory is proposed. This theory suggests that the ten strong-weak kingdoms are distinct from the historical division of the Roman Empire and are instead linked to the future rise of the Antichrist and the establishment of God's eternal kingdom. The study examines the interconnectedness of the ten toes, the little horn of Daniel 7, the man of sin in 2 Thessalonians 2, the Abomination of Desolation in Matthew 24:15, the Apollyon figure in Revelation 9, and the ten kings of Revelation 17. It also considers the possibility of a future rebuilt Third Temple in Jerusalem serving as the seat of the Antichrist's power, as described in 2 Thessalonians 2 and Matthew 24:15, and explores the parallels found in Hebrew eschatology and Islamic Hadith traditions regarding a false messiah figure and the rebuilding of the Temple. The paper emphasizes the importance of regularly reassessing prophetic interpretations in light of the passage of time and the unfolding events of Earth's history to gain a clearer and more accurate understanding of God's prophetic plan. By offering a comprehensive and biblically consistent interpretation of the ten toe kingdoms in Daniel 2, this study aims to contribute to a more accurate understanding of the events leading up to the establishment of God's eternal kingdom.
This comprehensive literature review explores the biblical and theological foundations of convers... more This comprehensive literature review explores the biblical and theological foundations of conversion and discipleship, drawing on key scholarly perspectives to analyze these essential Christian concepts. Conversion is understood as a transformative spiritual reorientation involving a turning from false beliefs and practices to embrace true faith in the God of Scripture (Heikkinen, 1966; Peace, 1999). Discipleship is conceptualized as an ongoing process of learning, following, and growing in the knowledge and ways of God, rooted in a covenant relationship with Christ (Gallagher, 2006; Willard, 1998).
This paper examines the lives and influence of the 1st century High Priests Annas and Caiaphas. I... more This paper examines the lives and influence of the 1st century High Priests Annas and Caiaphas. It provides background on the two men, their relationship, and their role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The paper argues that while Annas and Caiaphas schemed to eliminate Jesus to consolidate their power, their actions precipitated seismic shifts in Judaism that ultimately led to the dissolution of the priesthood and Temple. Their intolerance exacerbated divisions and unrest in Judea which resulted in the Jewish Revolt and destruction of Jerusalem. Sources from ancient historians, rabbinical scholarship, and Christian texts are synthesized to analyze the profound but unintended impact these two figures had on Jewish history.
In a postmodern era where philosophy operates as an autonomous mode of inquiry, this paper explor... more In a postmodern era where philosophy operates as an autonomous mode of inquiry, this paper explores the ancient Greek philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism through an interdisciplinary lens. Encountered by the Apostle Paul in Acts 17 on the Areopagus Hill in Athens, these contrasting schools of thought offer unique perspectives on attaining fulfilment and navigating life's complexities. The paper examines the core principles, strengths, and critiques of Stoicism and Epicureanism as independent philosophical systems, untethered from the constraints of science and religion. Drawing from scholarly discourse, it evaluates the relevance of these philosophies in addressing the multifaceted social challenges faced by the postmillennial generation in the post-COVID world. By synthesizing insights from various disciplines, the paper presents a framework for applying Stoic concepts of virtue, reason, and acceptance alongside Epicurean ideals of pleasure and freedom from perturbation. It proposes strategies for youth to cultivate resilience, self-discovery, and personal growth by judiciously integrating principles from these ancient philosophies into their modern lived experiences.
This paper provides an in-depth examination of the emergence and evolution of African theology in... more This paper provides an in-depth examination of the emergence and evolution of African theology in Kenya between 1945-1980. It analyzes how the growing indigenous African church movement transitioning away from colonial missionary Christianity incorporated elements of African Traditional Religion (ATR) and culture alongside Biblical concepts to develop a uniquely syncretic ecclesiology fusing dual influences. A historical, anthropological, and theological analysis reveals multiple dimensions of this blended ecclesiology alongside the socio-political implications of Africanization efforts in religion paralleling escalating anti-colonial resistance. Findings reveal this Pan-African theological awakening catalyzed both religious indigenization and ideological opposition to domination by external powers.
This paper critically analyses recent empirical findings that challenge the widely accepted spher... more This paper critically analyses recent empirical findings that challenge the widely accepted spherical Earth model. The inconsistencies found in navigation references and geometric disparities during advanced northern and southern pole circumnavigational travels reveal possible fundamental flaws in current cosmic cartography. Reliable orientation reliance on the magnetic north pole aligns with contrary southern orbital path documentation, indicating significant scale inconsistencies. These inconsistencies require a deeper analysis beyond the consensus paradigms and demand collective inquiry and bold reimagining to revise our understanding of the layout of terra firma relative to cardinal vectors and celestial motions plotted. The paper highlights these empirical findings and their implications in undermining the assumed conceptions of our planet's shape and motion. The paper follows APA guidelines, including a title, abstract, background, subheadings, and conclusion, with a reference list.
This analysis examines symbolic parallels between the structure of our modern solar system model ... more This analysis examines symbolic parallels between the structure of our modern solar system model and the mythological cosmologies of antiquity centered on chief creator gods and pantheons of lesser deities associated with celestial spheres. Beginning with biblical cautions against idolatry directed at stellar objects, it explores how scientific examination of cosmic design can inspire awe toward divine origins while also fostering reductive displacement of sacred creation when practiced unethically. The etymology of "planet" is traced to the Greek "planetes" meaning "wandering stars," embodied in named gods like warlike Mars. Yet resonant myths undergirding the planets persist even as modern astronomy has revealed regular orbital motions rather than tricksome wanderings. This reveals an interplay of mythic imagination and empirical observations that shape humanity's quest for orientation within the cosmos. Proper practice of science to glorify ethical divine order is upheld, while warning against warped materialist or anthropocentric worldviews that could constitute misplaced "planē"-the deceitful diversion central to end times prophecy. Ultimately this analysis suggests ethical celestial inquiry reveals God's majesty in the heavens while guiding conscience back toward reverence for the Most High and guarding against subtle cosmic idolatry.
This paper analyzes Job 12:7-10, arguing its allegorical personification of nature contains wisdo... more This paper analyzes Job 12:7-10, arguing its allegorical personification of nature contains wisdom relevant for environmental stewardship policies in an era of climate change. A proposed reading explores themes of developing humility to learn from ecological systems and transitioning from an exploitative posture to an intrinsic value ethic caring for all creation. The analysis suggests applying these biblical teachings to improve climate policies focused on conservation and sustainability over arrogance and unrestrained resource extraction.
This paper analyzes Job 12:7-10, arguing its allegorical personification of nature contains wisdo... more This paper analyzes Job 12:7-10, arguing its allegorical personification of nature contains wisdom relevant for environmental stewardship policies in an era of climate change. A proposed reading explores themes of developing humility to learn from ecological systems and transitioning from an exploitative posture to an intrinsic value ethic caring for all creation. The analysis suggests applying these biblical teachings to improve climate policies focused on conservation and sustainability over arrogance and unrestrained resource extraction.
This paper examines the lives and influence of the 1st century High Priests Annas and Caiaphas. I... more This paper examines the lives and influence of the 1st century High Priests Annas and Caiaphas. It provides background on the two men, their relaConship, and their role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The paper argues that while Annas and Caiaphas schemed to eliminate Jesus to consolidate their power, their acCons precipitated seismic shiFs in Judaism that ulCmately led to the dissoluCon of the priesthood and Temple. Their intolerance exacerbated divisions and unrest in Judea which resulted in the Jewish Revolt and destrucCon of Jerusalem. Sources from ancient historians, rabbinical scholarship, and ChrisCan texts are synthesized to analyze the profound but unintended impact these two figures had on Jewish history.
This paper provides a detailed analysis of a2empts to link the biblical Canaanite curse to a meta... more This paper provides a detailed analysis of a2empts to link the biblical Canaanite curse to a metaphorical curse on Africa. It examines the curse in Genesis 9:24-27, wider biblical associaFons between Canaanites and the Nephilim, perspecFves from extra-biblical sources, and comparaFve historical tradiFons concerning demigod creatures (Hesiod, 1914; Nachmanides, 1971; Abarbanel, 1987; Vital et al., 2015). Through comprehensive textual and cultural analysis, this paper argues the Canaanite curse was intended to prohibit intermarriage with Nephilim hybrids rather than broadly curse African lineages. By appropriately situaFng the curse within its ancient socio-cultural context, this paper contends against decontextualized biblical interpretaFons that risk promoFng prejudicial views of modern groups (Jennings, 2016). It concludes that construcFve biblical scholarship should advance concrete soluFons to Africa's complex challenges today rather than simplisFcally imposing problemaFc curse narraFves that disregard current realiFes (Rodney, 2018; Nunn, 2008).
This paper provides a detailed analysis of a2empts to link the biblical Canaanite curse to a meta... more This paper provides a detailed analysis of a2empts to link the biblical Canaanite curse to a metaphorical curse on Africa. It examines the curse in Genesis 9:24-27, wider biblical associaFons between Canaanites and the Nephilim, perspecFves from extra-biblical sources, and comparaFve historical tradiFons concerning demigod creatures (Hesiod, 1914; Nachmanides, 1971; Abarbanel, 1987; Vital et al., 2015). Through comprehensive textual and cultural analysis, this paper argues the Canaanite curse was intended to prohibit intermarriage with Nephilim hybrids rather than broadly curse African lineages. By appropriately situaFng the curse within its ancient socio-cultural context, this paper contends against decontextualized biblical interpretaFons that risk promoFng prejudicial views of modern groups (Jennings, 2016). It concludes that construcFve biblical scholarship should advance concrete soluFons to Africa's complex challenges today rather than simplisFcally imposing problemaFc curse narraFves that disregard current realiFes (Rodney, 2018; Nunn, 2008).
Introduc)on This paper cri+ques a.empts to impose literal readings of the Genesis 9:24-25 curse o... more Introduc)on This paper cri+ques a.empts to impose literal readings of the Genesis 9:24-25 curse on Canaan by Noah as a generalized curse on Africa. A contextual analysis reveals this curse aimed to prohibit intermarriage with Nephilim hybrids, not broadly curse African lineages. Interpreta+ons equa+ng Canaan's curse to a con+nental curse on Africa lack sound textual support. The Curse of Canaan in Context In Genesis 9, Noah curses Canaan, son of Ham, aMer Ham sees Noah drunk and naked in his tent. Cri+cs have contended it is unjust for Canaan to be cursed rather than Ham (Kugel, 2003). However, later biblical accounts provide the ra+onale for Canaan's curse by associa+ng his lineage with intermarriage and hybridiza+on Nephilim problems that Genesis 6:4 seems to point to. The incursion happened once but the Nephilim problem was to recur clearly beyond the flood. The Extra-Canonical Bible endorsed sources of Jasher (Joshua 10:13 and Enoch 1 explain the incursion with the Hebrew Tradi+onal interpreta+on). It certainly makes a lot of sense, then, that Noah cursed his grandson rather than the younger son Ham who had sinned against his father. Li.le Canaan must have had the Gen 6 alien gene+c phenotypical features of "Giants". The same argument seems to be the concern of Numbers 13:27-32 but the giants are called the sons of Anak or the Anakim [the plural suffix "im" in Hebrew denotes plurality].
This paper examines the biblical concept of the raqiya or "firmament" described in Genesis 1. It ... more This paper examines the biblical concept of the raqiya or "firmament" described in Genesis 1. It focuses specifically on Paul Seely's research arguing the firmament represents a literal solid dome encircling the earth. Through detailed linguisBc analysis of Hebrew terminology and cultural context, Seely builds a case for the raqiya as a solid structure rather than a mere "expanse." This paper summarizes key evidence from Seely while engaging scholarly criBques. It finds substanBal support for a solid firmament in early biblical cosmology, challenging common modern interpretaBons of raqiya as vapour or abstract sky.
This paper provides a historical survey of the major developments in biblical hermeneutics, highl... more This paper provides a historical survey of the major developments in biblical hermeneutics, highlighting influential contributors and interpretive approaches across different eras. It traces hermeneutical thinking from the early church fathers through the medieval, reformation, modern, and contemporary periods. Key figures discussed include Irenaeus, Origen, Augustine, Aquinas, Luther, Calvin, Schleiermacher, Barth, and Ricoeur among others. The analysis explores differences between the Alexandrian and Antiochian schools, the rise of the historical-critical method, evangelical pushback, feminist approaches, and postmodern philosophical hermeneutics. It outlines ongoing debates regarding the role of the author, text, reader, and community in interpretation. The study provides perspective on the diversity of hermeneutical principles employed throughout church history in wrestling with the challenges of faithfully interpreting scripture. It concludes by underscoring the importance of responsible exegesis attentive to grammar, history, literary form, and theology for discerning the intended meaning of the biblical text.
The aberrant expression of Chris1an faith has been a complex issue facing the church in Africa. T... more The aberrant expression of Chris1an faith has been a complex issue facing the church in Africa. This paper provides a cri1cal analysis of the factors underlying this phenomenon based on empirical and theological inquiry. Data collected from a church in Central Kenya Conference suggests the existence of aberrant faith among members significantly influenced by worldview and tradi1onal beliefs across demographics. Theologically, reasons advanced include the African holis1c worldview, incomplete change during conversion, adapta1on and incultura1on, religious concubinage, crypto-religion, and lack of discipleship teaching. Evalua1on of these arguments reveals valid concerns like lack of teaching and power in the gospel witness, but also problema1c defenses like jus1fying syncre1sm. There is a need to reexamine the doctrine and prac1ce of conversion and discipleship. A reconstructed defini1on of conversion is proposed that involves a divine-human cogni1ve process and ethical monotheism teaching. This has implica1ons for implemen1ng inten1onal discipleship programs to establish converts in biblical faith and transform worldviews.
This literature review chapter explores the biblical and theological concepts of conversion and d... more This literature review chapter explores the biblical and theological concepts of conversion and discipleship. Conversion refers to a spiritual reorientation entailing a turning from false beliefs and practices to embrace true faith in the God of Scripture. Discipleship involves an ongoing process of learning, following and growing in the knowledge and ways of God.
This literature review chapter explores the biblical and theological concepts of conversion and d... more This literature review chapter explores the biblical and theological concepts of conversion and discipleship. Conversion refers to a spiritual reorientation entailing a turning from false beliefs and practices to embrace true faith in the God of Scripture. Discipleship involves an ongoing process of learning, following and growing in the knowledge and ways of God.
Abstract
This literature review chapter explores the biblical and theological concepts of convers... more Abstract This literature review chapter explores the biblical and theological concepts of conversion and discipleship. Conversion refers to a spiritual reorientation entailing a turning from false beliefs and practices to embrace true faith in the God of Scripture. Discipleship involves an ongoing process of learning, following and growing in the knowledge and ways of God.
CONVERSION AND DISCIPLESHIP IN THE LITERATURE Introduc8on This chapter will review the doctrines ... more CONVERSION AND DISCIPLESHIP IN THE LITERATURE Introduc8on This chapter will review the doctrines of conversion and discipleship in the literature. First, the study will consider conversion in the Bible, in the wriAngs of E. G. White, in SDA literature, and finally in other ChrisAan literature. The second part will consider discipleship in sources of the same type. The study will examine first the call of Abram and how this divine-human encounter serves to help us understand conversion and even discipleship. The call of the children of Israel as the naAon of God is another model for discipleship, alongside three other OT references. Conversion Defini8on The term conversion is defined by the New Bible Dic+onary as "a turning, or "returning," 1 to God. The key words used in OT are shub "turn" or "return," and in the NT strephomai (MaS 18:3; Jn 12:40; and epistrephō (regularly used in LXX to render for shuḇ) used interchangeably. In Acts 15:3 only, the word epistrophē is used. The basic meaning for the term therefore is "to turn back" "to turn around." 2 In various religious tradiAons, the term signifies change of religious convic+ons and confessions, as the Web Dic+onary renders it: "a spiritual enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life." 3 Basically, this is a broad term that has several nuances in today's understanding; it is not as straighborward as is generally thought of in its current usage. Jacob W. Heikkinen states, "A nearly universal assumpAon in the English-speaking world seems to be that the meaning of 'conversion' is self-evident, and to be thought of along the lines that are [oeen] proposed." 4 Thus quotes William James to illustrate his thought: "To be converted, to be regenerated, to receive grace, to experience religion, to gain an assurance are so many phrases which denote the process," 5 which according to him is either, "gradual or sudden, by which a self-hitherto divided, and consciously wrong, inferior and unhappy, becomes unified and consciously right, superior and happy, in consequence of its firmer hold upon religious realiAes." 6 1 New Bible Dictionary, (1996), s.v. "Conversion." 2 Ibid.
Abstract:
This study combines empirical and theological documentary methodologies to investigat... more Abstract:
This study combines empirical and theological documentary methodologies to investigate aberrant faith expression and re-examine doctrines of conversion and discipleship in the Central Kenya Conference. Evidence suggests significant aberrant faith mixing traditional beliefs with Christian doctrines, indicating issues with spiritual formation. I argue conversion engenders particular ways of thinking/practising faith, with change as a steady progression rather than an instant event. Theological inquiry shows aberrance is natural when doing theology in Africa, defended by scholars like Nthamburi and Mbiti as African theology, though others like Yorke see it as unavoidable syncretism. I recommend a Charigma-Didache model focused on ongoing transformation rather than instant change into a new creature, emphasizing active regenerating learning processes of divine-human-human cognitive change.
The Window 4/15 concept, which encompasses the critical developmental period from ages 4 to 15, h... more The Window 4/15 concept, which encompasses the critical developmental period from ages 4 to 15, has been recognized as a crucial time for faith formation and development in children. This paper explores the integration of the Window 4/15 concept into the Charigma-Didache-Discipleship model, a comprehensive approach to nurturing spiritual growth in Pathfinders and Adventurers within the Adventist Youth Ministry (AYM).
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Key words:Christian Conversion; Discipleship; Aberrant faith; Charigma- Didache- Discipleship; Seventh - day Adventist
Key words:Christian Conversion; Discipleship; Aberrant faith; Charigma- Didache- Discipleship; Seventh - day Adventist
This literature review chapter explores the biblical and theological concepts of conversion and discipleship. Conversion refers to a spiritual reorientation entailing a turning from false beliefs and practices to embrace true faith in the God of Scripture. Discipleship involves an ongoing process of learning, following and growing in the knowledge and ways of God.
This study combines empirical and theological documentary methodologies to investigate aberrant faith expression and re-examine doctrines of conversion and discipleship in the Central Kenya Conference. Evidence suggests significant aberrant faith mixing traditional beliefs with Christian doctrines, indicating issues with spiritual formation. I argue conversion engenders particular ways of thinking/practising faith, with change as a steady progression rather than an instant event. Theological inquiry shows aberrance is natural when doing theology in Africa, defended by scholars like Nthamburi and Mbiti as African theology, though others like Yorke see it as unavoidable syncretism. I recommend a Charigma-Didache model focused on ongoing transformation rather than instant change into a new creature, emphasizing active regenerating learning processes of divine-human-human cognitive change.