An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the pa... more An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
ABSTRACT Field study was conducted during summer in composite climate of Jaipur, India. The purpo... more ABSTRACT Field study was conducted during summer in composite climate of Jaipur, India. The purpose of carrying out this study was to evaluate thermal adaptation in six naturally ventilated hostels. Total 429 survey samples of undergraduate students were collected whose average age was found to be 19.6 year. Analysis of occupant’s responses and recorded thermal environmental variables show that students perceive thermally comfortable at higher temperatures. Thermally neutral or comfortable temperature was found 30.15oC (comfortable temperature bandwidth, 25.9oC to 33.8oC) and average clothing insulation observed was 0.41 Clo (minimum 0.23 Clo and maximum 0.82 Clo). Ambient temperature was found between 27 to 36oC. Desirable air velocity and relative humidity was obtained such as 0.51m/s and 40%, respectively. About 40% students felt thermally comfortable at existing room conditions. Students had personal controls such as opening of window and door, change fan speed, change in clothing and activity etc. Study also described the effect of these measures to restore thermal comfort state. Results predict that neutral temperature was 2 to 3.2oC higher compared to the thermal comfort standard and models. The difference is due to the samples being collected from one particular age group, activity and lifestyle of the occupants.
Thermal Adaptation, Building Code, Variable Thermostat of air conditioner, Performance of buildin... more Thermal Adaptation, Building Code, Variable Thermostat of air conditioner, Performance of buildings depends upon building envelope, Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning system, lighting system, and Domestic Hot Water services. This book gives idea to improve indoor thermal environmental conditions by implementing Buildings Codes such as Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) and ASHRAE 90.1 Standard. Building consumes about 40% of total energy and therefore it is a need of time to improve their efficiency by employing codes and others measures/techniques. Code compliance Building consume less than 40% of energy compare to conventional practiced buildings. Thermal adaptation itself offer additional savings of about 16% in small buildings and it reduces as increase in building footprint and internal load of the building. Shivraj Dhaka He is pursuing Ph.D. under guidance of Dr.Ing-Jyotirmay Mathur at MNIT Jaipur(India).He has received DAAD Fellowship to carry out research at KIT ...
ABSTRACT Commercial buildings of conventional practices consume significant energy, especially ho... more ABSTRACT Commercial buildings of conventional practices consume significant energy, especially hotel buildings. Therefore, the study aims to estimate energy saving potential in three categories of hotels from Jaipur city, India. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) and advance Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) beyond ECBC specifications were implemented such as building envelope, Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system and lighting system for estimating energy saving potential. Dynamic thermal simulation tool was used for modeling and simulation of existing hotel buildings and simulation models were calibrated against actual energy consumption of study hotels. Implementation of ECBC to hotel Category-1, Category-2and Category-3 demonstrates energy savings of 37.2%, 18.42% and 25.82%, respectively with payback period of 2.39 - 6.41 years whereas application of advance EEMs in respective hotels led to increase in energy savings up to 61.75%, 53.92% and 54.61% in respective hotel category with payback period of 4.22 - 5.11 years. Implementation of ECBC code to existing hotel buildings in Jaipur city can save 27.9 GWh/year and with the use of advance EEMs, the city can save 67.04 GWh/year of energy. This study concludes that there is significant energy saving potential in hotel buildings in India through implementation of ECBC and other energy efficiency measures.
ABSTRACT The study, conducted in composite climate of India, exhibits improvement in energy effic... more ABSTRACT The study, conducted in composite climate of India, exhibits improvement in energy efficiency of a conditioned building block with the use of energy conservation measures (ECMs) recommended by National Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC ...
Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 2014
ABSTRACT This article presents the effect of envelope measures on thermal environmental condition... more ABSTRACT This article presents the effect of envelope measures on thermal environmental conditions of a naturally ventilated building block in composite climate of India. Envelope measures such as roof U-value, wall U-value, glass U-value and glass solar heat gain coefficient, roof reflectance and two combinations of these measures (total seven cases) are analysed as recommended by National Energy Conservation Building Code-India (ECBC) through prescriptive route. Subject building is modelled and simulated using dynamic thermal simulation tool. Two approaches of thermal comfort have been used in this study such as heat balance model based on laboratory study and adaptive model of thermal comfort based on field findings. Thermal environmental conditions are evaluated based on operative temperature with and without considering the effect of thermal adaptation. This study found that comfortable temperature varies from 20.3°C to 31.5°C based on calculation of comfortable temperature through comfort temperature equation during winter to summer season in warm climatic conditions. This study concludes that envelope with ECBC specifications offer 60% hours under comfort state which were not comfortable with conventional practiced envelope specifications of India. The same methodology is also used to investigate the effect of ECBC envelope specifications in other climatic conditions such as hot and dry, and warm and humid climate of India. Practical applications: The thermal performance of building envelope varies from climate to climate therefore care should be taken to choose particular envelope measure. This study aims to improve comfort conditions in naturally ventilated building block considering building code with/without thermal adaptation. This research would be helpful to architects, engineers and building constructors to choose the most effective or climate responsive envelope option for better thermal environment quality of the proposed building design. Use of thermal simulation tool is also recommended to examine the effect of envelope options on thermal comfort.
Proceedings of 8th Windsor Conference: Counting the Cost of Comfort in a changing worldCumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 10-13 April 2014. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, http://nceub.org.uk, Apr 10, 2014
Mixed mode (MM) buildings open up a new arena for energy efficient design. Zoned MM buildings are... more Mixed mode (MM) buildings open up a new arena for energy efficient design. Zoned MM buildings are the most common, particularly in the developing world where only some areas in a building are air- conditioned (AC) based on programmatic requirements while the rest of it is naturally ventilated (NV). Occupants in the NV zone frequently visit the AC zone and are well aware of the conditions there. The unanswered question in such a MM building is whether occupants in the NV zone have similar adaptive behaviour and thermal comfort opinions as those in purely NV buildings or are they possibly influenced by higher expectations created from the AC zone visits.
A transverse (cross-sectional) study was conductedbetween April2011 to July 2013 in the hot and dry climate of Jaipur, India, including 2869 total survey responses, out of which 604 were from zoned type MM buildings. Mixed mode observations were available only during summer (April-August 2011).Occupants were asked about their ‘right-now’ opinion of indoor environmental quality variables such as thermal and humidity sensation, air movement and comfort. Simultaneous physical measurements of air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air speeds were also recorded. We analyse the results examining the physical conditions and thermal comfort responses in both the zones, and adaptive actions exercised in the NV zone. We compare the observations from the NV zone to three adaptive charts to evaluate whether comfort in the NV zone in a MM building can be modelled as a purely NV building.
Proceedings of 8th Windsor Conference: Counting the Cost of Comfort in a changing worldCumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 10-13 April 2014. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, http://nceub.org.uk, Apr 10, 2014
Mixed mode (MM) buildings open up a new arena for energy efficient design. Zoned MM buildings are... more Mixed mode (MM) buildings open up a new arena for energy efficient design. Zoned MM buildings are the most common, particularly in the developing world where only some areas in a building are air- conditioned (AC) based on programmatic requirements while the rest of it is naturally ventilated (NV). Occupants in the NV zone frequently visit the AC zone and are well aware of the conditions there. The unanswered question in such a MM building is whether occupants in the NV zone have similar adaptive behaviour and thermal comfort opinions as those in purely NV buildings or are they possibly influenced by higher expectations created from the AC zone visits.
A transverse (cross-sectional) study was conductedbetween April2011 to July 2013 in the hot and dry climate of Jaipur, India, including 2869 total survey responses, out of which 604 were from zoned type MM buildings. Mixed mode observations were available only during summer (April-August 2011).Occupants were asked about their ‘right-now’ opinion of indoor environmental quality variables such as thermal and humidity sensation, air movement and comfort. Simultaneous physical measurements of air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air speeds were also recorded. We analyse the results examining the physical conditions and thermal comfort responses in both the zones, and adaptive actions exercised in the NV zone. We compare the observations from the NV zone to three adaptive charts to evaluate whether comfort in the NV zone in a MM building can be modelled as a purely NV building.
Field study was conducted during summer in composite climate of Jaipur, India. The purpose of car... more Field study was conducted during summer in composite climate of Jaipur, India. The purpose of carrying out this study was to evaluate thermal adaptation in six naturally ventilated hostels. Total 429 survey samples of undergraduate students were collected whose average age was found to be 19.6 year. Analysis of occupant’s responses and recorded thermal environmental variables show that students perceive thermally comfortable at higher temperatures. Thermally neutral or comfortable temperature was found 30.15oC (comfortable temperature bandwidth, 25.9oC to 33.8oC) and average clothing insulation observed was 0.41 Clo (minimum 0.23 Clo and maximum 0.82 Clo). Ambient temperature was found between 27 to 36oC. Desirable air velocity and relative humidity was obtained such as 0.51m/s and 40%, respectively. About 40% students felt thermally comfortable at existing room conditions. Students had personal controls such as opening of window and door, change fan speed, change in clothing and activity etc. Study also described the effect of these measures to restore thermal comfort state. Results predict that neutral temperature was 2 to 3.2oC higher compared to the thermal comfort standard and models. The difference is due to the samples being collected from one particular age group, activity and lifestyle of the occupants.
The potential impact of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of India, that is applicable on ... more The potential impact of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of India, that is applicable on commercial buildings having more than 100 kW connected load or 120 kVA contract demand, has been analysed on six different type of buildings in Jaipur. Calibrated simulation models of these buildings have been created using their existing specifications to estimate the energy saving potential through ECBC. It has been found that the specific energy consumption of these buildings lie in the range of 137 kWh/m2/y for the case of government building to 386 kWh/m2/y for the private office. The energy saving potential with ECBC is in the range of 44 kWh/m2/y in Government buildings as lowest effect, whereas in case of the private office, it is estimated to be 128 kWh/m2/y. Percentage energy savings with ECBC compliance in these buildings vary from 17% in the case of institutional building to 42% in the case of Hospital building. Using these estimates and the trend of increase in commercial building energy consumption, the potential of energy saving in the city of Jaipur has been identified as 12,475 MWh/y in the next five years.
Field study of thermal comfort was conducted in six naturally ventilated hostel buildings of comp... more Field study of thermal comfort was conducted in six naturally ventilated hostel buildings of composite climate considering Class-II protocol of field measurement during summer 2011. Total 429 survey samples of same age group (average 19.6 years) were collected including objective and subjective measurements. Statistical analysis of student's responses and measured thermal environment variables was performed to determine existing indoor environmental conditions and priority of using behavioural controls. Thermal comfort indices were also calculated and compared to the student's perceptions.
Neutral temperature was found to be 30.15 °C through regression analysis, with an average clothing of 0.41 Clo (min. 0.19 Clo, max 0.82 Clo). Results have shown a wide bandwidth of neutral temperatures (25.9–33.8 °C) for the hostel buildings which is higher than national/international standards of thermal comfort. Acceptable air velocity and relative humidity were found to be 0.51 m/s and 36%, respectively. Analysis has shown that about 51% students felt ‘overall thermal comfortable’ at the existing environmental conditions in the hostel rooms and only 38% occupants were comfortable based on room air temperature. Students from single, double and triple occupancy rooms were found thermally satisfied at neutral temperature of 30.4 °C, 30.1 °C and 29.8 °C, respectively and their thermal preferences were different.
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the pa... more An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
ABSTRACT Field study was conducted during summer in composite climate of Jaipur, India. The purpo... more ABSTRACT Field study was conducted during summer in composite climate of Jaipur, India. The purpose of carrying out this study was to evaluate thermal adaptation in six naturally ventilated hostels. Total 429 survey samples of undergraduate students were collected whose average age was found to be 19.6 year. Analysis of occupant’s responses and recorded thermal environmental variables show that students perceive thermally comfortable at higher temperatures. Thermally neutral or comfortable temperature was found 30.15oC (comfortable temperature bandwidth, 25.9oC to 33.8oC) and average clothing insulation observed was 0.41 Clo (minimum 0.23 Clo and maximum 0.82 Clo). Ambient temperature was found between 27 to 36oC. Desirable air velocity and relative humidity was obtained such as 0.51m/s and 40%, respectively. About 40% students felt thermally comfortable at existing room conditions. Students had personal controls such as opening of window and door, change fan speed, change in clothing and activity etc. Study also described the effect of these measures to restore thermal comfort state. Results predict that neutral temperature was 2 to 3.2oC higher compared to the thermal comfort standard and models. The difference is due to the samples being collected from one particular age group, activity and lifestyle of the occupants.
Thermal Adaptation, Building Code, Variable Thermostat of air conditioner, Performance of buildin... more Thermal Adaptation, Building Code, Variable Thermostat of air conditioner, Performance of buildings depends upon building envelope, Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning system, lighting system, and Domestic Hot Water services. This book gives idea to improve indoor thermal environmental conditions by implementing Buildings Codes such as Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) and ASHRAE 90.1 Standard. Building consumes about 40% of total energy and therefore it is a need of time to improve their efficiency by employing codes and others measures/techniques. Code compliance Building consume less than 40% of energy compare to conventional practiced buildings. Thermal adaptation itself offer additional savings of about 16% in small buildings and it reduces as increase in building footprint and internal load of the building. Shivraj Dhaka He is pursuing Ph.D. under guidance of Dr.Ing-Jyotirmay Mathur at MNIT Jaipur(India).He has received DAAD Fellowship to carry out research at KIT ...
ABSTRACT Commercial buildings of conventional practices consume significant energy, especially ho... more ABSTRACT Commercial buildings of conventional practices consume significant energy, especially hotel buildings. Therefore, the study aims to estimate energy saving potential in three categories of hotels from Jaipur city, India. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) and advance Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) beyond ECBC specifications were implemented such as building envelope, Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system and lighting system for estimating energy saving potential. Dynamic thermal simulation tool was used for modeling and simulation of existing hotel buildings and simulation models were calibrated against actual energy consumption of study hotels. Implementation of ECBC to hotel Category-1, Category-2and Category-3 demonstrates energy savings of 37.2%, 18.42% and 25.82%, respectively with payback period of 2.39 - 6.41 years whereas application of advance EEMs in respective hotels led to increase in energy savings up to 61.75%, 53.92% and 54.61% in respective hotel category with payback period of 4.22 - 5.11 years. Implementation of ECBC code to existing hotel buildings in Jaipur city can save 27.9 GWh/year and with the use of advance EEMs, the city can save 67.04 GWh/year of energy. This study concludes that there is significant energy saving potential in hotel buildings in India through implementation of ECBC and other energy efficiency measures.
ABSTRACT The study, conducted in composite climate of India, exhibits improvement in energy effic... more ABSTRACT The study, conducted in composite climate of India, exhibits improvement in energy efficiency of a conditioned building block with the use of energy conservation measures (ECMs) recommended by National Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC ...
Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 2014
ABSTRACT This article presents the effect of envelope measures on thermal environmental condition... more ABSTRACT This article presents the effect of envelope measures on thermal environmental conditions of a naturally ventilated building block in composite climate of India. Envelope measures such as roof U-value, wall U-value, glass U-value and glass solar heat gain coefficient, roof reflectance and two combinations of these measures (total seven cases) are analysed as recommended by National Energy Conservation Building Code-India (ECBC) through prescriptive route. Subject building is modelled and simulated using dynamic thermal simulation tool. Two approaches of thermal comfort have been used in this study such as heat balance model based on laboratory study and adaptive model of thermal comfort based on field findings. Thermal environmental conditions are evaluated based on operative temperature with and without considering the effect of thermal adaptation. This study found that comfortable temperature varies from 20.3°C to 31.5°C based on calculation of comfortable temperature through comfort temperature equation during winter to summer season in warm climatic conditions. This study concludes that envelope with ECBC specifications offer 60% hours under comfort state which were not comfortable with conventional practiced envelope specifications of India. The same methodology is also used to investigate the effect of ECBC envelope specifications in other climatic conditions such as hot and dry, and warm and humid climate of India. Practical applications: The thermal performance of building envelope varies from climate to climate therefore care should be taken to choose particular envelope measure. This study aims to improve comfort conditions in naturally ventilated building block considering building code with/without thermal adaptation. This research would be helpful to architects, engineers and building constructors to choose the most effective or climate responsive envelope option for better thermal environment quality of the proposed building design. Use of thermal simulation tool is also recommended to examine the effect of envelope options on thermal comfort.
Proceedings of 8th Windsor Conference: Counting the Cost of Comfort in a changing worldCumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 10-13 April 2014. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, http://nceub.org.uk, Apr 10, 2014
Mixed mode (MM) buildings open up a new arena for energy efficient design. Zoned MM buildings are... more Mixed mode (MM) buildings open up a new arena for energy efficient design. Zoned MM buildings are the most common, particularly in the developing world where only some areas in a building are air- conditioned (AC) based on programmatic requirements while the rest of it is naturally ventilated (NV). Occupants in the NV zone frequently visit the AC zone and are well aware of the conditions there. The unanswered question in such a MM building is whether occupants in the NV zone have similar adaptive behaviour and thermal comfort opinions as those in purely NV buildings or are they possibly influenced by higher expectations created from the AC zone visits.
A transverse (cross-sectional) study was conductedbetween April2011 to July 2013 in the hot and dry climate of Jaipur, India, including 2869 total survey responses, out of which 604 were from zoned type MM buildings. Mixed mode observations were available only during summer (April-August 2011).Occupants were asked about their ‘right-now’ opinion of indoor environmental quality variables such as thermal and humidity sensation, air movement and comfort. Simultaneous physical measurements of air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air speeds were also recorded. We analyse the results examining the physical conditions and thermal comfort responses in both the zones, and adaptive actions exercised in the NV zone. We compare the observations from the NV zone to three adaptive charts to evaluate whether comfort in the NV zone in a MM building can be modelled as a purely NV building.
Proceedings of 8th Windsor Conference: Counting the Cost of Comfort in a changing worldCumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 10-13 April 2014. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, http://nceub.org.uk, Apr 10, 2014
Mixed mode (MM) buildings open up a new arena for energy efficient design. Zoned MM buildings are... more Mixed mode (MM) buildings open up a new arena for energy efficient design. Zoned MM buildings are the most common, particularly in the developing world where only some areas in a building are air- conditioned (AC) based on programmatic requirements while the rest of it is naturally ventilated (NV). Occupants in the NV zone frequently visit the AC zone and are well aware of the conditions there. The unanswered question in such a MM building is whether occupants in the NV zone have similar adaptive behaviour and thermal comfort opinions as those in purely NV buildings or are they possibly influenced by higher expectations created from the AC zone visits.
A transverse (cross-sectional) study was conductedbetween April2011 to July 2013 in the hot and dry climate of Jaipur, India, including 2869 total survey responses, out of which 604 were from zoned type MM buildings. Mixed mode observations were available only during summer (April-August 2011).Occupants were asked about their ‘right-now’ opinion of indoor environmental quality variables such as thermal and humidity sensation, air movement and comfort. Simultaneous physical measurements of air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air speeds were also recorded. We analyse the results examining the physical conditions and thermal comfort responses in both the zones, and adaptive actions exercised in the NV zone. We compare the observations from the NV zone to three adaptive charts to evaluate whether comfort in the NV zone in a MM building can be modelled as a purely NV building.
Field study was conducted during summer in composite climate of Jaipur, India. The purpose of car... more Field study was conducted during summer in composite climate of Jaipur, India. The purpose of carrying out this study was to evaluate thermal adaptation in six naturally ventilated hostels. Total 429 survey samples of undergraduate students were collected whose average age was found to be 19.6 year. Analysis of occupant’s responses and recorded thermal environmental variables show that students perceive thermally comfortable at higher temperatures. Thermally neutral or comfortable temperature was found 30.15oC (comfortable temperature bandwidth, 25.9oC to 33.8oC) and average clothing insulation observed was 0.41 Clo (minimum 0.23 Clo and maximum 0.82 Clo). Ambient temperature was found between 27 to 36oC. Desirable air velocity and relative humidity was obtained such as 0.51m/s and 40%, respectively. About 40% students felt thermally comfortable at existing room conditions. Students had personal controls such as opening of window and door, change fan speed, change in clothing and activity etc. Study also described the effect of these measures to restore thermal comfort state. Results predict that neutral temperature was 2 to 3.2oC higher compared to the thermal comfort standard and models. The difference is due to the samples being collected from one particular age group, activity and lifestyle of the occupants.
The potential impact of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of India, that is applicable on ... more The potential impact of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of India, that is applicable on commercial buildings having more than 100 kW connected load or 120 kVA contract demand, has been analysed on six different type of buildings in Jaipur. Calibrated simulation models of these buildings have been created using their existing specifications to estimate the energy saving potential through ECBC. It has been found that the specific energy consumption of these buildings lie in the range of 137 kWh/m2/y for the case of government building to 386 kWh/m2/y for the private office. The energy saving potential with ECBC is in the range of 44 kWh/m2/y in Government buildings as lowest effect, whereas in case of the private office, it is estimated to be 128 kWh/m2/y. Percentage energy savings with ECBC compliance in these buildings vary from 17% in the case of institutional building to 42% in the case of Hospital building. Using these estimates and the trend of increase in commercial building energy consumption, the potential of energy saving in the city of Jaipur has been identified as 12,475 MWh/y in the next five years.
Field study of thermal comfort was conducted in six naturally ventilated hostel buildings of comp... more Field study of thermal comfort was conducted in six naturally ventilated hostel buildings of composite climate considering Class-II protocol of field measurement during summer 2011. Total 429 survey samples of same age group (average 19.6 years) were collected including objective and subjective measurements. Statistical analysis of student's responses and measured thermal environment variables was performed to determine existing indoor environmental conditions and priority of using behavioural controls. Thermal comfort indices were also calculated and compared to the student's perceptions.
Neutral temperature was found to be 30.15 °C through regression analysis, with an average clothing of 0.41 Clo (min. 0.19 Clo, max 0.82 Clo). Results have shown a wide bandwidth of neutral temperatures (25.9–33.8 °C) for the hostel buildings which is higher than national/international standards of thermal comfort. Acceptable air velocity and relative humidity were found to be 0.51 m/s and 36%, respectively. Analysis has shown that about 51% students felt ‘overall thermal comfortable’ at the existing environmental conditions in the hostel rooms and only 38% occupants were comfortable based on room air temperature. Students from single, double and triple occupancy rooms were found thermally satisfied at neutral temperature of 30.4 °C, 30.1 °C and 29.8 °C, respectively and their thermal preferences were different.
This study evaluates improvement in energy efficiency of an air conditioned building block employ... more This study evaluates improvement in energy efficiency of an air conditioned building block employing energy conservation measures (ECMs) recommended by Indian Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 (ECBC) through a prescriptive route. First part evaluates energy savings by implementing five ECMs of envelope independently and two combinations of ECMs keeping constant thermostat setting throughout the year. In the second part of the study same ECMs are considered to the subject building
model allowing thermostat settings as per thermal adaptation resulting from change in outdoor temperature. Actual measurements were taken and simulation model was fine-tuned. Annual energy consumption of building is used to evaluate the effect of individual ECMs and their combinations on both
part of the study, i.e. fixed thermostat and adaptive thermostat settings. The simulation result shows that together with combination of all ECMs recommended by ECBC, small buildings can save up to 40% energy consumption as compared to buildings built with conventionally practiced specifications of India. Effect of thermal adaptation itself offers up to 16% energy saving opportunity in small buildings considering adaptive thermostat settings. The potential of energy conservation through ECMs suggested by ECBC and adaptive set point gets significantly reduced for large size buildings having high internal heat gains.
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A transverse (cross-sectional) study was conductedbetween April2011 to July 2013 in the hot and dry climate of Jaipur, India, including 2869 total survey responses, out of which 604 were from zoned type MM buildings. Mixed mode observations were available only during summer (April-August 2011).Occupants were asked about their ‘right-now’ opinion of indoor environmental quality variables such as thermal and humidity sensation, air movement and comfort. Simultaneous physical measurements of air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air speeds were also recorded. We analyse the results examining the physical conditions and thermal comfort responses in both the zones, and adaptive actions exercised in the NV zone. We compare the observations from the NV zone to three adaptive charts to evaluate whether comfort in the NV zone in a MM building can be modelled as a purely NV building.
A transverse (cross-sectional) study was conductedbetween April2011 to July 2013 in the hot and dry climate of Jaipur, India, including 2869 total survey responses, out of which 604 were from zoned type MM buildings. Mixed mode observations were available only during summer (April-August 2011).Occupants were asked about their ‘right-now’ opinion of indoor environmental quality variables such as thermal and humidity sensation, air movement and comfort. Simultaneous physical measurements of air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air speeds were also recorded. We analyse the results examining the physical conditions and thermal comfort responses in both the zones, and adaptive actions exercised in the NV zone. We compare the observations from the NV zone to three adaptive charts to evaluate whether comfort in the NV zone in a MM building can be modelled as a purely NV building.
Neutral temperature was found to be 30.15 °C through regression analysis, with an average clothing of 0.41 Clo (min. 0.19 Clo, max 0.82 Clo). Results have shown a wide bandwidth of neutral temperatures (25.9–33.8 °C) for the hostel buildings which is higher than national/international standards of thermal comfort. Acceptable air velocity and relative humidity were found to be 0.51 m/s and 36%, respectively. Analysis has shown that about 51% students felt ‘overall thermal comfortable’ at the existing environmental conditions in the hostel rooms and only 38% occupants were comfortable based on room air temperature. Students from single, double and triple occupancy rooms were found thermally satisfied at neutral temperature of 30.4 °C, 30.1 °C and 29.8 °C, respectively and their thermal preferences were different.
A transverse (cross-sectional) study was conductedbetween April2011 to July 2013 in the hot and dry climate of Jaipur, India, including 2869 total survey responses, out of which 604 were from zoned type MM buildings. Mixed mode observations were available only during summer (April-August 2011).Occupants were asked about their ‘right-now’ opinion of indoor environmental quality variables such as thermal and humidity sensation, air movement and comfort. Simultaneous physical measurements of air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air speeds were also recorded. We analyse the results examining the physical conditions and thermal comfort responses in both the zones, and adaptive actions exercised in the NV zone. We compare the observations from the NV zone to three adaptive charts to evaluate whether comfort in the NV zone in a MM building can be modelled as a purely NV building.
A transverse (cross-sectional) study was conductedbetween April2011 to July 2013 in the hot and dry climate of Jaipur, India, including 2869 total survey responses, out of which 604 were from zoned type MM buildings. Mixed mode observations were available only during summer (April-August 2011).Occupants were asked about their ‘right-now’ opinion of indoor environmental quality variables such as thermal and humidity sensation, air movement and comfort. Simultaneous physical measurements of air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air speeds were also recorded. We analyse the results examining the physical conditions and thermal comfort responses in both the zones, and adaptive actions exercised in the NV zone. We compare the observations from the NV zone to three adaptive charts to evaluate whether comfort in the NV zone in a MM building can be modelled as a purely NV building.
Neutral temperature was found to be 30.15 °C through regression analysis, with an average clothing of 0.41 Clo (min. 0.19 Clo, max 0.82 Clo). Results have shown a wide bandwidth of neutral temperatures (25.9–33.8 °C) for the hostel buildings which is higher than national/international standards of thermal comfort. Acceptable air velocity and relative humidity were found to be 0.51 m/s and 36%, respectively. Analysis has shown that about 51% students felt ‘overall thermal comfortable’ at the existing environmental conditions in the hostel rooms and only 38% occupants were comfortable based on room air temperature. Students from single, double and triple occupancy rooms were found thermally satisfied at neutral temperature of 30.4 °C, 30.1 °C and 29.8 °C, respectively and their thermal preferences were different.
model allowing thermostat settings as per thermal adaptation resulting from change in outdoor temperature. Actual measurements were taken and simulation model was fine-tuned. Annual energy consumption of building is used to evaluate the effect of individual ECMs and their combinations on both
part of the study, i.e. fixed thermostat and adaptive thermostat settings. The simulation result shows that together with combination of all ECMs recommended by ECBC, small buildings can save up to 40% energy consumption as compared to buildings built with conventionally practiced specifications of India. Effect of thermal adaptation itself offers up to 16% energy saving opportunity in small buildings considering adaptive thermostat settings. The potential of energy conservation through ECMs suggested by ECBC and adaptive set point gets significantly reduced for large size buildings having high internal heat gains.