This study presents a Francis turbine designed for micro hydro application, using bovet approach ... more This study presents a Francis turbine designed for micro hydro application, using bovet approach of design and other general techniques, with some variations which make the manufacturing procedure relatively simpler. It also depicts the status of micro hydro in Nepal. Simplifications has been administered on runner, vane cascade and spiral casing. The study has been carried out under single flow condition, which is generally the case in micro hydropower, which divert a small portion of water from the main source, generally rivers or springs. The design procedure used for the design of each hydraulic components have been described in brief. The numerical study performed on the turbine have also been presented. Effects of simplifications administered on each component has been analysed. The small variation in efficiency due to simplifications administered has been justified for use in micro hydropower projects in view of the drop in efficiency caused due inaccuracies during manufactur...
The rural areas of Nepal comprise of many rivers and rivulets which is not properly utilized till... more The rural areas of Nepal comprise of many rivers and rivulets which is not properly utilized till yet. In Nepal, the focus is set on overshot waterwheel due to its applicability in low discharge and low head sites with high efficiency. This paper presents the numerical analysis of a low-tech overshot wheel. Simulation of overshot wheel is done at flow rate, and horizontal distance and vertical clearance of the inlet canal. It is found that the water wheel generates higher power at the condition when the flow rate is 25 kg/s, horizontal distance between chute and wheel is 20 cm and the vertical clearance is 2 cm.
Abstract- This paper presents Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of Pelton turbine of Kh... more Abstract- This paper presents Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of Pelton turbine of Khimti Hydropower in Nepal. The purpose of CFD analysis is to determine torque generated by the turbine and pressure distributions in bucket for further work on fatigue analysis. The CFD analysis is carried out on model size Pelton runner reduced at 1:3.5 scale to minimize computational cost and time. The operating conditions for model size runner is selected in accordance with IEC 60193 and IEC 1116. The paper describes the methods used for CFD analysis using ANSYS CFX software. 3 buckets are used to predict the flow behavior of complete Pelton turbine. k-ε and SST turbulence model with interphase transfer method as free surface and mixture model is compared in the paper. The pressure distribution is found maximum at bucket tip and runner Pitch Circle Diameter (PCD). The torque generated by the middle bucket is replicated over time to determine total torque generated by Pelton turbine.
The main objective of this paper is to propose an alternative design of a Francis turbine for min... more The main objective of this paper is to propose an alternative design of a Francis turbine for minimizing the sand erosion effect in sand laden river. To achieve this objective, one erosion model for hydraulic machinery has been selected and all technical and managerial aspects suppose to be considered in this study. Hydraulic turbine components operating in sand-laden water subject to erosive wear. Erosion reduces efficiency and life of turbine. It also causes problem in operation & maintenance. Himalayan rivers carry large amount of hard abrasive particles. Withdrawal of the clean water from the river for power production is expensive due to design, construction and operation of sediment settling basins. Even with the settling basins, 100 % removal of fine sediments is impossible and uneconomical. The design of the Francis turbine can be done in two main stages. The first step is the initial design, based on empirical data and the Euler’s turbine equation. The second step is a thre...
Sediment erosion is a major challenge for run-of-river power plants, especially during flood peri... more Sediment erosion is a major challenge for run-of-river power plants, especially during flood periods. Due to the high content of hard minerals such as quartz and feldspar carried in the river, substantial damage is observed on the turbine components. Material is gradually removed, thus the efficiency of the turbine decreases and the operating time of the turbine reduces. Hydro power plants situated in areas with high sediment concentration suffer under hard conditions, where turbine components could be worn out after only a short period of three months. This short life expectation causes trouble for energy production since the replacement of new turbine parts is a time consuming and costly procedure. It is desirable to design a Francis runner which will withstand sediment erosion better than the traditional designs. The literature states that an expression for erosion is velocity to the power of three. By reducing the relative velocities in the runner by 10%, the erosion will decrea...
Sediment erosion is caused by the dynamic action of sediment flowing along with water impacting a... more Sediment erosion is caused by the dynamic action of sediment flowing along with water impacting against a solid surface. Hydraulic turbine components operating in sediment-laden water are subject t ...
The presence of a gap between guide vanes and top-bottom covers and rotating-stationary geometrie... more The presence of a gap between guide vanes and top-bottom covers and rotating-stationary geometries induces the secondary flows in Francis turbines. The secondary flow developed in the clearance gap of guide vanes induces the leakage vortex that travels towards turbine downstream affecting the runner. Likewise, secondary flows from the gap between rotor-stator component enter the upper and lower labyrinth region. Francis turbines when operated with the sediment-laden water, sediment contained flows affect these gaps thus increasing the size of the gap and increasing the leakage flow. This work examines the secondary flows developing at these locations of Francis turbine and consequent sediment erosion effects. A reference Francis turbine of Bhilangana III Hydropower Plant (HPP), India with a specific speed (Ns=85.4) severely affected by sediment erosion problem was selected for this study. All the components of the turbine were modelled and a reference numerical model was developed. This numerical model was validated with the numerical uncertainty measurement and with the experimental results. Erosion at guide vanes were due to the development of leakage flow inside the guide vane clearance gaps. At the runner inlet, erosion was mainly due to leakage vortex from clearance gap and leakage flow from rotor-stator gaps.
Nepal, with its diverse topological features and rich water resources, boasts a huge hydro energy... more Nepal, with its diverse topological features and rich water resources, boasts a huge hydro energy potential with ability to generate 42000 MW of electricity. Higher mountains providing higher heads and seasonal variation in flow rates appropriates thechoice of Pelton turbines for hydro power projects in the country. The flat efficiency curve maintained by Pelton turbine on wide operating ranges counters for the seasonal variations seen in the rivers of Nepal. However, the design and manufacturing cost of actual Pelton prototype is very high. Redesigning and optimization process becomes even more costly and time consuming. However, the introduction of numerical tools has changed the design engineer's procedures in the process of new Pelton turbines design. The research was carried out in order to perform CFD analysis of Pelton runner of Khimti Hydropower. The runner was scaled down by meeting IEC 60193 standard. Whole simulation was performed in ANSYS-CFX. The results obtained fr...
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2013
Sediment erosion is one of the most challenging circumstances for hydropower plant in Nepal and m... more Sediment erosion is one of the most challenging circumstances for hydropower plant in Nepal and mineral content is one of the most important parameter to define sediment erosion. Different minerals have different physical properties which results into different erosion potential of each mineral type. So to estimate average erosion potential of the sediment, amount of each type of minerals in sediment sample must be known which is carried out as mineral analysis of sediment. In this paper, mineral analysis of sediment samples from different locations of existing hydropower plant was carried out to report mineral content and its variation throughout the hydropower plant. Particle count method was used to perform mineral analysis by Stereo Zoom Microscope. Mineral analysis revealed that quartz is the predominant mineral in sediments from Sunkoshi river and Sundarijal river. There is slight variation in mineral content between headworks and settling basin at Sunkoshi hydropower plant (...
Sediment erosion is the main challenge in the Nepalese hydro power Project. Water carries sand co... more Sediment erosion is the main challenge in the Nepalese hydro power Project. Water carries sand containing highly abrasive particle that is produced due to continuous uplift of the mountain ranges, cracks in rock and heavy rainfall. The water with erodent erodes the several components of the hydraulic turbine during operation time which decreases the life and efficiency of the plant. Sedimentation affect from high head Pelton and Francis turbine to low head Cross flow turbine (CFT) regardless to capacity of the plant. Several research works had been performed to identify the parameters that control the erosion rate and to develop mathematical model to estimate the effect on different components of hydraulic turbine. New design was introduced to reduce the effect of erosion on high head Francis turbine. Although there are plenty number research had been done and going on as well in Nepal, no traces is found which addresses the sediment effect in locally made Cross flow turbine. Theref...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Francis turbine is the most widely used type of hydro turbine due to its high efficiency and a wi... more Francis turbine is the most widely used type of hydro turbine due to its high efficiency and a wide range of operation. Despite its popularity in large scale power plants, the use of these turbines has not been yet realized for micro hydro applications. Considering the sustainability of micro-hydro power plants, the components of Francis turbine need some simplifications so that the manufacturing and operation of the turbine become more feasible. This study focuses on redesigning the turbine with simplifications in spiral casing and distributor along with investigating its effects on the performance of runner using CFD. Bovet method is used to obtain meridional dimension of runner while Bladegen feature of ANSYS 15.0 is applied to obtain the runner domain. Optimum design of the runner is obtained by analyzing the effect of parameters like wrap angle, lean angle, blade’s beta angle distribution and energy distribution on the runner’s performance. The velocity at the runner inlet is very low for micro Francis turbine which increases the dimension of spiral casing so dimension of spiral casing is made small by adjusting guide vane and stay vanes. A comparative study of conventional and simplified design is made based on pressure and tangential velocity distributions along spiral casing and distributor as well as on the performance of turbine. It is observed that the required reaction ratio and flow conditions can be obtained by combining the stay vanes and guide vanes. In addition, the proportion of combination depends on the magnitude of reaction ratio. It is found that the combining the stay vane and guide vane gives better result in best efficiency point however at other loading condition efficiency is lower which is due to improper stagnation.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Sediments flowing along with water through guide vanes induces abrasive and erosive wear in the G... more Sediments flowing along with water through guide vanes induces abrasive and erosive wear in the GV surface. The effect of these wears differs with the shape of GV profiles. This study presents an alternative clearance gap method to compare the effects of clearance gap (CG) in the GV of Francis turbine with different hydrofoils. Numerical prediction of the performance of Francis turbine with symmetrical and asymmetrical hydrofoils is studied with the CG of 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm thickness. Increase in the size of the gap deteriorates the performance of the runner. In case of asymmetrical GV profile, the effects in the runner is found to be less than the symmetrical profile. It is due to lesser pressure difference between the adjacent sides of the GV profile. With the alternative clearance gap approach, it distinguishes the effect of CG and the pressure pulsation due to rotor-stator interaction for a single numerical model.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Erosive and abrasive wear affect the overall performance of hydro-turbines. Hard and excessive se... more Erosive and abrasive wear affect the overall performance of hydro-turbines. Hard and excessive sediment particles are unavoidable in power plants of Himalayan basins. However, modifying the design of turbine components to have a minimum impact of the sediments could be one of the viable solutions. Past studies have shown possibilities of minimizing the erosion in turbine components by changing the blade angle distribution of the runner. The optimizations were based on the designed condition, i.e. at the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) of the turbine. The turbines are however, operated in various conditions, which might produce a different erosion scenario compared to BEP. Hence, the optimization process should also take these off-designed points under consideration. This paper presents a case study of Jhimruk hydropower plant of Nepal, whose turbine components get severely eroded due to sediments. Steady state numerical simulations for 4 guide vanes and 3 runner blade passages are done ...
Abstract Impulse turbines are widely used in hydropower plants around the world due to their high... more Abstract Impulse turbines are widely used in hydropower plants around the world due to their high efficiency in a larger operating range compared to reaction turbines. State of the art Pelton turbines can give over 90% efficiency at the designed operation load. However, there lies a possibility of improving the efficiency at off design condition for these turbines by optimizing the design of the nozzles, runner and/or housing. Prediction of the performance of the turbines by numerical techniques allows a quicker design optimization and at a much lower cost. In the case of impulse turbines, the use of CFD is limited by the complex nature of the flow, interaction of the jets, water/air mixture and interference of water after the impact on the successive buckets. Unlike reaction turbines, where the performances of the turbines could be studied through time-independent analysis to some extent, transient simulations are inevitable for the impulse turbines. Moreover, need for the multiphase models add to the overall complexities of CFD. Some recent development includes the use of Lagrangian scheme, which has reduced the computational efforts significantly. In the conventional Eulerian schemes, it is found that the numerical domains are usually simplified, either by using symmetry (half bucket) or rotational periodicity options. With the development of the computational capacity, some recent studies have also performed full turbine’s simulation, using nearly 50 million mesh elements. The design optimizations are performed on the shapes of the bucket, jet, deflectors as well as the turbine’s casings. However, validation of the numerical solutions remains a challenging topic with the quality of the mesh being used currently. Nevertheless, progresses in the numerical techniques and computing power within the last 15 years have strengthened the prospects of utilizing CFD and FEM as primary tools for validating and optimizing the design of the impulse turbines.
This study presents a Francis turbine designed for micro hydro application, using bovet approach ... more This study presents a Francis turbine designed for micro hydro application, using bovet approach of design and other general techniques, with some variations which make the manufacturing procedure relatively simpler. It also depicts the status of micro hydro in Nepal. Simplifications has been administered on runner, vane cascade and spiral casing. The study has been carried out under single flow condition, which is generally the case in micro hydropower, which divert a small portion of water from the main source, generally rivers or springs. The design procedure used for the design of each hydraulic components have been described in brief. The numerical study performed on the turbine have also been presented. Effects of simplifications administered on each component has been analysed. The small variation in efficiency due to simplifications administered has been justified for use in micro hydropower projects in view of the drop in efficiency caused due inaccuracies during manufactur...
The rural areas of Nepal comprise of many rivers and rivulets which is not properly utilized till... more The rural areas of Nepal comprise of many rivers and rivulets which is not properly utilized till yet. In Nepal, the focus is set on overshot waterwheel due to its applicability in low discharge and low head sites with high efficiency. This paper presents the numerical analysis of a low-tech overshot wheel. Simulation of overshot wheel is done at flow rate, and horizontal distance and vertical clearance of the inlet canal. It is found that the water wheel generates higher power at the condition when the flow rate is 25 kg/s, horizontal distance between chute and wheel is 20 cm and the vertical clearance is 2 cm.
Abstract- This paper presents Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of Pelton turbine of Kh... more Abstract- This paper presents Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of Pelton turbine of Khimti Hydropower in Nepal. The purpose of CFD analysis is to determine torque generated by the turbine and pressure distributions in bucket for further work on fatigue analysis. The CFD analysis is carried out on model size Pelton runner reduced at 1:3.5 scale to minimize computational cost and time. The operating conditions for model size runner is selected in accordance with IEC 60193 and IEC 1116. The paper describes the methods used for CFD analysis using ANSYS CFX software. 3 buckets are used to predict the flow behavior of complete Pelton turbine. k-ε and SST turbulence model with interphase transfer method as free surface and mixture model is compared in the paper. The pressure distribution is found maximum at bucket tip and runner Pitch Circle Diameter (PCD). The torque generated by the middle bucket is replicated over time to determine total torque generated by Pelton turbine.
The main objective of this paper is to propose an alternative design of a Francis turbine for min... more The main objective of this paper is to propose an alternative design of a Francis turbine for minimizing the sand erosion effect in sand laden river. To achieve this objective, one erosion model for hydraulic machinery has been selected and all technical and managerial aspects suppose to be considered in this study. Hydraulic turbine components operating in sand-laden water subject to erosive wear. Erosion reduces efficiency and life of turbine. It also causes problem in operation & maintenance. Himalayan rivers carry large amount of hard abrasive particles. Withdrawal of the clean water from the river for power production is expensive due to design, construction and operation of sediment settling basins. Even with the settling basins, 100 % removal of fine sediments is impossible and uneconomical. The design of the Francis turbine can be done in two main stages. The first step is the initial design, based on empirical data and the Euler’s turbine equation. The second step is a thre...
Sediment erosion is a major challenge for run-of-river power plants, especially during flood peri... more Sediment erosion is a major challenge for run-of-river power plants, especially during flood periods. Due to the high content of hard minerals such as quartz and feldspar carried in the river, substantial damage is observed on the turbine components. Material is gradually removed, thus the efficiency of the turbine decreases and the operating time of the turbine reduces. Hydro power plants situated in areas with high sediment concentration suffer under hard conditions, where turbine components could be worn out after only a short period of three months. This short life expectation causes trouble for energy production since the replacement of new turbine parts is a time consuming and costly procedure. It is desirable to design a Francis runner which will withstand sediment erosion better than the traditional designs. The literature states that an expression for erosion is velocity to the power of three. By reducing the relative velocities in the runner by 10%, the erosion will decrea...
Sediment erosion is caused by the dynamic action of sediment flowing along with water impacting a... more Sediment erosion is caused by the dynamic action of sediment flowing along with water impacting against a solid surface. Hydraulic turbine components operating in sediment-laden water are subject t ...
The presence of a gap between guide vanes and top-bottom covers and rotating-stationary geometrie... more The presence of a gap between guide vanes and top-bottom covers and rotating-stationary geometries induces the secondary flows in Francis turbines. The secondary flow developed in the clearance gap of guide vanes induces the leakage vortex that travels towards turbine downstream affecting the runner. Likewise, secondary flows from the gap between rotor-stator component enter the upper and lower labyrinth region. Francis turbines when operated with the sediment-laden water, sediment contained flows affect these gaps thus increasing the size of the gap and increasing the leakage flow. This work examines the secondary flows developing at these locations of Francis turbine and consequent sediment erosion effects. A reference Francis turbine of Bhilangana III Hydropower Plant (HPP), India with a specific speed (Ns=85.4) severely affected by sediment erosion problem was selected for this study. All the components of the turbine were modelled and a reference numerical model was developed. This numerical model was validated with the numerical uncertainty measurement and with the experimental results. Erosion at guide vanes were due to the development of leakage flow inside the guide vane clearance gaps. At the runner inlet, erosion was mainly due to leakage vortex from clearance gap and leakage flow from rotor-stator gaps.
Nepal, with its diverse topological features and rich water resources, boasts a huge hydro energy... more Nepal, with its diverse topological features and rich water resources, boasts a huge hydro energy potential with ability to generate 42000 MW of electricity. Higher mountains providing higher heads and seasonal variation in flow rates appropriates thechoice of Pelton turbines for hydro power projects in the country. The flat efficiency curve maintained by Pelton turbine on wide operating ranges counters for the seasonal variations seen in the rivers of Nepal. However, the design and manufacturing cost of actual Pelton prototype is very high. Redesigning and optimization process becomes even more costly and time consuming. However, the introduction of numerical tools has changed the design engineer's procedures in the process of new Pelton turbines design. The research was carried out in order to perform CFD analysis of Pelton runner of Khimti Hydropower. The runner was scaled down by meeting IEC 60193 standard. Whole simulation was performed in ANSYS-CFX. The results obtained fr...
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2013
Sediment erosion is one of the most challenging circumstances for hydropower plant in Nepal and m... more Sediment erosion is one of the most challenging circumstances for hydropower plant in Nepal and mineral content is one of the most important parameter to define sediment erosion. Different minerals have different physical properties which results into different erosion potential of each mineral type. So to estimate average erosion potential of the sediment, amount of each type of minerals in sediment sample must be known which is carried out as mineral analysis of sediment. In this paper, mineral analysis of sediment samples from different locations of existing hydropower plant was carried out to report mineral content and its variation throughout the hydropower plant. Particle count method was used to perform mineral analysis by Stereo Zoom Microscope. Mineral analysis revealed that quartz is the predominant mineral in sediments from Sunkoshi river and Sundarijal river. There is slight variation in mineral content between headworks and settling basin at Sunkoshi hydropower plant (...
Sediment erosion is the main challenge in the Nepalese hydro power Project. Water carries sand co... more Sediment erosion is the main challenge in the Nepalese hydro power Project. Water carries sand containing highly abrasive particle that is produced due to continuous uplift of the mountain ranges, cracks in rock and heavy rainfall. The water with erodent erodes the several components of the hydraulic turbine during operation time which decreases the life and efficiency of the plant. Sedimentation affect from high head Pelton and Francis turbine to low head Cross flow turbine (CFT) regardless to capacity of the plant. Several research works had been performed to identify the parameters that control the erosion rate and to develop mathematical model to estimate the effect on different components of hydraulic turbine. New design was introduced to reduce the effect of erosion on high head Francis turbine. Although there are plenty number research had been done and going on as well in Nepal, no traces is found which addresses the sediment effect in locally made Cross flow turbine. Theref...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Francis turbine is the most widely used type of hydro turbine due to its high efficiency and a wi... more Francis turbine is the most widely used type of hydro turbine due to its high efficiency and a wide range of operation. Despite its popularity in large scale power plants, the use of these turbines has not been yet realized for micro hydro applications. Considering the sustainability of micro-hydro power plants, the components of Francis turbine need some simplifications so that the manufacturing and operation of the turbine become more feasible. This study focuses on redesigning the turbine with simplifications in spiral casing and distributor along with investigating its effects on the performance of runner using CFD. Bovet method is used to obtain meridional dimension of runner while Bladegen feature of ANSYS 15.0 is applied to obtain the runner domain. Optimum design of the runner is obtained by analyzing the effect of parameters like wrap angle, lean angle, blade’s beta angle distribution and energy distribution on the runner’s performance. The velocity at the runner inlet is very low for micro Francis turbine which increases the dimension of spiral casing so dimension of spiral casing is made small by adjusting guide vane and stay vanes. A comparative study of conventional and simplified design is made based on pressure and tangential velocity distributions along spiral casing and distributor as well as on the performance of turbine. It is observed that the required reaction ratio and flow conditions can be obtained by combining the stay vanes and guide vanes. In addition, the proportion of combination depends on the magnitude of reaction ratio. It is found that the combining the stay vane and guide vane gives better result in best efficiency point however at other loading condition efficiency is lower which is due to improper stagnation.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Sediments flowing along with water through guide vanes induces abrasive and erosive wear in the G... more Sediments flowing along with water through guide vanes induces abrasive and erosive wear in the GV surface. The effect of these wears differs with the shape of GV profiles. This study presents an alternative clearance gap method to compare the effects of clearance gap (CG) in the GV of Francis turbine with different hydrofoils. Numerical prediction of the performance of Francis turbine with symmetrical and asymmetrical hydrofoils is studied with the CG of 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm thickness. Increase in the size of the gap deteriorates the performance of the runner. In case of asymmetrical GV profile, the effects in the runner is found to be less than the symmetrical profile. It is due to lesser pressure difference between the adjacent sides of the GV profile. With the alternative clearance gap approach, it distinguishes the effect of CG and the pressure pulsation due to rotor-stator interaction for a single numerical model.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Erosive and abrasive wear affect the overall performance of hydro-turbines. Hard and excessive se... more Erosive and abrasive wear affect the overall performance of hydro-turbines. Hard and excessive sediment particles are unavoidable in power plants of Himalayan basins. However, modifying the design of turbine components to have a minimum impact of the sediments could be one of the viable solutions. Past studies have shown possibilities of minimizing the erosion in turbine components by changing the blade angle distribution of the runner. The optimizations were based on the designed condition, i.e. at the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) of the turbine. The turbines are however, operated in various conditions, which might produce a different erosion scenario compared to BEP. Hence, the optimization process should also take these off-designed points under consideration. This paper presents a case study of Jhimruk hydropower plant of Nepal, whose turbine components get severely eroded due to sediments. Steady state numerical simulations for 4 guide vanes and 3 runner blade passages are done ...
Abstract Impulse turbines are widely used in hydropower plants around the world due to their high... more Abstract Impulse turbines are widely used in hydropower plants around the world due to their high efficiency in a larger operating range compared to reaction turbines. State of the art Pelton turbines can give over 90% efficiency at the designed operation load. However, there lies a possibility of improving the efficiency at off design condition for these turbines by optimizing the design of the nozzles, runner and/or housing. Prediction of the performance of the turbines by numerical techniques allows a quicker design optimization and at a much lower cost. In the case of impulse turbines, the use of CFD is limited by the complex nature of the flow, interaction of the jets, water/air mixture and interference of water after the impact on the successive buckets. Unlike reaction turbines, where the performances of the turbines could be studied through time-independent analysis to some extent, transient simulations are inevitable for the impulse turbines. Moreover, need for the multiphase models add to the overall complexities of CFD. Some recent development includes the use of Lagrangian scheme, which has reduced the computational efforts significantly. In the conventional Eulerian schemes, it is found that the numerical domains are usually simplified, either by using symmetry (half bucket) or rotational periodicity options. With the development of the computational capacity, some recent studies have also performed full turbine’s simulation, using nearly 50 million mesh elements. The design optimizations are performed on the shapes of the bucket, jet, deflectors as well as the turbine’s casings. However, validation of the numerical solutions remains a challenging topic with the quality of the mesh being used currently. Nevertheless, progresses in the numerical techniques and computing power within the last 15 years have strengthened the prospects of utilizing CFD and FEM as primary tools for validating and optimizing the design of the impulse turbines.
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