[[Fasciculus:EscherichiaColiE. coli Bacteria NIAID(7316101966).jpg|thumb|''[[Escherichia coli]]'', [[Bacteriumprokaryota]], [[bacterium]] quod [[intestinum]] inferius [[Animalanimal]]ium [[sanguis|sanguinesanguinis]] calidocalidi habitat, est organismus [[cellula]]rum singularium.]]
'''Organismus''' {{FD ref}} ( ex [[ lingua Graeca|GraecoGraece]] ''ὀργανισμός'') in [[biologia]] appellatur quodlibet [[vita|vivum]] (sicut [[Animal]], [[Planta]], [[Fungus]], [[Bacterium]], [[microbium|microbiumque]] varii), vel latissime congeries [[molecula]]rum , quae tota re stabili <!--as a more or less stable whole -->operatur et proprietates vitae habet. Alia verbi definitio est: "quaelibet structura viva, sicut [[Planta ]], [[Animal ]], [[Fungus ]], [[Bacterium]]veBacteriumve, quae potest crescere et se reproducere" (Chambers 1999). Nihilominus , multi fontes proponunt definitiones , quae [[Virus biologicum|vira]] et opinabiles [[Biochemia alternativa|formas vitae non organicas]] (arte-factas vel arte-facturas) excludunt; pro reproductione[[reproductio]]ne, vira ex biochemica[[biochemia|biochemico]] cellulae[[cellula]]e hospitis statu pendent. ▼
[[Fasciculus:Amoeba (Amöbe) 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Amoeba]]e sunt [[eukaryota]] cellularum singularium.]]
Omnes organismi possunt tota re stabili [[stimulus (physiologia)|stimulis]] [[Responsum ad stimulos|respondere]], [[reproductio|se reproducere ]], [[auctus (biologia)|augeri]], et [[homoeostasis|homoeostasim]] sustentare. Organismi sunt [[unicellularis|unicellulares]] aut, velut in ''[[Homo sapiens|Hominibus sapientibus]]'', multis ex millionibus [[Cellula|cellularum ]] in propriis [[Textum (biologia)|textis]] et [[organum (biologia)|organis]] constantes. Vox ''[[multicellularis]]'' 'multas cellulas habentemhabens' quemlibet organismum in plus quam cellulam unam cellulam constantem describit. ▼
▲'''Organismus''' (ex [[lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ''ὀργανισμός'') in [[biologia]] appellatur quodlibet [[vita|vivum]] (sicut [[Animal]], [[Planta]], [[Fungus]], [[Bacterium]], [[microbium|microbiumque]] varii), vel latissime congeries [[molecula]]rum quae tota re stabili <!--as a more or less stable whole -->operatur et proprietates vitae habet. Alia verbi definitio est: quaelibet structura viva, sicut [[Planta]], [[Animal]], [[Fungus]], [[Bacterium]]ve quae potest crescere et se reproducere" (Chambers 1999). Nihilominus, multi fontes proponunt definitiones quae [[Virus biologicum|vira]] et opinabiles [[Biochemia alternativa|formas vitae non organicas]] (arte-factas vel arte-facturas) excludunt; pro reproductione, vira ex biochemica cellulae hospitis statu pendent.
Organismi divisi sunt in duos greges: [[ Prokaryotaprokaryota|procaryoticum]] et [[ Eukaryotaeukaryota|eucaryoticum]]. Digeruntur Procaryotaprocaryota in duo dominia distincta: [[ Bacteriabacteria]] et [[ Archaeaarchaea]] (Cavalier-Smith 1987). ▼
[[Fasciculus:Ericoid mycorrhizal fungus.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Mycorrhiza ericoida]]'' [[Fungus]]]] ▼
In [[vita]] [[multicellulare|multicellulari ]], verbum ''organismi'' usitate describit omnem congeriem hierarchicalem systematum (exempli gratia , [[systema circulatorium|systematis circulatorii]], [[systema digestivum|systematis digestivi]], et [[systema reproductionis|systematis reproductivi]]) , quae ipsa sunt congeries [[organum (biologia)|organorum ]]; haec systemata vicissim sunt congeries textorum , ex [[cellula (biologia)|cellulis ]] factorum. ▼
▲Omnes organismi possunt tota re stabili [[stimulus (physiologia)|stimulis]] [[Responsum ad stimulos|respondere]], [[reproductio|se reproducere]], [[auctus (biologia)|augeri]], et [[homoeostasis|homoeostasim]] sustentare. Organismi sunt [[unicellularis|unicellulares]] aut, velut in ''[[Homo sapiens|Hominibus sapientibus]]'', multis ex millionibus [[Cellula|cellularum]] in propriis [[Textum (biologia)|textis]] et [[organum (biologia)|organis]] constantes. Vox ''[[multicellularis]]'' 'multas cellulas habentem' quemlibet organismum in plus quam cellulam unam constantem describit.
In aliquibus plantis et [[Nematoda |Nematodo]] ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans| CaenorhabditisCaenorhabdite eleganti]] ,'' cellulae singulares sunt [[totipotens|totipotentes]]. <!--▼
▲Organismi divisi sunt in duos greges: [[Prokaryota|procaryoticum]] et [[Eukaryota|eucaryoticum]]. Digeruntur Procaryota in duo dominia distincta: [[Bacteria]] et [[Archaea]] (Cavalier-Smith 1987).
▲In [[vita]] [[multicellulare|multicellulari]], verbum ''organismi'' usitate describit omnem congeriem hierarchicalem systematum (exempli gratia, [[systema circulatorium|systematis circulatorii]], [[systema digestivum|systematis digestivi]], et [[systema reproductionis|systematis reproductivi]]) quae ipsa sunt congeries [[organum (biologia)|organorum]]; haec systemata vicissim sunt congeries textorum, ex [[cellula (biologia)|cellulis]] factorum.
▲[[Fasciculus:Ericoid mycorrhizal fungus.jpg|thumb| leftupright=0.8|''[[Mycorrhiza ericoida]]'' est [[ Fungusfungus]] .]]
[[Fasciculus:Blue crab on market in Piraeus - Callinectes sapidus Rathbun 20020819-317.jpg|thumb| 250pxupright=0.8|[[Cancer|Cancri]] sunt organismi ; haec [[species]] est ''[[Callinectes sapidus]]. '']] ▼
▲In aliquibus plantis et [[Nematoda]] ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans|Caenorhabditis eleganti]],'' cellulae singulares sunt [[totipotens|totipotentes]]. <!--
Omnes organismi ab scientia [[taxinomia]]e in [[taxon|taxa]] digeruntur. Taxa sunt numerati organismorum greges , qui a re generali ([[dominium (biologia)|dominio]]) ad rem specificam ([[species (taxinomia)|speciem]]) patent. Usitata graduum ratio est: ▼
▲[[Fasciculus:Blue crab on market in Piraeus - Callinectes sapidus Rathbun 20020819-317.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Cancer|Cancri]] sunt organismi.]]
▲Omnes organismi ab scientia [[taxinomia]]e in [[taxon|taxa]] digeruntur. Taxa sunt numerati organismorum greges qui a re generali ([[dominium (biologia)|dominio]]) ad rem specificam ([[species (taxinomia)|speciem]]) patent. Usitata graduum ratio est:
* [[Dominium (taxinomia)|Dominium]]
* [[Regnum (taxinomia)|Regnum]]
* [[Familia (taxinomia)|Familia]]
* [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genus]]
* [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]]
Exempli gratia, ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' est [[binomen]], quod [[Homohomo|homines]] hodiernos significat. Omnes speciei ''sapientis'' socii, secundum doctrinam scientiae, inter se procreare possunt. Nonnullae species ad genus quodque pertineant, sed socii variarum inter genus specierum non possunt procreare, ut progeniem feracem gignant. Generi autem ''[[Homo (genus)|Homini]]'' est solum una species extans: ''HominemHomo sapientemsapiens.'' Priores species—''Homines [[Homo erectus|erectus]]'', ''[[Homo neanderthalensis|neanderthalensis]]'', et ceteri—facti sunt exstincti abhincceteri—abhinc annorum multa milia [[exstinctio|exstincti]] sunt. Nonnulla genera ad eandem familiam pertinent, et similiter a gradu ad gradum. Tandem regnum finitimum (in casu hominum, [[Animalia]]) in unum ex tribus dominiis ponitur, secundum quasdam geneticas structuralesque notas. Omnes ab scientia noti organismi viventes ab hoc systemate digeruntur, ut species in familia quaque artius cognati et genetice{{dubsig}}quoad genera similes inter se sint quam speciebus in aliis familiis.
== Vira ==
Vira, ad [[reproductio]]nemreproductionem [[metabolismus|metabolismumque]] inhabilia, organisma usitate non habentur ; ut organismi. Hochoc autem iudicium est controversum, quia alii [[parasitus|parasiti]] [[endosymbion]] tesquetes etiampariter sunt inhabiliainhabiles ad vitam liberam. Quamquam viris sunt nonnulla [[enzyma]]ta [[molecula]]equemoleculaeque in organismis vivis consuetaeconsueta, extra [[cellula (biologia)|cellulam ]] hospitis non possunt reproducerese multiplicare, et earum rationes metabolicae hospitem et eius "machinas geneticas" requirunt, sicut [[organella]] in hospitibus eukaryoticis et congeriem enzymatum utilumutilium (quae vira ipsa facere non possent) in hospitibus prokaryoticis. CumVira, viracum nullum [[metabolismus|metabolismum]] liberum sustinent, etitaque ergo nonorganismi usitate aestimanturnon organismosputantur, habent suorumsua [[genus| generumgenera]] habent, etatque [[evolutio|evolvuntur]] eisdem modis , quibus organismi veri evolvuntur. ▼
▲Vira, ad [[reproductio]]nem [[metabolismus|metabolismumque]] inhabilia, usitate non habentur ut organismi. Hoc autem iudicium est controversum, quia alii [[parasitus|parasiti]] [[endosymbion]]tesque etiam sunt inhabilia ad vitam liberam. Quamquam viris sunt nonnulla [[enzyma]]ta [[molecula]]eque in organismis vivis consuetae, extra [[cellula (biologia)|cellulam]] hospitis non possunt reproducere, et earum rationes metabolicae hospitem et eius "machinas geneticas" requirunt, sicut [[organella]] in hospitibus eukaryoticis et congeriem enzymatum utilum (quae vira ipsa facere non possent) in hospitibus prokaryoticis. Cum vira nullum [[metabolismus|metabolismum]] liberum sustinent, et ergo non usitate aestimantur organismos, habent suorum [[genus|generum]], et [[evolutio|evolvuntur]] eisdem modis quibus organismi veri evolvuntur.
In [[biologia]], theoria[[doctrina]] [[ universusultimus descensusantecessor communisuniversalis|universi descensus communis]] proponit omnes [[tellus (planeta)|terrae]] organismos de commune auctore generis vel proavita [[genum|genorum ]] congerie ([[Anglice]]: ''gene pool'') descendisse. Indicia descensus communis inveniuntur in notis , quas omnes organismi viventes habent. Tempore [[Carolus Darwin|Caroli Darwin]], indicia notarum communium solum ex observatione similitudinum [[morphologia|morphologicarum ]] ante oculos deducta sunt, sicut inventum omnes [[aves ]] habere[[ala]]s alashabere, etiam aves quae [[volatus|volare ]] non solent. <!--▼
{{NexInt}}
{{div col|4}}
▲In [[biologia]], theoria [[universus descensus communis|universi descensus communis]] proponit omnes [[tellus (planeta)|terrae]] organismos de commune auctore generis vel proavita [[genum|genorum]] congerie ([[Anglice]]: ''gene pool'') descendisse. Indicia descensus communis inveniuntur in notis quas omnes organismi viventes habent. Tempore [[Carolus Darwin|Caroli Darwin]], indicia notarum communium solum ex observatione similitudinum morphologicarum ante oculos deducta sunt, sicut inventum omnes aves habere alas, etiam aves quae volare non solent. <!--
*[[Abiogenesis]]
*[[Astrobiologia]]
*[[Cladogramma]]
*[[Creationismus]]
*[[DNA]]
*[[Evolutio hominis]]
*[[Exstinctio]]
*[[Fossilia]]
*[[Genoma]]
*[[Hereditas]]
*[[Kinasis]]
*[[Metabolismus]]
*[[Molecula]]
*[[Mors]]
*[[Oecosystema]]
*[[Phylogenia]]
*[[Proteinum]]
*[[Reproductio]]
▲==*[[Superorganismus == -->]]
*[[Symbiosis]]
*[[Taxinomia cladistica]]
*[[Vitaminum]]
*[[Vermis marinus]]
*[[Virus biologicum]]
*[[Voltinismus]]
{{div col end}}
==Notae==
Today, there is debate over whether or not all organisms descended from a common ancestor, or a "[[last universal ancestor]]," also called the "last universal common ancestor." The universality of [[genetic coding]] suggests common ancestry. For example, every living cell makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material, and uses the same twenty amino acids as the building blocks for proteins, though exceptions to the basic twenty amino acids have been found; however, throughout history, groupings based on appearance or function of species have sometimes been [[polyphyletic]] because of [[convergent evolution]].-->
<references/>
== Bibliographia ==
* Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. [[1987]]. "The Origin of Eukaryote and Archaebacterial Cells." ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'' 503:17–54.
* ''Chambers 21st Century Dictionary.'' [[1999]]. Sub voce "organism."
* Doolittle, W. Ford. [[2000]]. "Uprooting the tree of life." ''Scientific American'' 282(6):90–95. ▼
* Flechtner, Hans-Joachim. [[1970]]. ''Grundbegriffe der Kybernetik—Eine Einführung.'' [[Stutgardia]]e: Wissenschaftliche Verlags-Gesellschaft.
▲* Doolittle, W. Ford. [[2000]]. "Uprooting the tree of life." ''Scientific American'' 282(6):90–95.
* Hass, Hans. [[1994]]. ''Die Hyperzeller: Das neue Menschenbild der Evolution.'' HamburgHamburgi: Carlsen. ISBN 3-551-85017-83551850178.
* Hennen, Anna Maria. [[2000]]. ''Die Gestalt der Lebewesen: Versuch einer Erklärung im Sinne der [[Aristoteles|aristotelisch]]-[[Scholastik|scholastischen]] Philosophie.'' WürzburgHerbipoli: Königshausen und Neumann. ISBN 3-8260-1800-13826018001.
* Osawa, Syoso Osawa. [[1995]]. ''Evolution of the Genetic Code.'' [[Oxonia]]e: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854781-59780198547815.
* Thoms, Sven P. [[2005]]. ''Ursprung des Lebens.'' FrankfurtFrancofurti: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-596-16128-23596161282.
* Witzany, Günther Witzany. [[1993]]. ''Natur der Sprache—Sprache der Natur: Sprachpragmatische Philosophie der Biologie.'' WürzburgHerbipoli: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 978-3-88479-827-09783884798270.
* Zimmerman, Rudi. [[2001]]. ''Die Datentransformation: Das Individuum als selbstkopierender Datenträger und das Zeitalter des Systems Mensch.'' [[Berolinum|Berolini]]: Verlag Philosophie des Dritten Jahrtausends. ISBN 3-8311-1902-33831119023.
== Nexus externi ==
[[Fasciculus:Fungi in Borneo.jpg|thumb|[[Boletus]] [[polyporus]] cum hospite habet coniunctionem [[parasitus|parasiticam]].]]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/944790.stm BBCNews: 27 September, 2000, When slime is not so thick] "It means that some of the lowliest creatures in the plant and animal kingdoms, such as slime and amoeba, may not be as primitive as once thought"
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20200403040654/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=4742 SpaceRef.com, July 29, 1997: Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor]
** [httphttps://wwwweb.archive.org/web/20090601140743/http://science.psu.edu/iceworms/iceworms.html The Eberly College of Science: Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20050119112427/http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/Ecophy/PDF/00-Fisher-NatWis.pdf Artikel, 2000: Methane Ice Worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola. Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20200403040654/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=339 SpaceRef.com, May 04, 2001: Redefining "Life as We Know it"] De ''Hesiocaeca methanicola,'' sub [[glacies|glacie]] [[methana]] in alveo maris [[Sinus Mexici]] anno [[1997]] inventa.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2585235.stm BBCNews, 18 December, 2002, 'Space bugs' grown in lab] "''Bacillus simplex'' andet ''Staphylococcus pasteuri'' . . . ''Engyodontium album''<!-- The strains cultured by Dr Wainwright seemed to be resistant to the effects of UV - one quality required for survival in space"-->
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3003946.stm BBCNews, 19 June, 2003, Ancient organism challenges cell evolution.] "It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, since it is present in both"
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030624180658/http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/bi04syllabsu03.html Interactive Syllabus for General Biology - BI 04, Saint Anselm College, Summer 2003]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030913202227/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/j/s/jsf165/Bio110.html Jacob Feldman: Stramenopila]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Root NCBI Taxonomy entry: root]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030629122745/http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/surveybi04.html Saint Anselm College: Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms] "Number of kingdoms has not been resolved. . . . Bacteria present a problem with their diversity. . . . [[Protista]] present a problem with their diversity."
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192953/http://www.species2000.org/ Species 2000 Indexing the world's known species].
* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htm Maximus organismus]<!--The largest organism in the world may be a fungus carpeting nearly 10 square kilometers of an Oregon forest, and may be as old as 10500 years.]-->
* [http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html Arbor Vitae].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140513202217/http://www.scribd.com/doc/1016/Life-from-birth-to-death/ Quaestiones a pueris rogatae de vita et earum responsi]
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