Organismus
Organismus (ex Graeco ὀργανισμός) in biologia appellatur quodlibet vivum (sicut Animal, Planta, Fungus, Bacterium, microrganismique varii), vel latissime congeries molecularum quae tota re stabili operatur et proprietates vitae habet. Alia verbi definitio est: quaelibet structura viva, sicut Planta, Animal, Fungus, Bacteriumve quae potest crescere et se reproducere" (Chambers 1999). Nihilominus, multi fontes proponunt definitiones quae vira et opinabiles formas vitae non organicas (arte-factas vel arte-facturas) excludunt; pro reproductione, vira ex biochemica cellulae hospitis statu pendent.
Omnes organismi possunt tota re stabili stimulis respondere, se reproducere, augeri, et homoeostasim sustentare. Organismi sunt unicellulares aut, velut in Hominibus sapientibus, multis ex millionibus cellularum in propriis textis et organis constantes. Vox multicellularis 'multas cellulas habentem' quemlibet organismum in plus quam cellulam unam constantem describit.
Organismi divisi sunt in duos greges: procaryoticum et eucaryoticum. Digeruntur Procaryota in duo dominia distincta: Bacteria et Archaea (Cavalier-Smith 1987).
In vita multicellulari, verbum organismi usitate describit omnem congeriem hierarchicalem systematum (exempli gratia, systematis circulatorii, systematis digestivi, et systematis reproductivi) quae ipsa sunt congeries organorum; haec systemata vicissim sunt congeries textorum, ex cellulis factorum.
In aliquibus plantis et Nematoda Caenorhabditis eleganti, cellulae singulares sunt totipotentes.
Artis vocabula
Omnes organismi ab scientia taxinomiae in taxa digeruntur. Taxa sunt numerati organismorum greges qui a re generali (dominio) ad rem specificam (speciem) patent. Usitata graduum ratio est:
Exempli gratia, Homo sapiens est binomen quod homines hodiernos significat. Omnes speciei sapientis socii, secundum doctrinam scientiae, inter se procreare possunt. Nonnullae species ad genus quodque pertineant, sed socii variarum inter genus specierum non possunt procreare ut progeniem feracem gignant. Generi autem Homini est solum una species extans: Hominem sapientem. Priores species—Homines erectus, neanderthalensis, et ceteri—facti sunt exstincti abhinc annorum multa milia. Nonnulla genera ad eandem familiam pertinent, et similiter a gradu ad gradum. Tandem regnum finitimum (in casu hominum, Animalia) in uno ex trium dominiorum ponitur, secundum quasdam geneticas structuralesque notas. Omnes ab scientia noti organismi viventes ab hoc systemate digeruntur ut species in familia quaque artius cognati et genetice? similes inter se sint quam speciebus in aliis familiis.
Vira
Vira, ad reproductionem metabolismumque inhabilia, usitate non habentur ut organismi. Hoc autem iudicium est controversum, quia alii parasiti endosymbiontesque etiam sunt inhabilia ad vitam liberam. Quamquam viris sunt nonnulla enzymata moleculaeque in organismis vivis consuetae, extra cellulam hospitis non possunt reproducere, et earum rationes metabolicae hospitem et eius "machinas geneticas" requirunt, sicut organella in hospitibus eukaryoticis et congeriem enzymatum utilum (quae vira ipsa facere non possent) in hospitibus prokaryoticis. Cum vira nullum metabolismum liberum sustinent, et ergo non usitate aestimantur organismos, habent suorum generum, et evolvuntur eisdem modis quibus organismi veri evolvuntur.
Evolutio
In biologia, theoria universi descensus communis proponit omnes terrae organismos de commune auctore generis vel proavita genorum congerie (Anglice: gene pool) descendisse. Indicia descensus communis inveniuntur in notis quas omnes organismi viventes habent. Tempore Caroli Darwin, indicia notarum communium solum ex observatione similitudinum morphologicarum ante oculos deducta sunt, sicut inventum omnes aves habere alas, etiam aves quae volare non solent.
Bibliographia
- Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. 1987. "The Origin of Eukaryote and Archaebacterial Cells." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503:17–54.
- Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. 1999. Sub voce "organism."
- Flechtner, Hans-Joachim. 1970. Grundbegriffe der Kybernetik—Eine Einführung. Stutgardiae: Wissenschaftliche Verlags-Gesellschaft.
- Doolittle, W. Ford. 2000. "Uprooting the tree of life." Scientific American 282(6):90–95.
- Hass, Hans. 1994. Die Hyperzeller: Das neue Menschenbild der Evolution. Hamburg: Carlsen. ISBN 3-551-85017-8.
- Hennen, Anna Maria. 2000. Die Gestalt der Lebewesen: Versuch einer Erklärung im Sinne der aristotelisch-scholastischen Philosophie. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann. ISBN 3-8260-1800-1.
- Osawa, Syoso Osawa. 1995. Evolution of the Genetic Code. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854781-5.
- Thoms, Sven P. 2005. Ursprung des Lebens. Frankfurt: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-596-16128-2.
- Witzany, Günther Witzany. 1993. Natur der Sprache—Sprache der Natur: Sprachpragmatische Philosophie der Biologie. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 978-3-88479-827-0.
- Zimmerman, Rudi. 2001. Die Datentransformation: Das Individuum als selbstkopierender Datenträger und das Zeitalter des Systems Mensch. Berolini: Verlag Philosophie des Dritten Jahrtausends. ISBN 3-8311-1902-3.
Nexus externi
- BBCNews: 27 September, 2000, When slime is not so thick "It means that some of the lowliest creatures in the plant and animal kingdoms, such as slime and amoeba, may not be as primitive as once thought"
- SpaceRef.com, July 29, 1997: Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor
- The Eberly College of Science: Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor
- Artikel, 2000: Methane Ice Worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola. Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves
- SpaceRef.com, May 04, 2001: Redefining "Life as We Know it" De Hesiocaeca methanicola, sub glacie methana in alveo maris Sinus Mexici anno 1997 inventa.
- BBCNews, 18 December, 2002, 'Space bugs' grown in lab "Bacillus simplex and Staphylococcus pasteuri . . . Engyodontium album The strains cultured by Dr Wainwright seemed to be resistant to the effects of UV - one quality required for survival in space"
- BBCNews, 19 June, 2003, Ancient organism challenges cell evolution "It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, since it is present in both"
- Interactive Syllabus for General Biology - BI 04, Saint Anselm College, Summer 2003
- Jacob Feldman: Stramenopila
- NCBI Taxonomy entry: root
- Saint Anselm College: Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms "Number of kingdoms has not been resolved. . . . Bacteria present a problem with their diversity. . . . Protista present a problem with their diversity."
- Species 2000 Indexing the world's known species.
- The largest organism in the world may be a fungus carpeting nearly 10 square kilometers of an Oregon forest, and may be as old as 10500 years.
- Arbor Vitae.
- Quaestiones a pueris rogatae de vita et earum responsi