Germania nazistica
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Germania nazistica,[1] etiam Tertium Imperium appellata, fuit Germania per annos 1933–1945, cum forma rei publicae esset civitas totalitaria, ab Adolpho Hitler et Nationalistica Socialisticaque Operariorum Factione Germanica temperata. Hitler, a praeside von Hindenburg ad munus Cancellarii Imperii (Theodisce Reichskanzler) die 30 Ianuarii 1933 motus, omnes suae ut solius ducis potestatis adversarios cito exstirpavit. Civitas eum ut Führer ('dux') colebat, totam auctoritatem ei concedens. Proferunt historici hypnoticum eius rhetoricae effectum in audientiis magnis, parvisque in gregibus eius oculorum: "Praeter omnes . . . Germani de Hitleri vis attrahendi 'hypnotica' loquuntur."[2] Secundum "principium ductus," edicta ipsius Führer super omnes leges supererant. Summi homines publici Hitlero deferebant eiusque rationes reipublicae gerendae efferebant; eis eutem erat aliquantum autonomiae: administratio non erat corpus compositum una agens, sed potius congeries factionum quae potestatem consequi Hitleroque blandiri semper conabantur.[3] Media Depressione Oeconomica Magna, administratio Nazistica prosperitatem refecit atque magnam operarum inopiam per pecuniam pro rebus militaribus erogatam finivit et oeconomiam mixtam consuetudinum mercatus liberi consiliique sedis imperii instituit.[4] Permulta opera publica suscepta sunt, inter quae constructio viarum Autobahn appellatarum. Prosperitas renovata administrationem populo gratissimam fecit; adversariis praeterea suppressis, imperium Hitleri maximam partem fuit tutum.
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Rassismus, praecipue antisemitismus, fuit primum praeceptum societatis in Germania Nazistica. Gestapo (clandestini civitatis vigiles) et SS sub Henrico Himmler adversarios liberales, socialisticos, communisticos exstinxit, Iudaeosque vexavit et necavit. Multitudo Germana credidit populos Germanicos, etiam genus Nordicum appellatos, purissimum generis Ariani exemplum fuisse, quod ergo erat genus dominans. Educatio biologiam generis, rationem civium numeri gerendam, et habilitatem athleticam vehementius dixit. Socium esse societatis Iuvenum Hitlerianorum coactum est. Numerus mulierum in educatione postsecundaria matriculatarum magnopere defecit, et occasiones mulierum in cursu honorum imminutae sunt. Homines Nazistici, iura mulierum "opus ingenii Iudaei" appellantes, quod "liberationem ex liberatione" appellabant factitaverunt.[5] Oblectamenta et periegesis per programma Vis per Gaudium ordinatae sunt. Administratio expressiones artisticas moderata est, proprias artis formas promovens et alias deterrens vel prohibens. Nazii infamem Entartete Kunst (Artis Degeneris) exhibitionem anno 1937 produxerunt.[6] Iosephus Goebbels, Minister Propagandorum, cinemate, comitiis cumulatis?, et hypnotizante Hitleri eloquentia efficienter ad temperandam opinionem publicam usus est.[7] Anno 1936, Olympia Aestiva Tertium Imperium inter civitates vehementius monstravit.
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Germania plus atque plus infense poposcit, se bellum facturum monens. Britanniarum Regnum et Francia placationem offerebant, Hitlerum ad extremum placeri sperantes.[8] Itaque Austria in dicionem Germanam anno 1938 redacta est, Sudetia per Pactionem Monaci eodem anno, reliquia quoque Czechoslovakiae anno insequente occupata. Hitler, pactione cum Iosepho Stalin facto, Poloniam invasit Septembri 1939, secundum bellum mundanum conflans. Germania, cum Italia Beniti Mussolini sociata, Franciam et plurimum Europae ante 1940 vicerat, et adeo minatus est Magnae Britanniae, solum hostem superstitem. Reich Commissariats in regiones victas saeviebant, et administratio Germana Imperium Generale appellata in Polonia instituta est. Castra carceralia, etiam anno 1933 instituta, captos publicos hostesque administrationis tenere adhibebantur. Numerus castrorum quadruplex inter 1939 et 1942 factus est, usque ad plus quam trecenta, cum servi ex omni Europa, Iudaei, capti publici, homines facinorosi, homosexuales, Zingari, morbo mentis adfecti, et alii in custodiam coniecti sunt. Apparatus qui instrumentum vexationis coepit in occidione Iudaeorum et aliorum minoritatum? in Holocaustum convertus est.
Unione Sovietica a Germania anno 1941 invasa, tempus a Tertio Imperio in proeliis Stalingradi et pugna Kurschensi, maioribus victoriis militaribus, anno 1943 descivit. Exercitus Sovieticus ingentes impetus contra Germaniam faciebant, maxima historiae proelia terrestria. Immanis omnium maiorum urbium Germanarum, astariorum ferriviarum, plantarumque petrolei verberatio ordinata anno 1944 crevit, Luftwaffe (Vim Aeream Germanam) obturans. Germaniam anno 1945 Sovietici ex oriente et Foederati ex occidente pervagati sunt. Foederati victores denazificationem, rationem reipublicae gerendae, coeperunt, et ducatum Nazisticum per accusationes belli scelerum in Iudiciis Norimbergensibus iudicavit.
Nomina
[recensere | fontem recensere]Deutsches Reich
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Deutsches Reich ('Imperium Germanicum'")[9] fuit ritum Germaniae nomen a 1871 ad 1945, modis rerum publicarum inter se plene diversis. Status Imperii Germanici die 18 Ianuarii 1871 conditi usque ad res novas mensis Novembris anni 1918 erat foederatio ex monarchiis constitutionalibus et urbibus liberis constans. Imperium Germanicum temporis sequentis hodie Res Publica Vimariana vocari solet,[10] quae a 1919 ad diem 23 Martii 1933, qua Hitler summum imperium per "Ermächtigungsgesetz" obtinuit, in democratia repraesentativa consistebat. Cui, cum Hitler die 30 Ianuarii 1933 a praeside cancellarius imperii factus esset, dictatura nazistica („nationalsozialistischen Führerstaat“, civitas ducalis nazistica) successit,[11], quae simul cum secundo bello mundano in Europa, cum exercitus Germani se dederunt, die 8 Maii 1945 finem habuit.
Großdeutsches Reich
[recensere | fontem recensere]Nazistae territorium imperii gradatim amplificaverunt. Post Austriam 12/13 Martii 1938 imperio adiunctam ("Anschluss") Austria "Ostmark" (marchia orientalis) nominata est, ab anno 1942 Donau- und Alpenreichsgaue (pagi Danuvii Alpiumque). Regiones Germaniae et pristinae Austriae coniunctim a mense Martio 1938, quamvis non publice, Großdeutsches Reich ('Maius Imperium Germanicum') appellatae sunt. Hoc nomine Nazistae posuerunt omnes Germanos, ut iam 1848 disputatum est, in unam civitatem congregandos esse, illos etiam, qui tum adhuc extra Germaniae fines habitarent.[12] Itaque paulatim etiam aliae regiones postea occupatae imperio adiunctae sunt. Anno 1943 nomen publicum factum et ubique adhibitum est.
Altreich
[recensere | fontem recensere]Altreich (imperium antiquum) dictione Nazistica erat territorium Germanicum ante Austriam mense Martio 1938 coniunctam, una cum regione Saravica (Saargebiet) anno 1935 redintegrata, Sudetia autem, quae mense Octobri 1938 annexa est, et Urbs Libera Gedania anno 1939 expugnata exclusae erant. Imperium antiquum, quod dicitur, stricte a regionibus noviter adiunctis distinctum est, quarum leges ac modi administrandi differebant. Civitates victores bello confecto regionem Saravicam partem Germaniae esse probaverunt.
Alia nomina
[recensere | fontem recensere]Nomina populo gratissima in verba Germania Nazistica et Tertium Imperium fieri possunt. Nomen Tertium Imperium a Nazistae adsumptum est in mythistoria ab Arthuro Moeller van den Bruck anno 1923 edita,[13] quae Sacrum Romanum Imperium (962–1806) primum, et Imperium Germanicum (1871–1918) alterum enumeravit. Simili modo verbum "Imperium millenarium" adhibitum est significans finem culmenque historiae esse. Nazistiae Rempublicam Vimarianam (1918–1933) praeteriverunt, quam ut errorem historicum vituperaverunt, eam systema Nazisticum fastidiose appellantes.[14] Germani hodie illud tempus historiographice Zeit des Nationalsozialismus vel verbis contractis NS-Zeit ('tempus Socialismi Nationalis') dicunt.
Historia
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Scaena
[recensere | fontem recensere]Motus Nazisticus inter iratos veteranos iuvenes decennio 193 ineunte ortus est; qui Foedus Versaliis sancitum (1919) (1919), Rempublicam Vimarianam, et ad summam democratiam repudiabant. Refectionem generis Aryani poscebant, Iudaeosque reprehendebant in eo quod difficultates Germaniae efficiebant. Propaganda Nazistica legendum proditionis efficienter adhibebat ad explanandam cladem militarem anni 1918, quod Iudaei, communistae, aliique eversionis cupidi in culpa Berolini essent. Motus Nazisticus fuit parvus usque ad initium Magnae Depressionis anno 1929. Dissensio insequens animum contra modernitatem et liberalismum Reipublicae Vimarianae amplificavit (Goldhagen 1996:87). Eodem tempore, Factio communistica Germanica, a Moscua temperata, corroborabatur dum medium exprimebatur.? Multi Germani statuerunt Factionem Nazisticam ordinem redintegrare, inquietem civilem sedare, et gloriam Germaniae inter civitates reficere posse (Goldhagen 1996:87).
Nazistae offerebantur fortem administrationem autocraticam, pacem civicam, proposita oeconomica radicalia (inter quae plenam laboris occasionem), plus spatii vivendi (Lebensraum) pro populis Germanicis, creationem communitatis civilis in genere conditam, et purgationem phyleticam per Iudaeos fortiter suppressos (Goldhagen 1996:202–203). Pollicebantur praeterea renovationem civitatis et culturae in motu Völkisch conditam, traditionalismum, civitatem iterum armatam, compensationes repudiatas, reclamationem terrarum ob Foedus Versaliense amissarum. Comitiis foederalibus 1932 confectis, Nazistae erant maxima factio in Dieta Imperii (Reichstag), 230 legatos habentes (Kolb 2005:224–225).
"Comprehensio potestatis"
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Die 30 Ianuarii 1933, Praeses Hindenburg, a Francisco de Papen suasus, Hitlerum Cancellarium Germaniae creavit. Hic eventus a nazistis Machtergreifung ("comprehensio potestatis") appellatus est. Mensibus sequentibus NSDAP "adaequatione" (Gleichschaltung), quae a Nazistis vocabatur, omnis hominum vita sub factionis custodia posita est. Omnibus organizationibus, inter quas etiam gregibus rusticis, voluntariis, athleticis, sectatores Nazistarum praepositi sunt. A mense Iulio 1933 solus exercitus et ecclesiae a custodia factionis exemptae erant (Evans 2005:14).
Nocte diei 27 Februarii 1933 aedificium Dieta Imperii accensa est; Marinus van der Lubbe, communista Batavus, reus incendii factus est. Cum Hitler incendium initium seditionis communisticae esse asseveravisset, quattuor milia communistarum ubique Germaniae a SA comprehensi et in carcerem missi sunt. Cito variae leges factae sunt, quibus Hitlero summum imperium datum est ("Ermächtigungsgesetz") nec non facultas leges sine assensu praesidis et etiam contra constitutionem statuere. Legati dissentientes suffragio prohibiti, mox ceterae factiones praeter NSDAP abolitae sunt (Evans 2003 and Shirer)
Signis Rei publicae Vimariae oppressis pristinum imperii vexillum trium colorum, nigri candidi rubri, ut unum e duobus vexillis restitutum est.[15] Alterum crucem gammatam demonstravit; quod ab anno 1935 solum vexillum publicum praescriptum est. "Horst-Wessel-Lied" ("Carmen Horst Wessel"), hymnus factionis Nazisticae, alter hymnus publicus factus est (Cuomo 1995: 231).
Nexus interni
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Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑
Fons nominis Latini desideratur (addito fonte, hanc formulam remove)
- ↑ Neil J. Kressel, Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide and Terror (Basic Books, 2002), 121.
- ↑ Anthony McElligott, Tim Kirk, et Ian Kershaw, Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw (Manchester University Press, 2003), 6.
- ↑ Robert O. Paxton et Julie Hessler, Europe in the Twentieth Century (Cengage, 2011), 286.
- ↑ Guntram H. Herb, Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview (ABC-CLIO, 2008), 454.
- ↑ Stephen J. Lee, Weimar and Nazi Germany (Heinemann, 1996), 56.
- ↑ Peter Watson, Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century (Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins, 2002), 328.
- ↑ Richard Holmes, World War II: The Definitive Visual History (Penguin, 2009), 42.
- ↑ Nomen Deutsches Reich usitate in Anglicum convertitur German Empire et German Reich. Paul D. van Wie, Image, History and Politics: The Coinage of Modern Europe (Lanham Terrae Mariae: University Press of America, 1999, ISBN 9780761812210), 37.
- ↑ Nomen Deutsches Reich tamen per tempus Vimarianum perseveravit. Reich aliquando in Anglicum Realm convertitur. Vide Harper's Magazine, 63:593.
- ↑ Michael Kotulla: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934), Springer, Berolini 2008, § 35
- ↑ Klaus Hildebrand: Das vergangene Reich: Deutsche Außenpolitik von Bismarck bis Hitler 1871–1945. Oldenbourg, Monaci 2008, ISBN 3-486-58605-X, p. 704 ss. - Robert Bohn: Die deutsche Herrschaft in den „germanischen“ Ländern 1940–1945, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgardiae 1997, ISBN 3-515-07099-0, p. 7.
- ↑ Stan Lauryssens, The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck (Npi Media Ltd., 1999), ISBN 9780750918664.
- ↑ Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (Novi Eboraci: Penguin, 2005), 6–7.
- ↑ Hoc vexillo prius per constitutionem Vimarianam solis navibus mercatoriis utendum erat: "[...] Die Handelsflagge ist schwarz-weiß-rot mit den Reichsfarben in der oberen inneren Ecke." (Const. Vim. art. 3.)
Bibliographia
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- Beevor, Antony. 2002. Berlin: The Downfall 1945. Londinii: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 9780670030415.
- Beevor, Antony. 2003. Berlin: The Downfall 1945. Novi Eboraci: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 9780142002803.
- DeLong, J. Bradford. 1997. Nazis and Soviets. The Economic History of the Twentieth Century, 15. Berkeleiae: University of California at Berkeley.
- Evans, Richard J. 2005. The Third Reich in Power. Novi Eboraci" Penguin. ISBN 9780143037903.
- Goldhagen, Daniel. 1996. Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. Novi Eboraci: Knopf. ISBN 9780679446958.
- Grunberger, Richard. 1971. The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945. Novi Eboraci: Holt Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030764356.
- Kershaw, Ian. 2000. The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation. Ed. 4a. Londinii: Arnold. ISBN 9780340760284.
- Kershaw, Ian. 2008. Hitler: A Biography. Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393067576.
- Kitchen, Martin. 2006. A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000. Malden, Massachusettae:Blackwell. ISBN 9781405100403.
- Kolb, Eberhard. 1984, 2005. The Weimar Republic. Londinii, Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 9780415344418.
- Nicholas, Lynn H. 2006. Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web. Novi Eboraci: Vintage, ISBN 9780679776635.
- Overy, Richard. 1995. Why The Allies Won. Novi Eboraci: Norton. ISBN 9780393039252.
- Pine, Lisa. 2010, 2011. Education in Nazi Germany. Oxfoniae, Novi Eboraci: Berg. ISBN 9781845202651.
- Rupp, Leila J. 1978. Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691046495. OCLC 3379930.
- Shirer, William L. 1960. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671624200.
- Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 2006. Statistisches Bundesamt.
Bibliographia addita
[recensere | fontem recensere]Opera generalia et opera referentiae
- Bracher, Karl Dietrich. 1970. The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism. Novi Eboraci: Praeger.
- Burleigh, Michael. 2002. The Third Reich: A New History. ISBN 080909326X.
- Evans, Richard J. 2005. The Coming of the Third Reich. ISBN 0141009756.
- Evans, Richard J. 2005. The Third Reich in Power. ISBN 1594200742.
- Evans, Richard J. 2009. The Third Reich at war 1939–1945.
- Leitz, Christian, ed. 1999. The Third Reich: The Essential Readings. Oconiae: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0631207007.
- Mommsen, Hans. 2001. The Third Reich between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History, 1918–1945. Editio interretialis.
- Overy, Richard. 2004. The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia.
- Roderick, Stacke. 1999. Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies.
- Scheck, Raffael. 2008. Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945. Editio interretialis.
- Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. ISBN 0671728687.
- Zentner, Christian, et Friedemann Bedürftig, eds. 1991. The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. 2 voll. Macmillan.
Oeconomica
- Overy, R. J. 1996. The Nazi Economic Recovery 1932–1938.
- Sohn-Rethel, Alfred. 1978. Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism. Londinii: CSE Books. ISBN 0906336007.
- Tooze, Adam. 2006. The Wages of Destruction: The Making and the Breaking of the Nazi Economy. Novi Eboraci: Viking. ISBN 9780670038268.
- Turner, Henry Ashby. 1985. German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195034929.
Hitler
- Bullock, Alan. 1962. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. Editio interretialis.
- Geary, Dick. 2000. Hitler and Nazism.
- Kershaw, Ian. 1987. The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich.
- Kershaw, Ian. 1999. Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris. Vol. 1.
- Kershaw, Ian. 2000. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. Vol 2.
- Nicholls, David. 2000. Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO.
Holocaustum, ideologia, rassismus
- Bock, Gisela. 1984. Racism and Sexism in Nazi Germany: Motherhood, Compulsory Sterilization, and the State. In When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany, ed. Renate Bridenthal, Atina Grossmann, et Marion Kaplan. Novi Eboraci: Monthly Review Press.
- Friedlander, Saul. 1998. Nazi Germany and the Jews: Volume 1: The Years of Persecution 1933–1939.
- Friedlander, Saul. 2007. The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945.
- Gilbert, Martin. 2002. The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust.
- Höhne, Heinz. 1971. The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS. Conversus a Richard Barry. Londinii: Penguin Books.
- Koonz, Claudia. 2003. The Nazi Conscience. Cantabrigiae Massaachusettae: Harvard University Press.
- Niewyk, Donald, et Francis Nicosia. 2000. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Editio interretialis.
- Peukert, Detlev. 1987. Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life. Londinii: Batsford. ISBN 071345217X.
- Ruhs, Florian. 2011. Foreign Workers in the Second World War: The Ordeal of Slovenians in Germany. Aventinus Nova 32.
Ductus
- Broszat, Martin. 1981. The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich. Conversus a John W. Hiden. Londinii: Longman. ISBN 0582492009.
- Knopp, Guido. 2005. Hitler's Henchmen. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0750937815.
- McDonough, Frank. 2003. Hitler and the Rise of The Nazi Party. Pearson Longman.
- Read, Anthony. 2003. The Devils Disciples: The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0393048004.
- Smelser, Ronald, et Rainer Zitelmann.1993. The Nazi Elite. New York University Press. ISBN 0814779506.
Locii et regiones
- Allen, William Sheridan. 1984. The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1922–1945. Novi Eboraci: F. Watts. ISBN 0531099350.
- Garson, Paul. 2008. Album of the Damned: Snapshots from the Third Reich. Sicagi: Academy Publishers. ISBN 978-0897335768.
Consilia militaria et extera
- Hillgruber, Andreas. 1981. Germany and the two World Wars. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674353218.
- Irving, David. Hitler's War. Londinii: Focal Point Publications. ISBN 1872197108.
- Rich, Norman. 1972. Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. Vol. 1.
- Rich, Norman. 1974. Hitler's War Aims: The Establishment of the New Order.
- Wheeler-Bennett, John. 1953, 1964, 2005. The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403918120.
Homines resistentes
- Hamerow, Theodore S. 1997. On the Road to the Wolf's Lair: German Resistance to Hitler.
- Heller, R. P. 1994. The Flame of Freedom: The German Struggle against Hitler. Editio interretialis.
- Moorhouse, Roger. 2006. Killing Hitler. Londinii: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0224071211.
- Thomsett, Michael C. 2007. The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945. Ed. 2a.
Societas et cultura
- Cosner, Shaaron, et Victoria Victoria. 1998. Women under the Third Reich: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood.
- Grunberger, Richard. 1974. A Social History of the Third Reich. ISBN 0140136754.
- Koonz, Claudia. 1987. Mothers In The Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312549334.
- Michaud, Eric. 2004. The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany. Liber a Janet Lloyd conversus. Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804743274.
- Rempel, Gerhard. 1989. Hitler's Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS. Editio interretialis.
- Schoenbaum, David. 1966. Hitler’s Social Revolution; Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939. Garden City, Novi Eboraci: Doubleday.
- Stibbe, Matthew. 2003. Women in the Third Reich. Londinii: Arnold. ISBN 0340761059.
Bibliographia Theodisca
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Götz Aly: Hitlers Volksstaat. Raub, Rassenkrieg und nationaler Sozialismus. 5a. editio, S. Fischer, Francofurti ad Moenum 2005, ISBN 3-10-000420-5.
- Matthias Blazek: Unter dem Hakenkreuz: Die deutschen Feuerwehren 1933–1945, ibidem, Stuttgardiae 2009, ISBN 978-3-89821-997-6.
- Martin Broszat: Der Staat Hitlers. Grundlegung und Entwicklung seiner inneren Verfassung. dtv, Reihe Weltgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts (1969), 12a. editio, Monaci 1989, ISBN 3-423-04009-2; Marix, Aquis Mattiacis 2007, ISBN 978-3-86539-113-1.
- Norbert Frei: Der Führerstaat. Nationalsozialistische Herrschaft 1933 bis 1945, 6a. editio amplificata, dtv, Monaci 2001, ISBN 3-423-30785-4.
- Klaus Hildebrand: Das Dritte Reich. 6a. editio, Oldenbourg, Monaci 2003, ISBN 3-486-49096-6.
- Richard J. Evans: Das Dritte Reich – Aufstieg (Vol. 1 Historiae Imperii Tertii), Monaci 2004, ISBN 3-421-05652-8; volumina sequentia: Vol. 2 – Diktatur. 2007, ISBN 978-3-421-05653-5; Vol. 3 – Krieg. 2009, ISBN 978-3-421-05800-3.
- Ian Kershaw: Hitlers Macht. Das Profil der NS-Herrschaft. dtv, Monaci 1992, ISBN 3-423-04582-5.
- Ian Kershaw: Der NS-Staat – Geschichtsinterpretationen und Kontroversen im Überblick. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-499-60796-4.
- Ursula Wolf: Litteris Et Patriae: Das Janusgesicht der Historie, Steiner, Stuttgardiae 1996, ISBN 3-515-06875-9, ISBN 978-3-515-06875-8 (Google Books).
- Michael H. Kater: Das „Ahnenerbe“ der SS 1935–1945: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches, Oldenbourg, Monaci 2006, ISBN 3-486-57950-9, ISBN 978-3-486-57950-5 (Google Books).
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]![]() |
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Germaniam Nazisticam spectant. |
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Situs geographici et historici: Locus: 52°30′40″N 13°22′47″E |
- Lebendiges Museum Interretiale, www.dhm.de
- Tertium Imperium, www.axishitory.com
- Tertium Imperium in Ruinis (photogrammata), www.thirdreichruins.com