Thanks to the intensive development of textronics, textronic applications are already visible in ... more Thanks to the intensive development of textronics, textronic applications are already visible in many areas of everyday life. Many researchers around the world have focused on the invention of textronic systems to increase security, create technological innovations and make everyday life easier and more interesting. Due to the wide use of chemical textile sensors, this review article lists scientific publications covering all types of wearable chemical sensors along with their latest developments. The latest developments from the last few years in moisture, pH, sweat and biomolecules sensors are described. In this review, greatest emphasis and detail was placed on textile gas sensors and their production methods. The use of, among others, graphene and zinc oxide grown on cotton fabric, colorimetric textiles based on halochromic dye, electronic graphene fabric based on lotus fibers and graphene oxide and zinc oxide nanorods were considered. Finally, this article summarizes our curren...
The article presents research on ergonomics, biophysical comfort and safety of protective clothin... more The article presents research on ergonomics, biophysical comfort and safety of protective clothing. The resistance of the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of five fabrics (CBXS400, GG200T, Twaron CT736, Dyneema HB26 and T1790C), differing in geometry and raw material composition used in space suits, to dangerous ionizing radiation (β and γ) occurring in space was tested. For both types of radiation, four identical one-time doses in the range of 25–100 kGy were used. The effect of the applied absorbed doses of β and γ radiation on the parameters of textiles influencing ergonomics and safety of the cosmonaut’s work was verified by structural tests (micro-computed tomography and optical microcopy), thermal resistance tests (sweating guarded-hotplate) and strength tests (tensile testing machine). Experimental studies of thermal properties are supplemented with heat transport simulations using the finite volume method performed with 3D models of real textiles. The greatest r...
This article presents research on ergonomics and physiological comfort of protective clothing. Bi... more This article presents research on ergonomics and physiological comfort of protective clothing. Biophysical properties of selected three-layer textile assemblies that differ in geometry and raw material composition for the production of types of mummy sleeping bags for premature babies were investigated. The tests included measurements of air permeability, thermal resistance and water vapor resistance (both by means of human skin model), thermal insulation, and water vapor resistance (both using newborn manikin). Experimental research was supplemented by modeling the thermal insulation of the assemblies by designing their 3D models using selected CAD software and applying the finite volume method. The obtained results allowed the evaluation of the influence of different geometry and the raw material composition of the proposed assemblies on the performance parameters of protective clothing.
Preterm infants, due to immature and dysfunctional skin, have increased water loss through the sk... more Preterm infants, due to immature and dysfunctional skin, have increased water loss through the skin and consequently a decreased body temperature. In order to develop protective garments for preterm infants, it is important to select materials that will protect the child against water and heat loss. The authors are currently involved in the development of protective garments for premature babies, which are similar to baby clothes and contain a membrane that is partially permeable for vapor in combination with textile materials. This article presents the study of materials intended for the production of protective garments for pre-term infants. Samples of materials were investigated to determine biophysical comfort (tests of heat resistance, vapor resistance according to PN-EN ISO 11092:2014-11 and air permeability according to PN-EN ISO 9237) and porosity, surface mass in accordance with PN-EN 12127, and thickness in accordance with PN-EN ISO 5084. In order to determine the porosity...
W pracy skoncentrowano się na opracowaniu materiałów drukarskich w postaci wodnych dyspersji nano... more W pracy skoncentrowano się na opracowaniu materiałów drukarskich w postaci wodnych dyspersji nanocząstek, nadających tekstyliom właściwości wielofunkcjonalne- bakteriostatyczne, antystatyczne i sensoryczne. Podjęto próbę opracowania procedur wytworzenia nanomateriałów o wzmiankowanych właściwościach w postaci dyspersji wodnych, przydatnych do aplikacji w druku cyfrowym i filmowym. Analizując, na podstawie doniesień literaturowych, możliwości wielofunkcyjnej aktywności nanomateriałów, w pracy uwagę skoncentrowano na dyspersjach wodnych: polipirolu, kompleksu polipirolu i dibutyrylochityny oraz na dyspersji wodnej nanorurek węglowych. W celu weryfikacji przydatności, w zastosowanych technikach druku, otrzymane dyspersje wodne charakteryzowano pod kątem właściwości istotnych dla uzyskania dobrych efektów jakościowych wydruków, takich jak: wielkość zdyspergowanych cząstek, lepkość kompozycji aplikowanych na podłoże tekstylne, zwilżalność podłoża tekstylnego, zawartość substancji czynnej...
The thermal properties of clothing products are influenced by external environmental parameters, ... more The thermal properties of clothing products are influenced by external environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, air flow and parameters related to the user’s body, which mainly include temperature and humidity. Depending on the type of raw material, its thickness and the material manufacturing technique, clothing products are characterised by certain insulating properties to protect the human body from external factors. A multilayer system made of different material groups can change the thermal insulating capacity significantly, which cannot be determined by the testing of individual layers used in the production. In order to determine the influence of weather conditions on thermal insulation and air permeability, tests were carried out for two types of sleeping bags (summer and autumn) produced by the same manufacturer, differing in insulation thickness. Simulations were carried out using SolidWorks and verified using a Newton thermal mannequin. During tests, both ...
W pracy skoncentrowano się na opracowaniu materiałów drukarskich w postaci wodnych dyspersji nano... more W pracy skoncentrowano się na opracowaniu materiałów drukarskich w postaci wodnych dyspersji nanocząstek, nadających tekstyliom właściwości wielofunkcjonalne- bakteriostatyczne, antystatyczne i sensoryczne. Podjęto próbę opracowania procedur wytworzenia nanomateriałów o wzmiankowanych właściwościach w postaci dyspersji wodnych, przydatnych do aplikacji w druku cyfrowym i filmowym. Analizując, na podstawie doniesień literaturowych, możliwości wielofunkcyjnej aktywności nanomateriałów, w pracy uwagę skoncentrowano na dyspersjach wodnych: polipirolu, kompleksu polipirolu i dibutyrylochityny oraz na dyspersji wodnej nanorurek węglowych. W celu weryfikacji przydatności, w zastosowanych technikach druku, otrzymane dyspersje wodne charakteryzowano pod kątem właściwości istotnych dla uzyskania dobrych efektów jakościowych wydruków, takich jak: wielkość zdyspergowanych cząstek, lepkość kompozycji aplikowanych na podłoże tekstylne, zwilżalność podłoża tekstylnego, zawartość substancji czynnej...
Premature birth is considered to be a substantial problem in perinatal medicine, which in the vas... more Premature birth is considered to be a substantial problem in perinatal medicine, which in the vast majority of cases (>60%), concerns African and South Asian countries. Nevertheless, prematurity is a global problem and is faced by both less-developed (where 12% of babies are prematurely born) and well-developed countries (with 9% prematurity rate) [1, 2]. The percentage of children born prematurely, i.e., before the 37th week of pregnancy, was 8.7% in Europe, while, in Poland, it was 7.34% [3]. Care of prematurely born babies is a huge challenge for parents and medical staff in the neonatal intensive care unit. Preterm infants, because of their low weight and gestational age, are prone to health problems and even death. For this reason, continuous monitoring of health parameters plays an important role. It is achieved by the use of various sensors that are inserted in infants’ garments. Sensor systems monitor an infant’s health condition, and then the data are transmitted to doct...
Politechnika Łodzka. Wydzial Technologii Materialowych i Wzornictwa Tekstyliow. Katedra Materialo... more Politechnika Łodzka. Wydzial Technologii Materialowych i Wzornictwa Tekstyliow. Katedra Materialoznawstwa, Towaroznawstwa i Metrologii Wlokienniczej.
This article describes the development of transcutaneous nerve stimulating electrodes (TENS) by m... more This article describes the development of transcutaneous nerve stimulating electrodes (TENS) by means of electrically conductive ink and conductive yarn. The scope of work covered a selection of three types of knitwear with a similar surface weight with different raw material composition. Stimulating electrodes were made by means of film printing and machine embroidery. The electrodes were verified after friction tests, washing, and mechanical deformation. Each process was followed by a check of the resistive properties and assessment of the sensations in order to evaluate their performance. Tests of the surface resistance of research materials confirmed the possibility of preparing textile electrodes for electrostimulation with the use of the film-printing technique and machine embroidery. Resistance of the electrodes made on all types of substrates ranged from approximately 1.00 × 10−2 Ω to around 2.00 × 102 Ω, while the electrodes are commercially available at the level of approx...
This article focuses on a preliminary investigation into the preparation of knitted fabrics from ... more This article focuses on a preliminary investigation into the preparation of knitted fabrics from a 300-filament chitosan yarn containing nanoparticles of silver, platinum, copper and gold. The chitosan yarn was assessed with respect to its suitability for the preparation of knitted fabrics on a numerically controlled flat bed knitting machine. Estimated were mechanical and sorption properties, apparent density, thickness and air permeability of knitted fabrics made up of chitosan yarn functionalised by nanoparticles.
Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technolog... more Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łodź, Poland E-mail: ewa.skrzetuska@p.lodz.pl Abstract In this study the authors proposed the introduction of chemical sensors directly on textile surfaces in the form of conductive transmission parts using the screen-printing technique. A liquid vapour-sensitive, printing surface made with the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was also evaluated. Carbon nanotubes show effective chemo-sensory properties because the chemical agent leads to changes in electrical conductivity. The research concerned the assessment of sensor efficiency for chemical incentives in the form of selected fluids and their vapours. The best sensory properties were observed for polar vapour at a level of relative resistance over 40%. In the case of vapours of non-polar fluids the sensory reaction of the printed fabrics is much weaker – at a level of relative resistance of about 25%....
The aim of this idea is to show an early stage draft for measuring the electrical resistance in a... more The aim of this idea is to show an early stage draft for measuring the electrical resistance in a designed/elaborated textile printed sensor with a mobile Arduino microcontroller. The textile sensor was developed by the screen printing technique based on a water dispersion of carbon nanotubes printing composition. By stretching and squeezing the T-shirt during breathing, we change the electrical resistances of the printed sensor. The measured resistance corresponds to the number of breaths of a person wearing it. The microcontroller can calculate the number of breaths as a number of electrical resistance peaks which can lead to monitoring human live parameters.
Thanks to the intensive development of textronics, textronic applications are already visible in ... more Thanks to the intensive development of textronics, textronic applications are already visible in many areas of everyday life. Many researchers around the world have focused on the invention of textronic systems to increase security, create technological innovations and make everyday life easier and more interesting. Due to the wide use of chemical textile sensors, this review article lists scientific publications covering all types of wearable chemical sensors along with their latest developments. The latest developments from the last few years in moisture, pH, sweat and biomolecules sensors are described. In this review, greatest emphasis and detail was placed on textile gas sensors and their production methods. The use of, among others, graphene and zinc oxide grown on cotton fabric, colorimetric textiles based on halochromic dye, electronic graphene fabric based on lotus fibers and graphene oxide and zinc oxide nanorods were considered. Finally, this article summarizes our curren...
The article presents research on ergonomics, biophysical comfort and safety of protective clothin... more The article presents research on ergonomics, biophysical comfort and safety of protective clothing. The resistance of the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of five fabrics (CBXS400, GG200T, Twaron CT736, Dyneema HB26 and T1790C), differing in geometry and raw material composition used in space suits, to dangerous ionizing radiation (β and γ) occurring in space was tested. For both types of radiation, four identical one-time doses in the range of 25–100 kGy were used. The effect of the applied absorbed doses of β and γ radiation on the parameters of textiles influencing ergonomics and safety of the cosmonaut’s work was verified by structural tests (micro-computed tomography and optical microcopy), thermal resistance tests (sweating guarded-hotplate) and strength tests (tensile testing machine). Experimental studies of thermal properties are supplemented with heat transport simulations using the finite volume method performed with 3D models of real textiles. The greatest r...
This article presents research on ergonomics and physiological comfort of protective clothing. Bi... more This article presents research on ergonomics and physiological comfort of protective clothing. Biophysical properties of selected three-layer textile assemblies that differ in geometry and raw material composition for the production of types of mummy sleeping bags for premature babies were investigated. The tests included measurements of air permeability, thermal resistance and water vapor resistance (both by means of human skin model), thermal insulation, and water vapor resistance (both using newborn manikin). Experimental research was supplemented by modeling the thermal insulation of the assemblies by designing their 3D models using selected CAD software and applying the finite volume method. The obtained results allowed the evaluation of the influence of different geometry and the raw material composition of the proposed assemblies on the performance parameters of protective clothing.
Preterm infants, due to immature and dysfunctional skin, have increased water loss through the sk... more Preterm infants, due to immature and dysfunctional skin, have increased water loss through the skin and consequently a decreased body temperature. In order to develop protective garments for preterm infants, it is important to select materials that will protect the child against water and heat loss. The authors are currently involved in the development of protective garments for premature babies, which are similar to baby clothes and contain a membrane that is partially permeable for vapor in combination with textile materials. This article presents the study of materials intended for the production of protective garments for pre-term infants. Samples of materials were investigated to determine biophysical comfort (tests of heat resistance, vapor resistance according to PN-EN ISO 11092:2014-11 and air permeability according to PN-EN ISO 9237) and porosity, surface mass in accordance with PN-EN 12127, and thickness in accordance with PN-EN ISO 5084. In order to determine the porosity...
W pracy skoncentrowano się na opracowaniu materiałów drukarskich w postaci wodnych dyspersji nano... more W pracy skoncentrowano się na opracowaniu materiałów drukarskich w postaci wodnych dyspersji nanocząstek, nadających tekstyliom właściwości wielofunkcjonalne- bakteriostatyczne, antystatyczne i sensoryczne. Podjęto próbę opracowania procedur wytworzenia nanomateriałów o wzmiankowanych właściwościach w postaci dyspersji wodnych, przydatnych do aplikacji w druku cyfrowym i filmowym. Analizując, na podstawie doniesień literaturowych, możliwości wielofunkcyjnej aktywności nanomateriałów, w pracy uwagę skoncentrowano na dyspersjach wodnych: polipirolu, kompleksu polipirolu i dibutyrylochityny oraz na dyspersji wodnej nanorurek węglowych. W celu weryfikacji przydatności, w zastosowanych technikach druku, otrzymane dyspersje wodne charakteryzowano pod kątem właściwości istotnych dla uzyskania dobrych efektów jakościowych wydruków, takich jak: wielkość zdyspergowanych cząstek, lepkość kompozycji aplikowanych na podłoże tekstylne, zwilżalność podłoża tekstylnego, zawartość substancji czynnej...
The thermal properties of clothing products are influenced by external environmental parameters, ... more The thermal properties of clothing products are influenced by external environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, air flow and parameters related to the user’s body, which mainly include temperature and humidity. Depending on the type of raw material, its thickness and the material manufacturing technique, clothing products are characterised by certain insulating properties to protect the human body from external factors. A multilayer system made of different material groups can change the thermal insulating capacity significantly, which cannot be determined by the testing of individual layers used in the production. In order to determine the influence of weather conditions on thermal insulation and air permeability, tests were carried out for two types of sleeping bags (summer and autumn) produced by the same manufacturer, differing in insulation thickness. Simulations were carried out using SolidWorks and verified using a Newton thermal mannequin. During tests, both ...
W pracy skoncentrowano się na opracowaniu materiałów drukarskich w postaci wodnych dyspersji nano... more W pracy skoncentrowano się na opracowaniu materiałów drukarskich w postaci wodnych dyspersji nanocząstek, nadających tekstyliom właściwości wielofunkcjonalne- bakteriostatyczne, antystatyczne i sensoryczne. Podjęto próbę opracowania procedur wytworzenia nanomateriałów o wzmiankowanych właściwościach w postaci dyspersji wodnych, przydatnych do aplikacji w druku cyfrowym i filmowym. Analizując, na podstawie doniesień literaturowych, możliwości wielofunkcyjnej aktywności nanomateriałów, w pracy uwagę skoncentrowano na dyspersjach wodnych: polipirolu, kompleksu polipirolu i dibutyrylochityny oraz na dyspersji wodnej nanorurek węglowych. W celu weryfikacji przydatności, w zastosowanych technikach druku, otrzymane dyspersje wodne charakteryzowano pod kątem właściwości istotnych dla uzyskania dobrych efektów jakościowych wydruków, takich jak: wielkość zdyspergowanych cząstek, lepkość kompozycji aplikowanych na podłoże tekstylne, zwilżalność podłoża tekstylnego, zawartość substancji czynnej...
Premature birth is considered to be a substantial problem in perinatal medicine, which in the vas... more Premature birth is considered to be a substantial problem in perinatal medicine, which in the vast majority of cases (>60%), concerns African and South Asian countries. Nevertheless, prematurity is a global problem and is faced by both less-developed (where 12% of babies are prematurely born) and well-developed countries (with 9% prematurity rate) [1, 2]. The percentage of children born prematurely, i.e., before the 37th week of pregnancy, was 8.7% in Europe, while, in Poland, it was 7.34% [3]. Care of prematurely born babies is a huge challenge for parents and medical staff in the neonatal intensive care unit. Preterm infants, because of their low weight and gestational age, are prone to health problems and even death. For this reason, continuous monitoring of health parameters plays an important role. It is achieved by the use of various sensors that are inserted in infants’ garments. Sensor systems monitor an infant’s health condition, and then the data are transmitted to doct...
Politechnika Łodzka. Wydzial Technologii Materialowych i Wzornictwa Tekstyliow. Katedra Materialo... more Politechnika Łodzka. Wydzial Technologii Materialowych i Wzornictwa Tekstyliow. Katedra Materialoznawstwa, Towaroznawstwa i Metrologii Wlokienniczej.
This article describes the development of transcutaneous nerve stimulating electrodes (TENS) by m... more This article describes the development of transcutaneous nerve stimulating electrodes (TENS) by means of electrically conductive ink and conductive yarn. The scope of work covered a selection of three types of knitwear with a similar surface weight with different raw material composition. Stimulating electrodes were made by means of film printing and machine embroidery. The electrodes were verified after friction tests, washing, and mechanical deformation. Each process was followed by a check of the resistive properties and assessment of the sensations in order to evaluate their performance. Tests of the surface resistance of research materials confirmed the possibility of preparing textile electrodes for electrostimulation with the use of the film-printing technique and machine embroidery. Resistance of the electrodes made on all types of substrates ranged from approximately 1.00 × 10−2 Ω to around 2.00 × 102 Ω, while the electrodes are commercially available at the level of approx...
This article focuses on a preliminary investigation into the preparation of knitted fabrics from ... more This article focuses on a preliminary investigation into the preparation of knitted fabrics from a 300-filament chitosan yarn containing nanoparticles of silver, platinum, copper and gold. The chitosan yarn was assessed with respect to its suitability for the preparation of knitted fabrics on a numerically controlled flat bed knitting machine. Estimated were mechanical and sorption properties, apparent density, thickness and air permeability of knitted fabrics made up of chitosan yarn functionalised by nanoparticles.
Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technolog... more Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łodź, Poland E-mail: ewa.skrzetuska@p.lodz.pl Abstract In this study the authors proposed the introduction of chemical sensors directly on textile surfaces in the form of conductive transmission parts using the screen-printing technique. A liquid vapour-sensitive, printing surface made with the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was also evaluated. Carbon nanotubes show effective chemo-sensory properties because the chemical agent leads to changes in electrical conductivity. The research concerned the assessment of sensor efficiency for chemical incentives in the form of selected fluids and their vapours. The best sensory properties were observed for polar vapour at a level of relative resistance over 40%. In the case of vapours of non-polar fluids the sensory reaction of the printed fabrics is much weaker – at a level of relative resistance of about 25%....
The aim of this idea is to show an early stage draft for measuring the electrical resistance in a... more The aim of this idea is to show an early stage draft for measuring the electrical resistance in a designed/elaborated textile printed sensor with a mobile Arduino microcontroller. The textile sensor was developed by the screen printing technique based on a water dispersion of carbon nanotubes printing composition. By stretching and squeezing the T-shirt during breathing, we change the electrical resistances of the printed sensor. The measured resistance corresponds to the number of breaths of a person wearing it. The microcontroller can calculate the number of breaths as a number of electrical resistance peaks which can lead to monitoring human live parameters.
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