Abstract
Our perception of the world appears to be steady and focused, despite the fact that our eyes are constantly moving. In this chapter, we review studies on the neural mechanisms and visual phenomena that endow us with stable visual perception despite frequent eye movements and gaze shifts. We describe how sensitivity to stationary and moving stimuli is suppressed just before and during a saccadic eye movement, a phenomenon referred to as saccadic suppression. We also depict the neural correlates of saccadic suppression based on studies conducted in alert monkeys during single-unit recordings and in human subjects using functional MRI. In addition to saccadic suppression, the phenomena of saccadic suppression of displacement and saccadic mislocalization suggest that motion sensitivity and perceived location of objects are altered during eye movements. For example, target motion during saccades goes largely unnoticed. Clearly visible targets that are flashed during an eye movement are apparently displaced towards the location of the end point of the saccade. These findings suggest that visual perception is based on the spatio-temporal integration of information gathered during sequential fixation periods. To ensure stability of our percepts during eye movements, some form of compensation or remapping must take place to compensate for retinal displacements of stimuli in a viewed scene. We also examine the interactions that take place between motion perception and pursuit eye movement. Furthermore, we review findings from behavioral, psychophysical and imaging studies in human observers and single-unit recordings in non-human primates that are relevant to perceptual phenomena arising during saccadic and pursuit eye movements. These studies suggest that conscious vision results from the dynamic interplay between sensory and motor processes. Specifically, we propose that our perception of the visual world is built up over time during consecutive fixations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Gaze shifts arise from the combination of head and eye movements. In the laboratory the subject’s head is often rendered stationary by the use of a chin rest or bite bar. In the real world, saccades exceeding 20° are usually accompanied by a shift in head position in the direction of the eye movement.
- 2.
Michelson contrast is defined for periodic patterns as (Lmax − Lmin)/(Lmax + Lmin), where L corresponds to the luminance level at any given spatial location, Lmax corresponds to the highest level and Lmin to the lowest level. Michelson contrast varies between 0 and 1.
- 3.
The Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind (Stiles & Crawford, 1933) describes the directional selectivity of the light response of the photoreceptors. Light entering the eye at the rim of the pupil is less effective for vision than for light of the same intensity that enters the eye from the center of the pupil.
Bibliography
Albright, A. D., & Stoner, G. R. (1995). Visual motion perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 2433–2440.
Andersen, R. A., Snyder, L. H., Bradley, D. C., & Xing, J. (1997). Multimodal representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex and its use in planning movements. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 20(1), 303–330.
Andersen, R. A., Snyder, L. H., Batista, A. P., Buneo, C. A., & Cohen, Y. E. (1998). Posterior parietal areas specialized for eye movements (LIP) and reach (PRR) using a common coordinate frame. Novartis Foundation Symposium, 218, 109–122.
Awater, H., & Lappe, M. (2006). Mislocalization of perceived saccade target position induced by perisaccadic visual stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(1), 12–20.
Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417–423.
Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(10), 829–839.
Baumann, O., Frank, G., Rutschmann, R. M., & Greenlee, M. W. (2007). Cortical activation during sequences of memory-guided saccades: A functional MRI study. NeuroReport, 18(5), 451–455.
Bays, P. M., & Husain, M. (2008). Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision. Science, 321(5890), 851–854.
Bischof, N., & Kramer, E. (1968). Untersuchungen und Überlegungen zur Richtungswahrnehmung bei willkürlichen sakkadischen Augenbewegungen [Investigations and considerations of directional perception during voluntary saccadic eye movements]. Psychologische Forschung, 32(3), 185–218.
Blurton, S. P., Raabe, M., & Greenlee, M. W. (2011) Differential cortical activation during saccadic adaptation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 107, 1738–1747.
Bouma, H. (1970). Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition. Nature, 226, 177–178.
Brandt, T., Bartenstein, P., Janek, A., & Dieterich, M. (1998). Reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction. Visual motion stimulation deactivates the parieto-insular vestibular cortex. Brain, 121, 1749–1758.
Bremmer, F. (2011). Multisensory space: From eye-movements to self-motion. Journal of Physiology, 589(Pt 4), 815–823.
Bremmer, F., Duhamel, J. R., Ben Hamed, S., & Graf, W. (2002) Heading encoding in the macaque ventral intraparietal area (VIP). European Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 1554–1568.
Bremmer, F., Ilg, U. J., Thiele, A., Distler, C., & Hoffmann, K. P. (1997). Eye position effects in monkey cortex. I. Visual and pursuit-related activity in extrastriate areas MT and MST. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 944–961.
Bremmer, F., Kubischik, M., Hoffmann, K.-P., & Krekelberg, B. (2009). Neural dynamics of saccadic suppression. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(40), 12374–12383.
Bridgeman, B., Hendry, D., & Stark, L. (1975). Failure to detect displacement of the visual world during saccadic eye movements. Vision Research, 15(6), 719–722.
Bridgeman, B., Kirch, M., & Sperling, A. (1981). Segregation of cognitive and motor aspects of visual function using induced motion. Perception and Psychophysics, 29(4), 336–342.
Britten, K. H. (2008). Mechanisms of self-motion perception. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31, 389–410.
Britten, K. H., Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T., & Movshon, J. A. (1992). The analysis of visual motion: A comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance. Journal of Neuroscience, 12(12), 4745–4765.
Burr, D. C., Morrone, M. C., & Ross, J. (1994). Selective suppression of the magnocellular visual pathway during saccadic eye movements. Nature, 371, 511–513.
Burr, D. C. (2014). Motion perception: Human psychophysics. In: J. S. Werner & L. Chalupa (Eds.), The new visual neurosciences (pp. 763–776). Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
Campbell, F. W., & Robson, J. G. (1968). Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. The Journal of Physiology, 197(3), 551–566.
Campbell, F. W., & Maffei, L. (1981). The influence of spatial frequency and contrast on the perception of moving patterns. Vision Research, 21(5), 713–721.
Chung, S. T. L., Legge, G. E., & Tjan, B. S. (2002). Spatial-frequency characteristics of letter identification in central and peripheral vision. Vision Research, 42(18), 2137–2152.
Corbetta, M., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T. E., Snyder, A. Z., Ollinger, J. M., Drury, H. A., et al. (1998). A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements. Neuron, 21(4), 761–773.
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(3), 215–229.
Cornelissen, F. W., & Greenlee, M. W. (2000). Visual memory for random block patterns defined by luminance and color contrast. Vision Research, 40(3), 287–299.
Cowan, N. (2004). Working memory capacity. New York: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis.
Crespi, S., Biagi, L., D’avossa, G., Burr, D. C., Tosetti, M., & Morrone, M. C. (2011). Spatiotopic coding of BOLD signal in human visual cortex depends on spatial attention. PLoS ONE, 6(7), e21661.
Curcio, C. A., Sloan, K. R., Packer, O., Hendrickson, A. E., & Kalina, R. E. (1987). Distribution of cones in human and monkey retina: Individual variability and radial asymmetry. Science, 236, 579–582.
D’avossa, G., Tosetti, M., Crespi, S., Biagi, L., Burr, D. C., & Morrone, M. C. (2007). Spatiotopic selectivity of BOLD responses to visual motion in human area MT. Nature Neuroscience, 10(2), 249–255.
DeAngelis, G. C. & Angelaki, D. E. (2012). Visual-vestibular integration for self-motion perception. In M. M. Murray & M. T. Wallace (Eds.), The neural bases of multisensory processes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Desmurget, M., Pélisson, D., Urquizar, C., Prablanc, C., Alexander, G. E., & Grafton, S. T. (1998). Functional anatomy of saccadic adaptation in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 1(6), 524–528.
Deubel, H., & Schneider, W. X. (1996). Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vision Research, 36(12), 1827–1837.
Deubel, H., Schneider, W. X., & Bridgeman, B. (1996). Postsaccadic target blanking prevents saccadic suppression of image displacement. Vision Research, 36(7), 985–996.
Diamond, M. R., Ross, J., & Morrone, M. C. (2000). Extraretinal control of saccadic suppression. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(9), 3449–3455.
Ditchburn, R. W., & Ginsborg, B. L. (1952). Vision with a stabilized retinal image. Nature, 170, 36–37.
Dodge, R. (1900). Visual perception during eye movement. Psychological Review, 7, 454–465.
Dubner, R., & Zeki, S. M. (1971). Response properties and receptive fields of cells in an anatomically defined region of the superior temporal sulcus in the monkey. Brain Research, 35(2), 528–532.
Dukelow, S. P., DeSouza, J. F., Culham, J. C., van den Berg, A. V., Menon, R. S., & Vilis, T. (2001). Distinguishing subregions of the human MT+ complex using visual fields and pursuit eye movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, 86, 1991–2000.
Eickhoff, S. B., Weiss, P. H., Amunts, K., Fink, G. R., & Zilles, K. (2006). Identifying human parieto-insular vestibular cortex using fMRI and cytoarchitectonic mapping. Human Brain Mapping, 27(7), 611–621.
Fechner, G. T. (1889). Elemente der Psychophysik. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel Verlag.
Findlay, J. M., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2003). Active vision: The psychology of looking and seeing. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
Fischer, B. (1986). The role of attention in the preparation of visually guided eye movements in monkey and man. Psychological Research, 48(4), 251–257.
Fischer, B., & Boch, R. (1981). Enhanced activation of neurons in prelunate cortex before visually guided saccades of trained rhesus monkeys. Experimental Brain Research, 44(2), 129–137.
Fischer, B., Biscaldi, M., & Gezeck, S. (1997). On the development of voluntary and reflexive components in human saccade generation. Brain Research, 754, 285–297.
Frank, S. M., Baumann, O., Mattingley, J. B., & Greenlee, M. W. (2014). Vestibular and visual responses in human posterior insular cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 112(10), 2481–2491.
Gerardin, P., Miquée, A., Urquizar, C., & Pélisson, D. (2012). Functional activation of the cerebral cortex related to sensorimotor adaptation of reactive and voluntary saccades. NeuroImage, 61(4), 1100–1112.
Goldberg, M. E., & Bruce, C. J. (1985). Cerebral cortical activity associated with the orientation of visual attention in the rhesus monkey. Vision Research, 25(3), 471–481.
Goldberg, M. E., & Wurtz, R. H. (1972). Activity of superior colliculus in behaving monkey. II. Effect of attention on neuronal responses. Journal of Neurophysiology, 35(4), 560–574.
Greenlee, M. W., Schira, M. M., & Kimmig, H. (2002). Coherent motion pops out during smooth pursuit. NeuroReport, 13(10), 1313–1316.
Grefkes, C., & Fink, G. R. (2005). The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and monkeys. Journal of Anatomy, 207, 3–17.
Grill-Spector, K., Kushnir, T., Hendler, T., Edelman, S., Itzchak, Y., & Malach, R. (1998). A sequence of object processing stages revealed by fMRI in the human occipital lobe. Human Brain Mapping, 6, 316–328.
Guldin, W. O., & Grüsser, O. J. (1998). Is there a vestibular cortex? Trends in Neurosciences, 21(6), 254–259.
Guthrie, B. L., Porter, J. D., & Sparks, D. L. (1983). Corollary discharge provides accurate eye position. Science, 221, 1193–1195.
Haarmeier, T., Thier, P., Repnow, M., & Petersen, D. (1997). False perception of motion in a patient who cannot compensate for eye movements. Nature, 389, 849–852.
Hamker, F. H., Zirnsak, M., Ziesche, A., & Lappe, M. (2011). Computational models of spatial updating in peri-saccadic perception. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 366(1564), 554–571.
Harrison, S. A., & Tong, F. (2009). Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas. Nature, 458, 632–635.
Henderson, J. M. (1997). Transsaccadic memory and integration during real-world object perception. Psychological Science, 8, 51–55.
Helmholtz, H. (1867). Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik. Leipzig: Leopold Voss.
Hess, R. F., & Nordby, K. (1986). Spatial and temporal limits of vision in the achromat. The Journal of Physiology, 371, 365–385.
Hirsch, J., & Curcio, C. A. (1989). The spatial resolution capacity of human foveal retina. Vision Research, 29(9), 1095–1101.
Honda, H. (1989). Perceptual localization of visual stimuli flashed during saccades. Perception and Psychophysics, 45(2), 162–174.
Honda, H. (1991). The time courses of visual mislocalization and of extraretinal eye position signals at the time of vertical saccades. Vision Research, 31(11), 1915–1921.
Hopp, J. J., & Fuchs, A. F. (2004). The characteristics and neuronal substrate of saccadic eye movement plasticity. Progress in Neurobiology, 72(1), 27–53.
Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1962). Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. The Journal of Physiology, 160, 106–154.
Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1968). Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. The Journal of Physiology, 195(1), 215–243.
Huk, A. C., Dougherty, R. F., & Heeger, D. J. (2002). Retinotopy and functional subdivision of human areas MT and MST. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(16), 7195–7205.
Ilg, U. J., Schumann, S., & Thier, P. (2004). Posterior parietal cortex neurons encode target motion in world-centered coordinates. Neuron, 43, 145–151.
Irwin, D. E. (1991). Information integration across saccadic eye movements. Cognitive Psychology, 213, 420–456.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Holt: New York.
Kamitani, Y., & Tong, F. (2005). Decoding the visual and subjective contents of the human brain. Nature Neuroscience, 8(5), 679–685.
Khayat, P. S., Spekreijse, H., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2004). Visual information transfer across eye movements in the monkey. Vision Research, 44(25), 2901–2917.
Kimmig, H., Ohlendorf, S., Speck, O., Sprenger, A., Rutschmann, R. M., Haller, S., et al. (2008). fMRI evidence for sensorimotor transformations in human cortex during smooth pursuit eye movements. Neuropsychologia, 46, 2203–2213.
Kolev, O., Mergner, T., Kimmig, H., & Becker, W. (1996). Detection thresholds for object motion and self-motion during vestibular and visuo-oculomotor stimulation. Brain Research Bulletin, 40(5–6), 451–458.
Komatsu, H., & Wurtz, R. H. (1988a). Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. I. Localization and visual properties of neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 60(2), 580–603.
Komatsu, H., & Wurtz, R. H. (1988b). Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. III. Interaction with full-field visual stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 60(2), 621–644.
Kourtzi, Z., & Kanwisher, N. (2000). Cortical regions involved in perceiving object shape. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 3310–3318.
Kowler, E., Anderson, E., Dosher, B., & Blaser, E. (1995). The role of attention in the programming of saccades. Vision Research, 35(13), 1897–1916.
Li, W., & Matin, L. (1990). The influence of saccade length on the saccadic suppression of displacement detection. Perception and Psychophysics, 48, 453–458.
Lisberger, S. G., Morris, E. J., & Tychsen, L. (1987). Visual motion processing and sensory-motor integration for smooth pursuit eye movements. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 10, 97–129.
Lopez, C., & Blanke, O. (2011). The thalamocortical vestibular system in animals and humans. Brain Research Reviews, 67(1–2), 119–146.
Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390(6657), 279–281.
Mack, A., & Herman, E. (1973). Position constancy during pursuit eye movements: An investigation of the Filehne illusion. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 71–84.
Matin, L., & Pearce, D. G. (1965). Visual perception of direction for stimuli flashed during voluntary saccadic eye movements. Science, 148(3676), 1485–1488.
McLaughlin, S. C. (1967). Parametric adjustment in saccadic eye movements. Perception and Psychophysics, 2, 359–362.
Melcher, D., & Kowler, E. (2001). Visual scene memory and the guidance of saccadic eye movements. Vision Research, 41(2001), 3597–3611.
Melmoth, D. R., Kukkonen, H. T., Mäkelä, P. K., & Rovamo, J. M. (2000). The effect of contrast and size scaling on face perception in foveal and extrafoveal vision. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 41(9), 2811–2819.
Merriam, E. P., Genovese, C. R., & Colby, C. L. (2007). Remapping in human visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97, 1738–1755.
Morgan, M. J., & Ward, R. (1980). Conditions for motion flow in dynamic visual noise. Vision Research, 20(5), 431–435.
Morrone, M. C. (2014). Interactions between eye movements and vision: Perception during saccades. In J. S. Werner & L. M. Chalupa (Eds.), The new visual neurosciences (pp. 947–962). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Morrone, M. C., Ross, J., & Burr, D. C. (1997). Apparent position of visual targets during real and simulated saccadic eye movements. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(20), 7941–7953.
Müller, R., & Greenlee, M. W. (1994). Effect of contrast and adaptation on the perception of the direction and speed of drifting gratings. Vision Research, 34(16), 2071–2092.
Naka, K. I., & Rushton, W. A. (1966). S-potentials from colour units in the retina of fish (Cyprinidae). Journal of Physiology, 185(3), 536–555.
Nakayama, K. (1985). Biological image motion processing: A review. Vision Research, 25, 625–660.
Newsome, W. T., Britten, K. H., Salzman, C. D., & Movshon, J. A. (1990). Neuronal mechanisms of motion perception. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 55, 697–705.
Noto, C. T., Watanabe, S., & Fuchs, A. F. (1999). Characteristics of simian adaptation fields produced by behavioral changes in saccade size and direction. Journal of Neurophysiology, 81(6), 2798–2813.
Ohlendorf, S., Sprenger, A., Speck, O., Glauche, V., Haller, S., & Kimmig, H. (2010). Visual motion, eye motion, and relative motion: A parametric fMRI study of functional specializations of smooth pursuit eye movement network areas. Journal of Vision, 10(14):21, 1–15.
Ohlendorf, S., Sprenger, A., Speck, O., Haller, S., & Kimmig, H. (2008). Optic flow stimuli in and near the visual field centre: A group fMRI study of motion sensitive regions. PLoS ONE, 3, e4043.
Ordy, J. M., Massopust, L. C., & Wolin, L. R. (1962). Postnatal development of the retina, electroretinogram, and acuity in the Rhesus monkey. Experimental Neurology, 5, 364–382.
Østerberg, G. (1935). Topography of the layer of rods and cones in the human retina. Acta Ophthalmologica Kbh, 61, 1–102.
Pasternak, T., & Greenlee, M. W. (2005). Working memory in primate sensory systems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(2), 97–107.
Pelisson, D., Alahyane, N., Panouilleres, M. P., & Tilikete, C. (2010). Sensorimotor adaptation of saccadic eye movements. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(8), 1103–1120.
Pelli, D. G. (2008). Crowding: A cortical constraint on object recognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(4), 445–451.
Perry, R. J., & Zeki, S. (2000). The neurology of saccades and covert shifts in spatial attention. Brain, 123(11), 2273–2288.
Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Rivaud, S., Gaymard, B., & Agid, Y. (1991). Cortical control of memory-guided saccades in man. Experimental Brain Research, 83, 607–617.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(1), 3–25.
Quessy, S., Quinet, J., & Freedman, E. G. (2010). The locus of motor activity in the superior colliculus of the rhesus monkey is unaltered during saccadic adaptation. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 14235–14244.
Raabe, M., Fischer, V., Bernhardt, D., & Greenlee, M. W. (2013). Neural correlates of spatial working memory load in a delayed match-to-sample saccade task. NeuroImage, 71, 84–91.
Rashbass, C. (1961). The relationship between saccadic and smooth tracking eye movements. Journal of Physiology, 159, 326–338.
Rentschler, I., & Treutwein, B. (1985). Loss of spatial phase relationships in extrafoveal vision. Nature, 313, 308–310.
Reppas, J. B., Usrey, W. M., & Reid, R. C. (2002). Saccadic eye movements modulate visual responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Neuron, 35(5), 961–974.
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Hughes, H. C., & Fendrich, R. (1991). The reduction of saccadic latency by prior offset of the fixation point: An analysis of the gap effect. Perception and Psychophysics, 49(2), 167–175.
Richards, W. (1969). Saccadic suppression. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 59, 617–623.
Riggs, L. A., Armington, J. C., & Ratliff, F. (1954). Motions of the retinal image during fixation. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 44, 315–321.
Riggs, L. A., & Schick, A. M. L. (1968). Accuracy of retinal image stabilization achieved with a plane mirror on a tightly fitting contact lens. Vision Research, 8, 159–169.
Ross, J., Morrone, M. C., Goldberg, M. E., & Burr, D. C. (2001). Changes in visual perception at the time of saccades. Trends in Neurosciences, 24(2), 113–121.
Rovamo, J., Virsu, V., & Nätänen, R. (1978). Cortical magnification factor predicts the photopic contrast sensitivity of peripheral vision. Nature, 271, 54–56.
Schlag, J., & Schlag-Rey, M. (1995). Illusory localization of stimuli flashed in the dark before saccades. Vision Research, 35(16), 2347–2357.
Schütz, A. C., Braun, D. I., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2011). Eye movements and perception: A selective review. Journal of Vision, 11(5), 9. https://doi.org/10.1167/11.5.9.
Serences, J. T., Ester, E. F., Vogel, E. K., & Awh, E. (2009). Stimulus-specific delay activity in human primary visual cortex. Psychological Science, 20(2), 207–214.
Smith, A. T., Greenlee, M. W., Singh, K. D., Kraemer, F. M., & Hennig, J. (1998). The processing of first- and second-order motion in human visual cortex assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Journal of Neuroscience, 18(10), 3816–3830.
Smith, A. T., Singh, K. D., & Greenlee, M. W. (2000). Attentional suppression of activity in the human visual cortex. NeuroReport, 11(2), 271–277.
Smith, A. T., Williams, A. L., & Singh, K. D. (2004). Negative BOLD in the visual cortex: Evidence against blood stealing. Human Brain Mapping, 21(4), 213–220.
Sneve, M. H., Alnaes, D., Endestad, T., Greenlee, M. W., & Magnussen, S. (2012). Visual short-term memory: Activity supporting encoding and maintenance in retinotopic visual cortex. NeuroImage, 63(1), 166–178.
Sommer, M. A., & Wurtz, R. H. (2002). A pathway in primate brain for internal monitoring of movements. Science (New York, NY), 296(5572), 1480–1482.
Spering, M., Kerzel, D., Braun, D. I., Hawken, M. J., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2005). Effects of contrast on smooth pursuit eye movements. Journal of Vision, 5(5), 455–465.
Spering, M., Pomplun, M., & Carrasco, M. (2011). Tracking without perceiving: A dissociation between eye movements and motion perception. Psychological Science, 22(2), 216–225.
Sperry, R. W. (1950). Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 43(6), 482–489.
Stark, L., Kong, R., Schwartz, S., Hendry, D., & Bridgeman, B. (1976) Saccadic suppression of image displacement. Vision Research, 16, 1185–1187.
Steenrod, S. C., Phillips, M. H., & Goldberg, M. E. (2013). The lateral intraparietal area codes the location of saccade targets and not the dimension of the saccades that will be made to acquire them. Journal of Neurophysiology, 109(10), 2596–2605.
Steinbach, M. J. (1976). Pursuing the perceptual rather than the retinal stimulus. Vision Research, 16, 1371–1376.
Stiles, W. S. & Crawford, B. H. (1933) the luminous efficiency of the eye pupil at different points. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 112, 428–450.
Stone, L. S., & Thompson, P. (1992). Human speed perception is contrast dependent. Vision Research, 32(8), 1535–1549.
Stone, L. S., Beutter, B. R., & Lorenceau, J. (2000). Visual motion integration for perception and pursuit. Perception, 29(7), 771–787.
Strasburger, H., Harvey, L. O., & Rentschler, I. (1991). Contrast thresholds for identification of numeric characters in direct and eccentric view. Perception and Psychophysics, 49, 495–508.
Sunaert, S., Van Hecke, P., Marchal, G., & Orban, G. A. (1999). Motion-responsive regions of the human brain. Experimental Brain Research, 127(4), 355–370.
Sylvester, R., Haynes, J. D., & Rees, G. (2005). Saccadic eye movements modulate visual responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Current Biology, 15, 37–41.
Thiele, A., Henning, P., Kubischik, M., & Hoffmann, K. P. (2002). Neural mechanisms of saccadic suppression. Science, 295(5564), 2460–2462.
Thompson, P. (1983). Discrimination of moving gratings at and above detection threshold. Vision Research, 23, 1533–1538.
Todd, J. J., & Marois, R. (2004). Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex. Nature, 428, 751–754.
Tootell, R. B., Reppas, J. B., Kwong, K. K., Malach, R., Born, R. T., Brady, T. J., et al. (1995). Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 15(4), 3215–3230.
Ungerleider, L. G., Courtney, S. M., & Haxby, J. V. (1998). A neural system for human visual working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95(3), 883–890.
Vallines, I., & Greenlee, M. W. (2006). Saccadic suppression of retinotopically localized blood oxygen level-dependent responses in human primary visual area V1. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(22), 5965–5969.
van Essen, D. C., & Gallant, J. L. (1994). Neural mechanisms of form and motion processing in the primate visual system. Neuron, 13, 1–10.
Volkmann, F. C., Schick, A. M., & Riggs, L. A. (1968). Time course of visual inhibition during voluntary saccades. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58, 562–569.
von Holst, E., & Mittelstaedt, H. (1950). Das Reafferenzprinzip: Wechselwirkungen zwischen Zentralnervensystem und Peripherie. Die Naturwissenschaften, 20, 464–476.
Watamaniuk, S. N., & Heinen, S. J. (1999). Human smooth pursuit direction discrimination. Vision Research, 39(1), 59–70.
Whitney, D., & Levi, D. M. (2011). Visual crowding: A fundamental limit on conscious perception and object recognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(4), 160–168.
Williams, D. W., & Sekuler, R. (1984). Coherent global motion percepts from stochastic local motions. Vision Research, 24(1), 55–62.
Wright, M. J., & Gurney, K. N. (1992). Lower threshold of motion for one and two dimensional patterns in central and peripheral vision. Vision Research, 32, 121–134.
Zeki, S. M. (1978). Functional specialisation in the visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. Nature, 274, 423–428.
Zuber, B. L., & Stark, L. (1966). Saccadic suppression: Elevation of visual threshold associated with saccadic eye movements. Experimental Neurology, 16, 65–79.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Jale Özyurt, Sebastian M. Frank, John S. Werner and Lothar Spillmann for their helpful comments. Author MWG was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, GR 988/25-1).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Greenlee, M.W., Kimmig, H. (2019). Visual Perception and Eye Movements. In: Klein, C., Ettinger, U. (eds) Eye Movement Research. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20085-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20085-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-20083-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-20085-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)