Abstract
In light of the findings of the preceding chapters, this chapter briefly summarises the most pressing conclusions to emerge from the research and situates these in the context of ongoing regulatory reform of data protection legislation in Europe. In doing so, the chapter succinctly outlines the reform process and considers how the succession of legislative drafts, reports and negotiations have impacted upon fundamental principles of data protection and privacy, namely: data minimisation, consent, legitimate interest, and transparency. The chapter also closely considers the changes and amendments made to various drafts of the proposed legislation. Crucially, this analysis explores how and why these amendments have come to pass and points to the role of lobbying by multinational conglomerates, questioning the influence of these bodies upon the reform agenda.
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Notes
- 1.
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri = CELEX:31995 L0046:en:HTML
- 2.
Directive 95/46/EC, Article 12.
- 3.
Directive 95/46/EC Article 3.2.
- 4.
Directive 95/46/EC Article 6.
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
For a detailed guide to understanding the complexity of the process, see https://edri.org/files/activist_guide_to_the_EU_2012.pdf
- 7.
In some matters, for instance foreign policy, the Parliament only has an advisory role in the law making process.
- 8.
See Council’s press release of Dec. 18, 2015, shttp://src.bna.com/b54.
- 9.
See European Paliament press release Apr. 14, 2016 available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/ en/ news-room/20160407IPR21776/ Data-protection-reform-Parliament-approves-new-rules-fit-for-the-digital-era
- 10.
See: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/reform/index_en.htm
- 11.
Digital Europe’s membership includes the following corporations: Alcatel-Lucent, AMD, Apple, BlackBerry, Bose, Brother, CA Technologies, Canon, Cassidian, Cisco, Dell, Epson, Ericsson, Fujitsu, Google, Hitachi, Hewlett Packard, Huawei, IBM, Ingram Micro, Intel, iQor, JVC Kenwood Group, Konica Minolta, Kyocera, Lenovo, Lexmark, LG Electronics, Loewe, Microsoft, Mitsubishi Electric Europe, Motorola Mobility, Motorola Solutions, NEC, Nokia, Nvidia Ltd., Océ, Oki, Oracle, Panasonic Europe, Philips, Pioneer, Qualcomm, Ricoh Europe PLC, Samsung, SAP, Schneider Electric IT Corporation, Sharp Electronics, Siemens, Sony, Swatch Group, Technicolor, Texas Instruments, Toshiba, TP Vision, Western Digital, Xerox, ZTE Corporation.
- 12.
European Commission (2012) COM (2012) 11 final: Article 5.
- 13.
COD (2015) 9398/15: Article 5.
- 14.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679: Art 5.
- 15.
European Commission (2012) COM (2012) 11 final: Recital 25.
- 16.
Albrecth Report. Op cit p211.
- 17.
European Commission (2012) COM (2012) 11 final: Recital 25.
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679: Recital 32.
- 20.
European Commission (2012) COM (2012) 11 final: Article 6.
- 21.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679: Recital 47.
- 22.
European Commission (2012) COM (2012) 11 final: Article 14.
- 23.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679: Art 80.
- 24.
ibid.
References
Legislation (Enacted and Proposed)
European Commission (2010) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, ‘A comprehensive approach on personal data protection in the European Union’ COM (2010) 609 Final. Available at http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2 F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fjustice%2Fnews%2Fconsulting_public%2 F0006%2Fcom_2010_609_en.pdf&ei=KPibVcb9FdHT7AbEoangAg&usg=AFQjCNEA8WNPryVi8YrHDKBbXUm88NEkbA&bvm=bv.96952980,d.ZGU&cad=rja
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Norris, C., L’Hoiry, X. (2017). Conclusion: The Law-in-Books, the Law-in-Action, and the Promise of Regulatory Reform. In: Norris, C., de Hert, P., L'Hoiry, X., Galetta, A. (eds) The Unaccountable State of Surveillance. Law, Governance and Technology Series(), vol 34. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47573-8_16
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