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In vivo optical molecular imaging of inflammation and immunity

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Abstract

Inflammation is the phenotypic form of various diseases. Recent development in molecular imaging provides new insights into the diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of different inflammatory diseases as well as diseases involving inflammation such as cancer. While conventional imaging techniques used in the clinical setting provide only indirect measures of inflammation such as increased perfusion and altered endothelial permeability, optical imaging is able to report molecular information on diseased tissue and cells. Optical imaging is a quick, noninvasive, nonionizing, and easy-to-use diagnostic technology which has been successfully applied for preclinical research. Further development of optical imaging technology such as optoacoustic imaging overcomes the limitations of mere fluorescence imaging, thereby enabling pilot clinical applications in humans. By means of endogenous and exogenous contrast agents, sites of inflammation can be accurately visualized in vivo. This allows for early disease detection and specific disease characterization, enabling more rapid and targeted therapeutic interventions. In this review, we summarize currently available optical imaging techniques used to detect inflammation, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), bioluminescence, fluorescence, optoacoustics, and Raman spectroscopy. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different in vivo imaging applications with a special focus on targeting inflammation including immune cell tracking.

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Fig. 1

Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. c–e Color fundus photograph, red-free image, and spectral-domain OCT image of a patient with Behcet uveitis, which showed deficient nerve fiber layer. Reproduced with permission [67]. Copyright 2013, Springer Nature

Fig. 2

Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. c Bioluminescent imaging of mice with peritonitis, and acute liver injury after administration of PBS, luminol, and Ce6-luminol-PEG conjugate. Reproduced with permission [88]. Copyright 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fig. 3

Copyright 2016, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). b In vivo FMT-XCT imaging of control and atherosclerotic mice (9 weeks) at 4 h post-injection of Neutrophil Elastase 680 FAST. Reproduced with permission [93]. Copyright 2018, Lippincott. c In vivo NIR-II fluorescence images of brain inflammation through with different time post-injection of AIE@NE and ICG@NE. Red circles, inflamed tissue; yellow circles, healthy tissue. d Bright-field and fluorescent images of isolated mice brains treated with AIE@NE and ICG@NE, respectively. Reproduced with permission [102]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH

Fig. 4

Copyright 2017, Nature Publishing Group. b, c Representative optoacoustic/ultrasonic images and corresponding optoacoustic intensities of normal forepaws treated with TCZ-PNPs, RA forepaws treated with PNPs, and RA forepaws treated with TCZ-PNPs. Reproduced with permission [119]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. d, e Representative optoacoustic/ultrasonic images and corresponding optoacoustic intensities of a normal mouse and two atherosclerotic mice before and after different treatment, respectively. Reproduced with permission [120]. Copyright 2020, Ivyspring International Publisher

Fig. 5

Copyright 2020, Ivyspring International Publisher

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Author notes

  1. Nian Liu and Xiao Chen contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China

    Nian Liu

  2. Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747, Garching, Germany

    Nian Liu

  3. Klinik und Poliklinik IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany

    Xiao Chen

  4. Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81337, Munich, Germany

    Melanie A. Kimm, Matthias Stechele & Moritz Wildgruber

  5. School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China

    Xueli Chen

  6. School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China

    Zhimin Zhang & Xiaopeng Ma

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  1. Nian Liu
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  8. Xiaopeng Ma
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All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. The final version was edited by Melanie A. Kimm, Moritz Wildgruber, and Xiaopeng Ma.

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Liu, N., Chen, X., Kimm, M.A. et al. In vivo optical molecular imaging of inflammation and immunity. J Mol Med 99, 1385–1398 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-021-02115-w

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