Abstract
Effective disaster response requires well-coordinated efforts among individuals and agencies. Although collaborative disaster response increases in popularity, little has been accomplished within the hierarchical, centralized command and control context of China. This study examined collaborative disaster response in China based on the case of extraordinary serious cryogenic freezing rain and snow disaster. In addition, public managers were surveyed to investigate network establishment, with preliminary analysis on whole network using centrality measures. Subsequently, the blockmodel was employed to discuss the whole network structure followed by analysis on structural holes and intermediaries. Lastly, issues such as obstacles to effective collaboration and propositions proposed for further research were discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbasi A, Kapucu N (2012) Structural dynamics of organizations during the evolution of interorganizational networks in disaster response. J Homel Secur Emerg Manage 9(1):1–18
Alberts DS, Hayes RE (2006) Understanding command and control. Assistant Secretary of Defense (C3I/Command Control system Program), Washington, DC
Alexander D (2008) Emergency command systems and major earthquake disasters. Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering 10(3):138–146
Analytic Technologies (2008) Centrality. Retrieved 21 Feb 2008 from www.analytictech.com/networks/centrali.htm
Bai V (2008) Emergency management in China. Comparative emergency management. Retrieved 6 Oct 2014 from www.training.fema.gov
Borgatti SP, Everett MG, Freeman LC (2002) UCINET 6.0 version for windows: Software for social network analysis. Analytic Technologies, Harvard
Borgatti SP, Everett MG, Johnson JC (2013) Analyzing social networks. SAGE, Los Angeles, CA
Buck DA, Trainor JE, Aguirre BE (2006) A critical evaluation of the incident command system and NIMS. J Homel Secur Emerg Manage 3(3):1–24
Burt RS (1992) Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Choi SO, Brower RS (2006) When practice matters more than government plans a network analysis of local emergency management. Administration & Society 37(6):651–678
Choi SO, Kim BT (2007) Power and cognitive accuracy in local emergency management networks. Public Adm Rev 67(s1):198–209
Col JM (2007) Managing disasters: The role of local government. Public Adm Rev 67(s1):114–124
Comfort LK (1994) Self-organization in complex systems. J Public Adm Res Theor 4(2):393–410
Comfort LK (1999) Shared risk: Complex systems in seismic response. Pergamon Press, New York, NY
Comfort LK (2007) Crisis management in hindsight: Cognition, communication, coordination, and control. Public Adm Rev 67(s1):189–197
Comfort LK, Haase TW (2006) Communication, coherence, and collective action: the impact of Hurricane Katrina on communications infrastructure. Public Works Management & Policy 10(3):328–343
Comfort LK, Kapucu N (2006) Inter-organizational coordination in extreme events: The world trade center attack, September 11, 2001. Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards 39(2):309–327
Doreian P, Batagelj V, Ferligoj A (2005) Generalized blockmodeling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Drabek TE, McEntire DA (2003) Emergent phenomena and the sociology of disaster: Lessons and opportunities from the research literature. Disaster Prevention and Management 12(2):97–112
Dynes RR (1994) Community emergency planning: False assumptions and inappropriate analogies. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12(2):141–158
Dynes RR, Quarantelli EL (1969) Interorganizational relations in communities under stress. Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbia, Ohio
Freeman LC (1979) Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks 1(3):215–239
Gao X (2008) Achievement and development of district Chinese characteristics emergency management system. Chinese Public Administration 11:18–24 (in Chinese)
Haveman JD, Shatz HJ, Vilchis EA (2005) U.S. port security policy after 9/11: Overview and evaluation. J Homel Secur Emerg Manage 2(4):1–23
Hermann MG, Dayton BW (2009) Transboundary crises through the eyes of policymakers: Sense making and crisis management. J Contingencies Crisis Manag 17(4):233–241
Herranz J Jr (2010) Network performance and coordination: A theoretical review and framework. Public Performance and Management Review 33(3):311–341
Hu Q, Kapucu N (2014) Information communication technology utilization for effective emergency management networks. Public Management Review. doi:10.1080/14719037.2014.969762
Hu Q, Knox CC, Kapucu N (2014) What have we learned since September 11, 2001? A network study of the Boston marathon bombings response. Public Adm Rev 76(4):698–712
Kapucu N (2008) Planning for disasters and responding to catastrophes: Error of the third type in disaster policy and planning. International Journal of Public Policy 3(5/6):313–327
Kapucu N (2009) Performance under stress: Managing emergencies and disasters. Public Performance and Management Review 32(3):339–344
Kapucu N (2011) Collaborative governance in international disasters: Nargis cyclone in Myanmar and Sichuan earthquake in China Cases. Int J Emergency Manage 8(1):1–25
Kapucu N (2012a) Disaster and emergency management systems in urban areas. Cities: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning 29(s1):41–49
Kapucu N (2012b) Network governance in response to acts of terrorism: Comparative analyses. Routledge, New York
Kapucu N, Demiroz F (2011) Measuring performance for collaborative public management using network analysis methods and tools. Public Performance & Management Review 34(4):549–579
Kapucu N, Hu Q, Khosa S (2014) The state of network research in public administration. Adm Soc. doi:10.1177/0095399714555752 (ahead of print)
Liao D (2012) A review of the key legal dynamics of Chinese military involvement in domestic disaster relief. J Homel Secur Emerg Manage 9(1):1–18
Liu X, Xiang L (2005) Network governance structure: A realistic choice for public crisis decision making system of China. Social Science 4:52–57 (in Chinese)
Liu X, Xiang L (2006) Network governance structure in emergency management of China. Chinese Public Administration 2:47–53 (in Chinese)
Lorrain F, White HC (1971) Structural equivalence of individuals in social networks. J Math Sociol 1(1):49–80
Mandell MP, Keast R (2007) Evaluating network arrangements. Public Performance and Management Review 30(4):574–597
Mitchell JK (2006) The primacy of partnership: Scoping a new national disaster recovery policy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 604(1):228–255
Newman MEJ (2012) Communities, modules and large-scale structure in networks. Nat Phys 8(1):25–31
O’Toole LJ (1997) Treating networks seriously: Practical and research-based agendas in public administration. Public Adm Rev 57(1):45–52
Peixoto TP (2014) Hierarchical block structures and high-resolution model selection in large networks. Physical Review X 4(1):11–47
Pine JC (2004) Research needs to support the emergency manager of the future. J Homel Secur Emerg Manage 1(1):1–9
Powley EH, Nissen ME (2012) If you can’t trust, stick to hierarchy: Structure and trust as contingency factors in threat assessment contexts. J Homel Secur Emerg Manage 9(1):1–16
Quarantelli EL (1988) Disaster crisis management: A summary of research findings. J Manage Stud 25(4):373–385
Scott J (2013) Social network analysis, 3rd edn. SAGE, Los Angeles
Scott J, Carrington PJ (2011) The SAGE handbook of social network analysis. SAGE, Los Angeles
Shan CL, Chen W (2007) Construction of public emergency contingency plans in China. Beijing University Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Shaw GL, Harrald JR (2004) Identification of the core competencies required of executive level business crisis and continuity managers. J Homel Secur Emerg Manage 1(1):1–14
Simo G, Bies AL (2007) The role of nonprofits in disaster response: An expanded model of cross-sector collaboration. Public Adm Rev 67(2):125–142
Wasserman S (1994) Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Wasserman S, Galaskiewicz J (1994) Advances in social network analysis: Research in the social and behavioral sciences. Sage Publications, Sage
Waugh WL, Streib G (2006) Collaboration and leadership for effective emergency management. Public Adm Rev 66(s1):131–140
Waugh WL, Tierney KJ (2007) Emergency management: Principles and practice for local government. ICMA Press, Washington DC
White HC, Boorman SA, Breiger RL (1976) Social structure from multiple networks. I. Block models of roles and positions. Am J Sociol 81(4):730–780
Zhang C (2003) Public crisis management: A comprehensive integrated model and China’s strategy selection. Chinese Public Administration 7:6–11 (in Chinese)
Zhao Y, Levina E, Zhu J (2011) Community extraction for social networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108(18):7321–7326
Acknowledgments
The research was sponsored by Chinese Major Project of National Social Sciences Fund (No. 11&ZD034). We thank editors and anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
See Table 5.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guo, X., Kapucu, N. Examining collaborative disaster response in China: network perspectives. Nat Hazards 79, 1773–1789 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1925-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1925-1