Abstract
Phenomenal progress has been witnessed in the field of Geographic Information System (GIS) in recent times. The development of webGIS is the result of the growth of the Internet and consequently World Wide Web. The webGIS architecture is continuously changing according to contemporary technologies and requirements. In this paper, webGIS and its architectures are reviewed. Firstly, GIS and invention of the Internet are discussed. Evolution of webGIS is then covered along with major milestones of its development and open source initiatives. It is followed by discussion on client server architecture and its types. Thick and thin client architectures are then described and compared. As the paradigm in the computing world shifted towards web services, service-oriented architecture (SOA) is also discussed in context of webGIS. Spatial cloud computing and cloud-based architecture for webGIS are then described. The paper also provides a comparison of different webGIS architectures so that suitable architecture can be selected by the user based upon the requirements.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abel DJ, Taylor K, Ackland R, Hungerford S (1998) An exploration of GIS architectures for Internet environments. Comput Environ Urban Syst 22(1):7–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0198-9715(98)00016-7
Agrawal S, Gupta RD (2014) Development and comparison of open source based Web GIS Frameworks on WAMP and Apache Tomcat Web Servers. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL:1–5. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-4-1-2014
Alesheikh A, Helali H, Behroz H (2002) Web GIS: technologies and its applications. In: Symposium on geospatial theory, processing and applications. Ottawa
Allison C, Miller A, Oliver I, Michaelson R, Tiropanis T (2012) The Web in education. Comput Netw 56(18):3811–3824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.09.017
Awoleye OM, Ojuloge B, Ilori MO (2014) Web application vulnerability assessment and policy direction towards a secure smart government. Gov Inf Q 31:S118–S125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.01.012
Baars T, Khadka R, Stefanov H, Jansen S, Batenburg R, van Heusden E (2014) Chargeback for cloud services. Futur Gener Comput Syst 41:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2014.08.002
Baresi L, Heckel R, Thone S, Varro D (2003) Modeling and validation of service-oriented architectures: application vs style. In: Proceedings of conference ESEC/FSE. ACM, New York, pp 68–77
Behzad B, Padmanabhan A, Liu Y, et al (2011) Integrating CyberGIS gateway with Windows Azure: a case study on MODFLOW groundwater simulation. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGSPATIAL Second International Workshop on High Performance and Distributed Geographic Information Systems. ACM, New York, pp 26–29
Bolstad P (2012) GIS fundamentals, 4th edn. Eider Press
Bordogna G, Carrara P, Criscuolo L, Pepe M, Rampini A (2014) A linguistic decision making approach to assess the quality of volunteer geographic information for citizen science. Inf Sci 258:312–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2013.07.013
Box D, Ehnebuske D, Kakivaya G, et al (2000) Simple object access protocol (SOAP) 1.1 W3C Note
Burrough PA (1986) Principles of geographical information systems for land resources assessment. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Buyya R, Yeo CS, Venugopal S (2008) Market-oriented cloud computing: vision, hype, and reality for delivering IT services as computing utilities. In: 10th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications pp 5–13
Caldeweyher D, Zhang J, Pham B (2006) OpenCIS—Open Source GIS based web community information system. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 20(8):885–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810600711378
Chainey S, Tompson L, Uhlig S (2008) The utility of hotspot mapping for predicting. Secur J 21(1-2):4–28. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8350066
Chang YS, Park HD (2006) XML Web Service-based development model for Internet GIS applications. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 20(4):371–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810600607857
Christensen AF, Ostländer N, Lutz M, Bernard L (2007) Designing service architectures for distributed geoprocessing: challenges and future directions. Trans GIS 11(6):799–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2007.01075.x
Chu S-C, Leung LC, Van Hui Y, Cheung W (2007) Evolution of e-commerce Web sites: a conceptual framework and a longitudinal study. Inf Manag 44(2):154–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2006.11.003
Conallen J (1999) Modeling Web application architectures with UML. Commun ACM 42(10):63–70. https://doi.org/10.1145/317665.317677
Cowen DJ (1988) GIS versus CAD versus DBMS: what are the differences? Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 54:1551–1555
Cox S, Daisey P, Lake R, et al (2005) OpenGIS® Geography Markup Language (GML) Encoding Specification
Crompvoets J, Bregt A, Rajabifard A, Williamson I (2004) Assessing the worldwide developments of national spatial data clearinghouses. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 18(7):665–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810410001702030
Cui D, Wu Y, Zhang Q (2010) Massive spatial data processing model based on cloud computing model. In: Computational Science and Optimization (CSO), 2010 Third International Joint Conference on. IEEE, Huangshan, Anhui, pp 347–350
Davis M, O’Sullivan D (1998) Communications technologies for the extended enterprise. Prod Plan Control 9(8):742–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/095372898233515
de la Beaujardiere J (2006) OpenGIS® Web Map Server Implementation Specification
Demir I, Krajewski WF (2013) Towards an integrated flood information system: centralized data access, analysis, and visualization. Environ Model Softw 50:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.08.009
Denning PJ (1989) The ARPANET after twenty years. Am Sci 77:530–535
Dikaiakos MD, Katsaros D, Mehra P, Pallis G, Vakali A (2009) Cloud computing: distributed internet computing for IT and scientific research. IEEE Internet Comput 13(5):10–13. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2009.103
Duchessi P, Smith IC (1998) Client/server benefits, problems, best practices. Commun ACM 41(5):87–94
Durkee D (2010) Why cloud computing will never be free. Queue - Emulators ACM 8(4):1–10
Eddie WLC, Li H, Yu L (2007) A GIS approach to shopping mall location selection. Build Environ 42(2):884–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.010
Frana PL (2004) Before the web there was Gopher. IEEE Ann Hist Comput 26(1):20–41. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.2004.1268390
Fu P, Sun J (2010) Web GIS: principles and applications, 1st edn. Esri Press
Fustes D, Cantorna D, Dafonte C, Arcay B, Iglesias A, Manteiga M (2014) A cloud-integrated web platform for marine monitoring using GIS and remote sensing. Application to oil spill detection through SAR images. Futur Gener Comput Syst 34:155–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.09.020
Geller T (2007) Imaging the world: the state of online mapping. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 27(2):8–13. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2007.39
Gong J, Yue P, Zhou H (2010) Geoprocessing in the Microsoft Cloud Computing Platform—Azure. In: The Joint Symposium of ISPRS Technical Commission IV & AutoCarto
Goodchild MF (1992) Geographical information science. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 6(1):31–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799208901893
Goodchild MF (2007a) Citizens as voluntary sensors: spatial data infrastructure in the world of Web 2.0. Int J Spat Data Infrastruct Res 2:24–32
Goodchild MF (2007b) Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal 69(4):211–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-007-9111-y
Goodchild MF, Li L (2012) Assuring the quality of volunteered geographic information. Spatial Statistics 1:110–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta.2012.03.002
Granell C, Diaz L, Gould M (2010) Service-oriented applications for environmental models: reusable geospatial services. Environ Model Softw 25(2):182–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.08.005
Green D, Bossomaier T (2004) Online GIS and spatial metadata, 1st edn. CRC Press, New York
Gu Q, van Vliet H (2009) SOA decision making—what do we need to know. In: Sharing and reusing architectural knowledge. IEEE, Vancouver, pp 25–32
Haklay M, Weber P (2008) OpenStreetMap: user-generated street maps. Pervasive Computi 7(4):12–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2008.80
Hang XM (2009) The application of web technology in electronic commerce. In: 2009 International Conference on Computer Technology and Development IEEE, pp 636–640
Hardie A (1998) The development and present state of Web-GIS. Cartography 27(2):11–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00690805.1998.9714273
Harrison J, Reichardt M (2001) Introduction to OGC Web Services
Heipke C (2010) Crowdsourcing geospatial data. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 65(6):550–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2010.06.005
Heywood I (2010) An introduction to geographical information systems. Pearson Education India
Huang B (2003) Web-based dynamic and interactive environmental visualization. Comput Environ Urban Syst 27(6):623–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0198-9715(02)00063-7
Huang B, Lin H (2002) A Java/CGI approach to developing a geographic virtual reality toolkit on the Internet. Comput Geosci 28(1):13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00008-5
Huang B, Worboys M (2001) Dynamic modelling and visualization on the internet. Trans GIS 5(2):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9671.00072
Huang B, Jiang B, Li H (2010) An integration of GIS, virtual reality and the Internet for visualization, analysis and exploration of spatial data. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 15(5):439–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810110046574
Huang M, Maidment DR, Tian Y (2011) Using SOA and RIAs for water data discovery and retrieval. Environ Model Softw 26(11):1309–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.05.008
Huang Q, Yang C, Benedict K, Chen S, Rezgui A, Xie J (2013) Utilize cloud computing to support dust storm forecasting. Int J Digital Earth 6(4):338–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2012.749949
Hundling J, Weske M (2003) Web services: foundation and composition. Electron Mark 13(2):108–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/1019678032000067226
Ingram P (1995) The World Wide Web. Comput Geosci 21(6):799–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00012-W
James B (2010) SOA and web services interface design. Morgan Kaufmann
Jiangfeng S, Qian C, Sen P, Xuezhi F (2009) Monitoring land use of construction based on WebGIS with RIA technology. In: First International Conference on Information Science and Engineering. IEEE, Nanjing, pp 2104–2108
Jin S (2010) SOA and cloud computing: are they the same? http://blogs.vmware.com/vcloud/2010/04/soa-and-cloud-computing-are-they-the-same.html. Accessed 2 Jan 2017
Jing T, Juan X, Li W (2008) Open source software approach for internet GIS and its application. In: Intelligent Information Technology Application, 2008 IITA’08 Second International Symposium IEEE, pp 264–268
Karacapilidis N, Lazanas A, Megalokonomos G, Moraïtis P (2006) On the development of a web-based system for transportation services. Inf Sci 176(13):1801–1828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2005.05.007
Karnatak HC, Shukla R, Sharma VK, Murthy YVS, Bhanumurthy V (2012) Spatial mashup technology and real time data integration in geo-web application using open source GIS—a case study for disaster management. Geocarto Int 27(6):499–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2011.650651
Kennedy L, Naaman M, Ahern S, et al (2007) How flickr helps us make sense of the world. In: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Multimedia - MULTIMEDIA ‘07. ACM, New York, p 631
Khare R (1999) Who killed Gopher? An extensible murder mystery. Internet Comput IEEE 3(1):81–84. https://doi.org/10.1109/4236.747327
Kim W (2009) Cloud computing: today and tomorrow. J Object Technol 8(1):65–72. https://doi.org/10.5381/jot.2009.8.1.c4
Kim IH, Tsou MH (2013) Enabling Digital Earth simulation models using cloud computing or grid computing—two approaches supporting high-performance GIS simulation frameworks. Int J Digital Earth 6(4):383–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2013.783125
Klinkenberg B (2003) The true cost of spatial data in Canada. Can Geogr 47(1):37–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-0064.02e11
Koch T (2004) The map as intent: variations on the theme of John Snow. Cartographica: Int J Geogr Inf Geovis 39(4):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3138/B123-8124-4390-5792
Kresse W (2004) Standardization of geographic information. In: International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXth ISPRS Congress. Istanbul, pp 249–253
Kussul N, Mandl D, Moe K, Mund JP, Post J, Shelestov A, Skakun S, Szarzynski J, van Langenhove G, Handy M (2012) Interoperable infrastructure for flood monitoring: SensorWeb, grid and cloud. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 5(6):1740–1745. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2192417
Lapadula A, Pugliese R, Tiezzi F (2011) A WSDL-based type system for asynchronous WS-BPEL processes. Formal Methods Syst Des 38(2):119–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10703-010-0110-0
Lei Y, Yang H (2010) The application research of Web 2.0 in customer relationship management. In: 2010 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE) IEEE, pp 3153–3155
Li S (2008) Web mapping/GIS services and applications. In: Advances in photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences: 2008 ISPRS Congress Book. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 335–352, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203888445.ch25
Li Y, Shen Q, Li H (2004) Design of spatial decision support systems for property professionals using MapObjects and Excel. Autom Constr 13(5):565–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2004.04.004
Li XY, Chau KW, Cheng CT, Li YS (2006) A Web-based flood forecasting system for Shuangpai region. Adv Eng Softw 37(3):146–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2005.05.006
Li Y-F, Das PK, Dowe DL (2014) Two decades of Web application testing—a survey of recent advances. Inf Syst 43:20–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2014.02.001
Lin H, Gong J, Wang F (1999) Web-based three-dimensional geo-referenced visualization. Comput Geosci 25(10):1177–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00076-X
Lin G, Dai S, Zhu Z (2008) Model and application of web-based intelligent tutoring system. In: Innovative computing information and control, 2008. ICICIC ‘08. 3rd international conference. pp 1–5
Longley PA, Goodchild MF, Maguire DJ, Rhind DW (2005) Geographic information systems and science, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Lu X (2005a) An investigation on service-oriented architecture for constructing distributed Web GIS application. Int Conf Serv Comput 1:191–197. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCC.2005.27
Lu X (2005b) Construct web-GIS based cooperative public health information environment with service oriented architecture. In: 2005 First International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid. IEEE, Beijing
Lu X (2006a) Develop web GIS based intelligent transportation application systems with web service technology. In: ITS telecommunications proceedings. IEEE, Chengdu, pp 159–162
Lu, XL (2006b) Research on architecture for web services based uniform GIS transportation information platform. In: Machine learning and cybernetics. IEEE, Dalian, pp 2770–2775
Lukasik S (2011) Why the ARPANET was built. IEEE Ann Hist Comput 33(3):4–21. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.2010.11
Lupp M (2008) OGC Web Services. Encyclopedia of GIS 799–800 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_903
MacKenzie CM, Laskey K, McCabe F, et al (2006) Reference model for service oriented architecture
Madhavaiah C, Bashir I, Shafi SI (2012) Defining cloud computing in business perspective: a review of research. Vision 16(3):163–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262912460153
Mell P, Grance T (2010) The NIST definition of cloud computing. Commun ACM 53(6):50
Mi W, Xinyan Z, Jun P, Nengcheng C (2004) Distribution of large volume image data using the mixed mode of Java Servlet and COM on Web. Geo-Spat Inf Sci 7(3):167–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02826286
Morris SP (2006) Geospatial Web services and Geoarchiving: new opportunities and challenges in geographic information services. Libr Trends 55(2):285–303. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2006.0059
Naghavi M (2012) Cloud computing as an innovation in GIS & SDI: methodologies, services, issues and deployment techniques. J Geogr Inf Syst 4(06):597–607. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2012.46062
Neteler M, Bowman MH, Landa M, Metz M (2012) GRASS GIS: a multi-purpose open source GIS. Environ Model Softw 31:124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.11.014
Ning W, He B, Hui L, et al (2009) The Application of Web Service Technology in Government Information Resources Sharing System. In: 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology IEEE, pp 373–376
Papazoglou MP, vanden Heuvel W-J (2007) Service oriented architectures: approaches, technologies and research issues. VLDB J 16(3):389–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00778-007-0044-3
Peng Z-R (1999) An assessment framework for the development of Internet GIS. Environ Plan B: Plan Des 26(1):117–132. https://doi.org/10.1068/b260117
Peng ZR (2001) Internet GIS for public participation. Environ Plann B: Plan Des 28(6):889–905. https://doi.org/10.1068/b2750t
Peng ZR (2005) A proposed framework for feature level geospatial data sharing: a case study for transportation network data. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 19(4):459–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810512331319127
Peng ZR, Tsou M. (2003) Internet GIS: distributed geographic information services for the internet and wireless network. Wiley
Peng Z, Zhang C (2004) The roles of geography markup language (GML), scalable vector graphics (SVG), and Web feature service (WFS) specifications in the development of Internet geographic information systems (GIS). J Geogr Syst 6(2):95–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-004-0129-0
Phan C (2007) Service oriented architecture (SOA)—security challenges and mitigation strategies. In: Military Communications Conference, 2007. MILCOM 2007. IEEE. IEEE, pp 1–7
Pollino M, Fattoruso G, Porta LLa, et al (2012) Collaborative open source geospatial tools and maps supporting the response planning to disastrous earthquake events. 451–468. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi4020451
Putz S (1994) Interactive information services using World-Wide Web hypertext. Comput Net ISDN Syst 27(2):273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7552(94)90141-4
Ramsey P (2007) The state of open source GIS
Rigaux P, Scholl M, Voisard A (2001) Spatial databases with application to GIS. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco
Satoh F, Nakamura Y, Mukhi NK, et al (2008) Methodology and tools for end-to-end SOA security configurations. In: Services-Part I, 2008. IEEE Congress. IEEE, pp 307–314
Sha Z, Xie Y (2010) Design of service-oriented architecture for spatial data integration and its application in building web-based GIS systems. Geo-Spa Inf Sci 13(1):8–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11806-010-0163-7
Smith TR, Frew J (1995) Alexandria digital library. Commun ACM 38(4):61–62. https://doi.org/10.1145/205323.205340
Sorokine A, Merzliakova I (1998) Interactive map applet for illustrative purposes. In: 6th ACM GIS conference. ACM, New York, pp 46–51
Stallman R (2002) Free Software, free society: selected essays of Richard M. Stallman. GNU Press, Boston
Steiniger S, Bocher E (2009) An overview on current free and open source desktop GIS developments. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 23(10):1345–1370. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810802634956
Steiniger S, Hunter AJS (2013) The 2012 free and open source GIS software map—a guide to facilitate research, development, and adoption. Comput Environ Urban Syst 39:136–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2012.10.003
Stubkjaer E (1997) The World Wide Web and university education in remote sensing. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 52(6):281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2716(97)00024-5
Su Y, Slottow J, Mozes A (2000) Distributing proprietary geographic data on the World Wide Web—UCLA GIS database and map server. Comput Geosci 26(7):741–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00130-2
Sultan N (2014) Making use of cloud computing for healthcare provision: opportunities and challenges. Int J Inf Manag 34(2):177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.12.011
Sumter L (2010) Cloud computing: security risk. In: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Southeast Regional Conference. ACM, Oxford
Sun A (2013) Enabling collaborative decision-making in watershed management using cloud-computing services. Environ Model Softw 41:93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.11.008
Tamura T, Maeno S, Hattori T, Kimura Y, Kimura Y, Yoshida M, Minato K (2014) Assessment of participant compliance with a Web-based home healthcare system for promoting specific health checkups. Biocybernet Biomed Eng 34(1):63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2013.12.001
Tang W, Feng W (2017) Parallel map projection of vector-based big spatial data: coupling cloud computing with graphics processing units. Comput Environ Urban Syst 61:187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2014.01.001
Teodoro A, Duarte L (2013) Forest fire risk maps: a GIS open source application—a case study in Norwest of Portugal. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 27(4):699–720. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2012.721554
Tsou M, Buttenfield BP (2002) A dynamic architecture for distributing geographic information services. Trans GIS 6(4):355–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9671.00118
Vaccari L, Shvaiko P, Marchese M (2009) A geo-service semantic integration in spatial data infrastructures. Int J Spat Data Infrastruct Res 4:24–51. https://doi.org/10.2902/1725-0463.2009.04.art2
Van Der Aalst WMP, Beisiegel M, Van Hee KM et al (2007) A SOA-based architecture framework. Int J Bus Process Integr Manag 2:1–64
Vaquero LM, Rodero-Merino L, Caceres J, Lindner M (2009) A break in the clouds: towards a cloud definition. In: ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. ACM, New York, pp 50–55
Venters W, Whitley EA (2012) A critical review of cloud computing: researching desires and realities. J Inf Technol 27(3):179–197. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2012.17
Vescoukis V, Doulamis N, Karagiorgou S (2012) A service oriented architecture for decision support systems in environmental crisis management. Futur Gener Comput Syst 28(3):593–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2011.03.010
Vretanos PA (2002) Web feature service implementation specification
Walker JD, Chapra SC (2014) A client-side web application for interactive environmental simulation modeling. Environ Model Softw 55:49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.01.023
Wan Z, Hong Y, Khan S, Gourley J, Flamig Z, Kirschbaum D, Tang G (2014) A cloud-based global flood disaster community cyber-infrastructure: development and demonstration. Environ Model Softw 58:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.04.007
Wenyun L, Lingyun B, Xiaona F (2010) Application of Web Service in Digital Library Information Retrieval System. In: 2010 3rd International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering IEEE, pp 289–292
Xia D, Xie X (2009) Web GIS server solutions using open-source software. In: Open-source Software for Scientific Computation (OSSC), 2009 I.E. International Workshop IEEE, pp 135–138
Yadav S (2013) Comparative study on open source software for cloud computing platform: Eucalyptus, openstack and opennebula. Int J Eng Sci 3:51–54
Yang CP, Wong DW, Yang R et al (2005) Performance-improving techniques in web-based GIS. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 19(3):319–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810412331280202
Yang C, Raskin R, Goodchild M, Gahegan M (2010) Geospatial Cyberinfrastructure: past, present and future. Comput Environ Urban Syst 34(4):264–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2010.04.001
Yang C, Goodchild M, Huang Q, Nebert D, Raskin R, Xu Y, Bambacus M, Fay D (2011) Spatial cloud computing: how can the geospatial sciences use and help shape cloud computing? Int J Digital Earth 4(4):305–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2011.587547
Youn C, Kaiser T, Seber D, Santini C (2008) Web-based simulating system for modeling earthquake seismic wavefields on the grid. Comput Geosci 34(12):1936–1946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.028
Yu L, Gong P (2012) Google Earth as a virtual globe tool for Earth science applications at the global scale: progress and perspectives. Int J Remote Sens 33(12):3966–3986. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.636081
Yung D, Li M-L, Chang S (2014) Evolutionary approach for crowdsourcing quality control. J Vis Lang Comput 25(6):879–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvlc.2014.11.002
Zhan FB (1997) Three fastest shortest path algorithms on real road networks: data structures and procedures. J Geogr Inf Decis Anal 1:70–82
Zhang C, Li W (2005) The roles of web feature and web map services in real-time geospatial data sharing for time-critical applications. Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci 32(4):269–283. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304005775194728
Zhang C, Li W, Zhao T (2007) Geospatial data sharing based on geospatial semantic web technologies. J Spat Sci 52(2):35–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2007.9635121
Zhang T, Ying S, Cao S, Zhang J (2008) A modelling approach to service-oriented architecture. Enterprise Inf Syst 2(3):239–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517570802285959
Zhang Q, Cheng L, Boutaba R (2010) Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges. J Internet Serv Appl 1(1):7–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13174-010-0007-6
Zhao H (2010) The Application of Web Communication Tools in University Library User-friendly J Group sends the new book to the hall information Blog applications. In: Computer design and applications (ICCDA), 2010 international conference. pp 509–512
Zhao Y, Tian Y (2010) The application of web in mental counseling for college students. In: 2010 Second International Conference on Multimedia and Information Technology IEEE, pp 194–197
Zhou W, Chi C-H, Wang C, et al (2014) Bridging the gap between spatial data sources and mashup applications. In: 2014 I.E. International Congress on Big Data IEEE, pp 554–561
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Agrawal, S., Gupta, R.D. Web GIS and its architecture: a review. Arab J Geosci 10, 518 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3296-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3296-2