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Smart parking systems technologies, tools, and challenges for implementing in a smart city environment: a survey based on IoT & ML perspective

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Abstract

Smart Parking systems are inevitable considering the growing population, particularly in the urban areas. Most of the people prefer to use private transportation for their convenience which results in an increased number of vehicles and hence increased traffic. Also cruising for parking is one of the most chaotic tasks leading to traffic congestion and increased consumption of time, fuel, and energy. This paper analyzes the smart parking solutions from a technical perspective related to Internet of Things and Machine Learning which are the two popular advancing areas. A detailed survey on the current state of art developments in smart parking systems incorporating the above-mentioned areas is included. In addition, the paper explores the role of smart parking in a smart city environment and the benefits of espousing parking 4.0. Furthermore, the current challenges in SPS, the possible solutions and future scopes in its implementation are also presented.

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Abbreviations

3D:

Three Dimensional

AI:

Artificial Intelligence

API:

Application Programming Interface

CAGR:

Compound Annual Growth Rate

CNN:

Convolutional Neural Network

DELM:

Deep Extreme Learning Machine

DL:

Deep Learning

DNN:

Deep Neural Network

EC:

Edge Computing

EM:

Ensemble Model

EV:

Electronic Vehicle

EV:

Electric Vehicle

FC:

Fog Computing

FCN:

Fully convolutional network

FRCNN:

Faster RCNN

GPS:

Global Positioning System

GSM:

Global System for Mobile Communications

IoT:

Internet of Things

IR:

Infrared

IT:

Information Technology

ITS:

Intelligent Transportation System

LCD:

Liquid Crystal Display

LED:

Light Emitting Diode

ML:

Machine Learning

M2M:

Machine to Machine

MRCNN:

Mask RCNN

NN:

Neural Network

PMS:

Parking Management Systems

QoS:

Quality of Service

RCNN:

Region-based Convolutional Neural Network

SC:

Smart City

SPS:

Smart Parking Systems

SSD:

Single Shot Detector

SVM:

Support Vector Machines

VANET:

Vehicular Ad hoc Network

WSN:

Wireless Sensor Network

YOLO:

You Only Look Once

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  1. Department of Computer Science, Bits-Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, UAE

    Aparna Raj & Sujala D. Shetty

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  1. Aparna Raj
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  2. Sujala D. Shetty
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AR: Literature search and review, survey design, analysis of application, manuscript writing. SDS: Survey design, manuscript review and editing.

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Correspondence to Aparna Raj.

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Raj, A., Shetty, S.D. Smart parking systems technologies, tools, and challenges for implementing in a smart city environment: a survey based on IoT & ML perspective. Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber. 15, 2673–2694 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-023-02056-5

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