Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Perceptual Analysis of Computer Graphics Characters in Digital Entertainment

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Grand Research Challenges in Games and Entertainment Computing in Brazil - GranDGamesBR 2020–2030 (GranDGamesBR 2020, GranDGamesBR 2021)

Part of the book series: Communications in Computer and Information Science ((CCIS,volume 1702))

  • 841 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter presents a discussion regarding the area of perceptual analysis in Computer Graphics (CG) characters. This discussion is focused on presenting one challenge area in Digital Entertainment. Many issues in the area of perception analysis have been researched in last years, in particular with respect to the theory of Uncanny Valley (UV) proposed by Masahiro Mori in 1970. Indeed, it is known that realistic characters from movies and games can cause strangeness and involuntary feelings in viewers, what can affect the acceptance of audience in games and movies. This chapter aims to present concepts and discuss issues in this area. For this, we present two case studies: i) The first one is related to perceptual analysis, in which we use characters in groups with different skin colors and different levels of realism; ii) The second one is related to computational analysis and aims to estimate the perceived comfort by human beings automatically.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROuE8xYLpX8.

  2. 2.

    www.jotform.com.

  3. 3.

    https://scikit-image.org/docs/0.8.0/api/skimage.filter.rank.html.

  4. 4.

    https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/fftpack.html.

  5. 5.

    https://opencv.org/.

  6. 6.

    https://github.com/justinpinkney/toonify.

References

  1. Araujo, V., Dalmoro, B., Musse, S.R.: Analysis of charisma, comfort and realism in cg characters from a gender perspective. Vis. Comput. 37, 1–14 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Araujo, V., Melgare, J., Dalmoro, B., Musse, S.R.: Is the perceived comfort with cg characters increasing with their novelty. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2021.3090198

  3. Araujo, V., Melgare, J., Dalmoro, B., Musse, S.R.: Is the perceived comfort with CG characters increasing with their novelty. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 42, 32–46 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Awamleh, R., Gardner, W.L.: Perceptions of leader charisma and effectiveness: the effects of vision content, delivery, and organizational performance. Leadersh. Q. 10(3), 345–373 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Birkhoff, G.D.: Quelques éléments mathématiques de l’art. In: Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici, pp. 315–333. Bologna, September 1929

    Google Scholar 

  6. Birkhoff, G.D.: Une théorie quantitative de l’esthétique. Bulletin de la Société française de Philosophia (1931)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Birkhoff, G.D.: Aesthetic measure. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 40, 7–10 (1933)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Bornemann, B., Winkielman, P., Van der Meer, E.: Can you feel what you do not see? using internal feedback to detect briefly presented emotional stimuli. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 85(1), 116–124 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chaminade, T., Hodgins, J., Kawato, M.: Anthropomorphism influences perception of computer-animated characters’ actions. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2(3), 206–216 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dal Molin, G.P., Nomura, F.M., Dalmoro, B.M., de A. Araújo, V.F., Musse, S.R.: Can we estimate the perceived comfort of virtual human faces using visual cues? In: 2021 IEEE 15th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC), pp. 366–369 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSC50631.2021.00085

  11. Dalal, N., Triggs, B.: Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In: 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2005), vol. 1, pp. 886–893. IEEE (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Flach, L.M., de Moura, R.H., Musse, S.R., Dill, V., Pinho, M.S., Lykawka, C.: Evaluation of the uncanny valley in cg characters. In: Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainmen (SBGames)(Brasiìlia), pp. 108–116 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Goethals, G.R., Allison, S.T.: Kings and charisma, Lincoln and leadership: an evolutionary perspective. In: Goethals, G.R., Allison, S.T., Kramer, R.M., Messick, D.M. (eds.) Conceptions of Leadership, pp. 111–124. Jepson Studies in Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan, New York (2014). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137472038_7

  14. Goldenberg, A., Weisz, E., Sweeny, T.D., Cikara, M., Gross, J.J.: The crowd-emotion-amplification effect. Psychol. Sci. 32(3), 437–450 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hoenig, F.: Defining computational aesthetics. In: Neumann, L., Sbert, M., Gooch, B., Purgathofer, W. (eds.) 1st Eurographics Workshop on Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization, and Imaging, CAe 2005, Girona, Spain, 18–20 May 2005, Proceedings, pp. 13–18. Eurographics Association (2005). https://doi.org/10.2312/COMPAESTH/COMPAESTH05/013-018

  16. Howse, J.: OpenCV Computer Vision with Python. Packt Publishing Ltd., Birmingham (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hyde, J., Carter, E.J., Kiesler, S., Hodgins, J.K.: Evaluating animated characters: facial motion magnitude influences personality perceptions. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. (TAP) 13(2), 8 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Jimenez, J., et al.: Separable subsurface scattering. In: Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 34, pp. 188–197. Wiley Online Library (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kätsyri, J., Förger, K., Mäkäräinen, M., Takala, T.: A review of empirical evidence on different uncanny valley hypotheses: support for perceptual mismatch as one road to the valley of eeriness. Front. Psychol. 6, 390 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kätsyri, J., Mäkäräinen, M., Takala, T.: Testing the uncanny valley hypothesis in semirealistic computer-animated film characters: an empirical evaluation of natural film stimuli. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 97, 149–161 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kim, T., et al.: Countering racial bias in computer graphics research. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.15163 (2021)

  22. Lamer, S.A., Sweeny, T.D., Dyer, M.L., Weisbuch, M.: Rapid visual perception of interracial crowds: racial category learning from emotional segregation. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 147(5), 683 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Li, W., Zinbarg, R.E., Boehm, S.G., Paller, K.A.: Neural and behavioral evidence for affective priming from unconsciously perceived emotional facial expressions and the influence of trait anxiety. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20(1), 95–107 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Liu, L., Liu, B., Huang, H., Bovik, A.C.: No-reference image quality assessment based on spatial and spectral entropies. Signal Process. Image Commun. 29(8), 856–863 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ma, L., Deng, Z.: Real-time facial expression transformation for monocular RGB video. In: Computer Graphics Forum. vol. 38, pp. 470–481. Wiley Online Library (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  26. MacDorman, K.F.: Mortality salience and the uncanny valley. In: 5th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, 2005, pp. 399–405. IEEE (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  27. MacDorman, K.F., Chattopadhyay, D.: Reducing consistency in human realism increases the uncanny valley effect; increasing category uncertainty does not. Cognition 146, 190–205 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mori, M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. Energy 7, 33–35 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mustafa, M., Magnor, M.: EEG based analysis of the perception of computer-generated faces. In: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Visual Media Production (CVMP 2016), p. 4. ACM (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Paleari, M., Lisetti, C.: Psychologically grounded avatars expressions. In: First Workshop on Emotion and Computing at KI (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rosenthal-von der Pütten, A.M., Krämer, N.C.: Individuals’ evaluations of and attitudes towards potentially uncanny robots. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 7(5), 799–824 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Queiroz, R.B., Musse, S.R., Badler, N.I.: Investigating macroexpressions and microexpressions in computer graphics animated faces. PRESENCE Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 23(2), 191–208 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Riggio, R.E.: Charisma. Encycl. Ment. Health 1, 387–396 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rosebrock, A.: Facial landmarks with dlib opencv and python-pyimagesearch. PyImageSearch (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ruhland, K., Prasad, M., McDonnell, R.: Data-driven approach to synthesizing facial animation using motion capture. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 37(4), 30–41 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Saneyoshi, A., Okubo, M., Suzuki, H., Oyama, T., Laeng, B.: The other-race effect in the uncanny valley. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 166, 102871 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Schwind, V.: Implications of the uncanny valley of avatars and virtual characters for human-computer interaction. (dissertation - university of stuttgart) (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10/gd6b7h

  38. Schwind, V., Wolf, K., Henze, N.: Avoiding the uncanny valley in virtual character design. Interactions 25(5), 45–49 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Shen, X.B., Wu, Q., Fu, X.l.: Effects of the duration of expressions on the recognition of microexpressions. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 13(3), 221–230 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Sponring, J.: The entropy of scale-space. In: Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, vol. 1, pp. 900–904. IEEE (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Tinwell, A., Grimshaw, M., Williams, A.: The uncanny wall. Int. J. Arts Technol. 4(3), 326–341 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Viola, P., Jones, M., et al.: Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. CVPR (1) 1(511–518), 3 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Van der Walt, S., et al.: scikit-image: image processing in python. PeerJ 2, e453 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  44. West, P.T., Armstrong, J.: Charisma-studying its elusive nature. NASSP Bull. 64(438), 70–77 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Zell, E., et al.: To stylize or not to stylize?: The effect of shape and material stylization on the perception of computer-generated faces. ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG) 34(6), 184 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Zell, E., Zibrek, K., McDonnell, R.: Perception of virtual characters. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2019 Courses, pp. 1–17. SIGGRAPH (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Žunić, J., Hirota, K., Rosin, P.L.: A hu moment invariant as a shape circularity measure. Pattern Recogn. 43(1), 47–57 (2010)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank CNPq and CAPES for partially funding this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Soraia Raupp Musse, Greice Pinho Dal Molin, Victor Flávio de Andrade Araujo & Diogo Hartmann Muller Schaffer

  2. School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Angelo Costa Brandelli

Authors
  1. Soraia Raupp Musse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Greice Pinho Dal Molin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Victor Flávio de Andrade Araujo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Diogo Hartmann Muller Schaffer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Angelo Costa Brandelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Victor Flávio de Andrade Araujo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Rodrigo Pereira dos Santos

  2. UDESC, Joinville, Brazil

    Marcelo da Silva Hounsell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Musse, S.R., Molin, G.P.D., Araujo, V.F.d.A., Schaffer, D.H.M., Brandelli, A.C. (2023). Perceptual Analysis of Computer Graphics Characters in Digital Entertainment. In: Santos, R.P.d., Hounsell, M.d.S. (eds) Grand Research Challenges in Games and Entertainment Computing in Brazil - GranDGamesBR 2020–2030. GranDGamesBR GranDGamesBR 2020 2021. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1702. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27639-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27639-2_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-27638-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-27639-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation