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Global Wind Energy and Power Generation Options: Socioeconomic Factors

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Wind Energy for Power Generation

Abstract

The discussions in this section pertain mainly to the impact of socioeconomic factors reflecting global wind energy and power generation options which could entail demographic parameters, economic strata considerations pertaining to social factors, cultural outlook inhibiting change and progress; community affiliations and relations harboring cohesiveness or disparities; political perceptions and thoughts for promotion of renewable energy including wind; administrative factors impacting wind energy option; and finally weaknesses and strengths of social economic factors for wind energy and power generation. All of these factors are sequentially addressed for the various geographic global entities in the following order – East Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the United States, Canada, Mexico, and rest of North America.

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Notes

  1. 1.

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  2. 2.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_12-13-15.

  3. 3.

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  4. 4.

    “Cure required for the crisis of age: the US is growing tide of older people faces double trouble” writes Lauren Foster in the Financial Times dated April 5–6, 2009, page. 4.

  5. 5.

    “That Wave of Retirees? Not so big – just as the graceful mommy was due have new economic and social reasons to keep their jobs”, reported in DEMOGRAPHICS by Adam Aston, in Business Week, pg. 50. House

  6. 6.

    “Get Ready for the Age Wave – change is inevitably coming as the baby boomers enter their twilight years, including the end of retirement as we know it” by Deborah Kotz in Healthy Aging, US news and World Report, February 2010 pages 19 and 26

  7. 7.

    “Misery Index” cited for “social status and health” mentioning “low social status is bad for your health”, is applicable for income levels, as well! See, “The Economist” April 14, 2012 issue on page 87

  8. 8.

    The New York Times, “Rural China’s Hunger for Sons Fuels Traffic in Abducted Boys”, April 5, 2009 pg. 1

  9. 9.

    “Living Alone is The New Norm”, by Eric Kleinberg in “10 ideas that are changing your life.” Time Magazine featured Going Solo as the #1 Idea in the March 12, 2012 cover story, pg. 60

  10. 10.

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  11. 11.

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  12. 12.

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  13. 13.

    “Soaring fuel bills pressure on Africa’s fragile economies”, Ed Crooks and Matthew Green assess the impact of $ 90 a barrel on some of the world’s most vulnerable countries; news analysis in Financial Times, December 29–30, 2007, pg. 3

  14. 14.

    “The Rise of a New American Underclass – the real issue is not how many people to let in, but how to help them all fit in”, an article on Immigration by Ellen Cose, Newsweek December 31, 2007/January 7, 2008 page 74

  15. 15.

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  16. 16.

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  17. 17.

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  18. 18.

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  19. 19.

    “Vegetable Gardens Help Morale Grow” by Raymund Flandez in Small Business Section, Wall Street Journal August 18, 2009 page 35; and “The Hotspots For Organic Food” by Hannah Fairfield in New York Times May 3, 2009, pg. 4.

  20. 20.

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  21. 21.

    “Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy” Edited by James Q. Wilson, 1967; “Urban Neighborhoods In A New Era: Revitalization Policies in The Postindustrial City” by Clarence against stone, Robert P Stoker et al., Chicago University Press, 2015; “Towards an Urban Renaissance” by The Urban Task Force, Routledge, UK, September 16, 1999;

  22. 22.

    “Seattle’s New High-Tech Hub – Salt Lake Union is attracting businesses and residents with new condos, a lakefront park and a streetcar link to downtown” by Jane Hodge s, New York Times June 21, 2009, pg. 4.; “Old economy’s in March as the new contenders – developing regions return to forever in spite of credit fears and the continued lack of your of emerging markets” by Daniel Thomas financial times January 1 21–2508, pg. 8.

  23. 23.

    Corporate News, Wall Street Journal May 6, 2010 page B3.

  24. 24.

    News Item by its Stephanie Rosenbloom, New York Times July 12, 2009 page 24.

  25. 25.

    “Wind Energy Project Proposed” news item by Tennille Tracy, Wall Street Journal October 13, 2010 page A6.

  26. 26.

    “Caution in Order on The Manufacturing Index – ISM Manufacturing Index and Recessions, Ahead of The Tape” by Mark Gamble, Wall Street Journal June 14, 2009, pg. 3.

  27. 27.

    “In Wisconsin, Hopeful Signs For Factories – Early Signs of an Industrial Rebound; An Uptick in Manufacturing”, a report by Peter G Goodman New York Times, September 13, 2009 pages 1 and 4.

  28. 28.

    “Slowing Electricity Consumption Poses Challenge to Utilities”, WSJ, January 3, 2013, page B9.

  29. 29.

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  30. 30.

    “US Steel’s Last Stand: Alabama – Steelmaker takes page from Nucor’s playbook as firm cope with flood of low priced imports; Nucor’s Plant Decatur, AL employs about one third as many workers as US Steel’s Birmingham Plant”, news item by John W Miller, Wall Street Journal, June 18, 2015 page B1

  31. 31.

    “States Cut Special Deals for Aluminum Plants”, news item by John W Miller October 5–6, 2013 page A1

  32. 32.

    “Firms Offer ‘Voluntary ‘Benefits”, a news item by Jilian Mincer in Wall Street Journal October 17, 2007 page B4B.

  33. 33.

    “Strapped Cities Outsource Transit lines”, news item by Christopher Conkey, U.S. News & World Report July 13, 2009, pg. A6.

  34. 34.

    “The Efficiency of Social Pressure – Energy Inefficiency in The Household: 2012 report in “The Business” section by John Bussey, September 6, 2013 pages B1, B2.

  35. 35.

    “US Firms Eager to Add Foreign Jobs” by David Wessel, Wall Street Journal November 22, 2011 page B1

  36. 36.

    “World’s Factories Pick Up the Pace – Global Divide: Purchasing Manager’s Index of US Manufacturing Activity”, a report by Conor Dougherty in Wall Street Journal February 2, 2012

  37. 37.

    Institute of Supply Management Report by Kristina Cahill, ISM, Rob/Research Manager, Tempe, Arizona, Dec. 1, 2015.

  38. 38.

    “It’s All about Energy, Stupid!” Report by Karen in Newsweek November 19, 2007 page 34.

  39. 39.

    “Mercury Pits Two Cities in Fight over Factory Jobs” by Joe Barrett in Wall Street Journal US news September 4, 2009, page A6.

  40. 40.

    “Links to Offshore Wind Map – US States”; and “Current Installed Wind Power Capacity (MW) Map” National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).

  41. 41.

    Thomas L. Friedman, “World is Flat – The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century”, by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, April 5, 2005.

  42. 42.

    “Economics: Local Economics: Rule number 2 Manufacturing Matters – Why Local is Looking Better and Better”, time magazine’s August 20, pages 20 through 32.

  43. 43.

    “Economics: Local Economics: Rule number 2 Manufacturing Matters – Why Local is Looking Better and Better”, time magazine’s August 20, pages 20 through 32.

  44. 44.

    “African and Entrepreneurs – Parallel Players”, Ankara and Monrovia, Business Section of The Economist, June 23, 2012, pg. 69.

  45. 45.

    “Made in India Exports Extend to Midsize Vehicles”, in ‘Global Window’, ASME Mechanical Engineering magazine August 2012, page 14.

  46. 46.

    “The Gujarati Way – Going Global – Secrets of the World’s Best Business People”, Surat, The Economist, December 19, 2015 page 105.

  47. 47.

    “Reliance Industries Too Big for India – Investors have fallen out of love with India’s biggest firm. A large acquisition abroad could be Its next move”, Mumbai In Business Section of The Economist, August 13, 2011 Page 61.

  48. 48.

    “India has Designs on Toy Manufacturing – Suppliers Seek New Opportunities As Labor Costs Rise In China; From Farms to Factories”, Raymond Zhong, Reporting from Kakinada, India, Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2016 Page A7.

  49. 49.

    “Entrepreneurship in India- Ready, Steady, Go; Restart: The Last Chance for Indian Economy” By Mihir Sharma, Random House, India; and “Recasting India: How Entrepreneurship is Revolutionizing The World’s Largest Democracy”, by Hindol Sengupta, Palgrave Macmillan” Cited In The Business Book Quarterly, The Economist April 18, 2015 Page 78

  50. 50.

    “Home Is Where You Hand Your Debt – Many institutions that invested in real estate for security findings as carelessly overextended”, an article by Claudia La Rocco, The New York Times, April 5, 2009 page 18.

  51. 51.

    World News Report of Tony Barber in Brussels, “Jobs and Economy Top Main Concerns”, Financial Times June 3, 2009, page 4.

  52. 52.

    “Uncertain Future – Will Homelessness on the Coast Worsen?”, News item by Natalie Chandler in Wall Street Journal, December 8 2007 page 13A.

  53. 53.

    “Cities Tolerate Homeless Camps – Nashville, Tennessee” Report by Jennifer Levitz, Wall Street Journal, August 11, 2009 page A3.

  54. 54.

    “Some Debtors Abandoned Homes – Investors who face foreclosure are typically left with a big federal tax hit”, reported in Wall Street Journal October 18, 2007 pages D1 and D6.

  55. 55.

    “The United States of Subprime – Data Show Bad Loans permeate the Nation; Pain Could Last Years”, report by Rick Brooks and Constance Mitchell Ford in Wall Street Journal October 11, 2007 pages A1 and A16.

  56. 56.

    “California Housing Shows Signs of Nearing Bottom”, reported by Jim Carlton, San Francisco, Wall Street Journal May 29, 2009 page A4.

  57. 57.

    “Paulson urges action on housing” reported by Damian Panetta in Washington in Wall Street Journal October 17, 2007 page A5

  58. 58.

    “Hawaii Wrestles with Vagaries of a Green Grid”, as reported by Rebecca Smith and Lynn Cook in Wall Street Journal June 29, 2015 page B1.

  59. 59.

    “The expectation gap – Obama and Clinton each claimed they can bring change”, Politics by Richard Wolffe, Karen Breslau and Evan Thomas in Newsweek, February 18, 2008 pages 36–37.

  60. 60.

    “Wasting an Opportunity: Americans generate a lot of trash and stick most of it in landfills. We need to recover more value from what we throw out” by Michael E Weber, Josey Centennial Fellow of Energy Resources and Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas at Austin cited in Mechanical Engineering ASME Press, November 2014, pg. 16.

  61. 61.

    “Where The New Neon Lights Are Bright And Diverse Or No Longer Welcome – Under Mayor Bloomberg, New York City embracing the controversial theory: closing down streets can reduce traffic jams”, an article by Nick summer’s in years week margin 9 2009 pages 50 and 51.

  62. 62.

    http://inhabitat.com/highway-wind-power/ “Environment: WIND POWER FROM NEW JERSEY HIGHWAYS, 04/30/2007, under Environment, Renewable Energy, Wind Power by Jorge Chapa.

  63. 63.

    “Micro-Wind Power’ Creating Sustainable Energy and Green Infrastructure by David Crockett”, September 20, 2010 cited in https://wutcana.wordpress.com/tag/solar-power/

  64. 64.

    An Editorial in US and World Report “Family – Unfriendly Policies” by Mortimer B. Zuckerman, Editor-in-Chief, October 15, 2007, pg. 72.

  65. 65.

    “The Expectation Gap: Obama and Clinton each claim they can bring about change. But candidates have been promising that forever so why should voters buy in this time? A reality check.”, An article by Richard Wolffe, Karen Breslau and Evan Thomas in the Newsweek February 18, 2008, pages 36, 37.

  66. 66.

    “Cracked Foundations? The financial crisis spreads slowly into the real economy; sanguine forecasts for global growth are revised downwards; the world’s economy’s boom in the last 5 years reflected a fundamental shift and borrower’s brace”, a financial analysis by Chris Giles, Gilian Tett in Financial Times March 19, 2008, pg. 9.

  67. 67.

    “Gloomy warnings from Fed-Ben and K points to numerous difficulties; Asian and European markets fall sharply” report by Krishna Guha and James polity in Washington and Mikhail McKenzie in New York and in financial times July 16, 2008 page 1

  68. 68.

    “IMF Chief Fears Worlds Poor”, reported by Krishna Guha in Financial Times July 16, 2008, pg. 2

  69. 69.

    “Pessimism in US over Prospects for Growth – small companies in downbeat mood; Sectors attitude to globalization worse” by Hal Weltzman in Chicago for Financial Times, July 8, 2008, pg. 4

  70. 70.

    Ibid.

  71. 71.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_mobility_4-22-16

  72. 72.

    http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/microeconomics.asp

  73. 73.

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  74. 74.

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  75. 75.

    “Study Shows Black Trail In Income Growth” by Greg IP reported in Wall Street Journal number 13 2007 page A4.

  76. 76.

    “Immigration Crackdown Shifts Focus to Employers” by Miriam Jordan and Sabrina Shankman, US News in the Wall Street Journal July 2, 2009 page A4.

  77. 77.

    “US Jobless Rise Deepens The Recession Gloom: Labor Market Data Worst in Five Years, Economists Fear Growth Will Stall” Market News by Chris Bryant in New York, Financial Times, March 8–9, 2008, page 2.

  78. 78.

    “Prolonged Aid To Unemployed Is Running Out: 1.5 million face cut off-cause – Calls Rise for Congress to Save a Life line Against Poverty” report by Erik Eckholm in New York Times August 2, 2009, pgs. 1 and 16; and “The Boundaries of Jobless Benefits” news item Wall Street Journal June 23, 2008 pages D1 and D5.

  79. 79.

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  80. 80.

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  81. 81.

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  82. 82.

    “A ‘Torrid’ Market Calms Down in China”, ASME Mechanical Engineering, New York, NY, August 2012 page 14.

  83. 83.

    “Current Population Survey (CPS) – Definitions and Explanations”. US Census Bureau. Note: Gini coefficient becomes 1, only in a large population where one person has all the income. In the special case of just two people, where one has no income and the other has all the income, the Gini coefficient is 0.5. For 5 people set, where 4 have no income and the fifth has all the income, the Gini coefficient is 0.8. See: FAO, United Nations – Inequality Analysis, The Gini Index Module (PDF format), fao.org., cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

  84. 84.

    Gini, C. (1936). “On the Measure of Concentration with Special Reference to Income and Statistics”, Colorado College Publication, General Series No. 208, 73–79. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

  85. 85.

    “Income distribution – Inequality: Income distribution – Inequality – Country tables”. OECD. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014.cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

  86. 86.

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  87. 87.

    Schüssler, Mike (16 July 2014). “The Gini is still in the bottle”. Money Web. Retrieved 24 November 2014. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

  88. 88.

    Evan Hillebrand (June 2009). “Poverty, Growth, and Inequality over the Next 50 Years” (PDF). FAO, United Nations – Economic and Social Development Department; and “The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development, 2010” (PDF). United Nations Development Program. 2011. pp. 72–74. ISBN 978-0-230-28445-6.cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

  89. 89.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

  90. 90.

    “BRICS New World Order is Now on Hold; Debt and Demographic Woes are the Challenges Facing Top Five Developing Countries – A Global Crisis is in The Offing”, An Article by Ian Talley In Wall Street Journal January 20, 2016 Page R8.

  91. 91.

    http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/ppp.asp and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity

  92. 92.

    “An Emerging Mismatch In Global Growth Picture” by Richard Barley in ‘Outlook 2016’, Wall Street Journal January 20, 2016 Page R8

  93. 93.

    “Poverty | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization”. www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2015-11-04.cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  94. 94.

    UN declaration at World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  95. 95.

    “Mozambique: ACTION PLAN FOR THE REDUCTION OF ABSOLUTE POVERTY, 2001–2005, The World Bank” (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2013. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  96. 96.

    Ravallion, Martin; Chen, Shaohua; Sangraula, Prem (May 2008). Dollar a Day Revisited (PDF) (Report). Washington DC: The World Bank. Retrieved 10 June 2013 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  97. 97.

    “Poverty Definitions”. US Census Bureau. 2011. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  98. 98.

    Global Monitoring Report; Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change” (PDF). www.worldbank.org/gmr. Retrieved 4 Nov 2015.cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  99. 99.

    Jason Hickel (30 March 2015). It will take 100 years for the world’s poorest people to earn $1.25 a day. The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2015.cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  100. 100.

    Devichand, Mukul (2 December 2007). “When a dollar a day means 25 cents”. bbcnews.com. Retrieved 28 May 2011 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  101. 101.

    Poverty Definitions”. US Census Bureau. 2011. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  102. 102.

    World Bank’s $1.25/day poverty measure- countering the latest criticisms”. The World Bank. 2010 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  103. 103.

    New Progress in Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China (1274 yuan per year = US$ 0.55 per day)”. The Government of China. 2011 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  104. 104.

    Javed Khan (19 July 2015). “The welfare reform and work bill will make poor children poorer”. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 July 2015 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  105. 105.

    “The World Bank, 2007, Understanding Poverty”. Web.worldbank.org. 19 April 2005. Retrieved 24 October 2010. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  106. 106.

    “How Have the World’s Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?” Table 3, p. 28″. worldbank.org. Retrieved 28 May 2011, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  107. 107.

    “East Asia Remains Robust Despite US Slow Down”. worldbank.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  108. 108.

    Birth rates must be curbed to win war on global poverty”. The Independent (London). 31 January 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2012 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  109. 109.

    World Bank, 2007, Povcalnet Poverty Data”. World Bank. Retrieved 24 October 2010 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  110. 110.

    The data can be replicated using World Bank 2007 Human Development Indicator regional tables, and using the default poverty line of $32.74 per month at 1993 PPP cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  111. 111.

    “Venezuela’s Poverty Soars with handouts scarce, support for the ruling party is fading.. And the government stopped publishing poverty data in 2013”, An article by Kejal Vyas in December 3, 2015 Wall Street Journal page A11.

  112. 112.

    “In Venezuela, Plenty of Oil, Not Enough Food – It is the old story: socialist government interferes with the marketplace and the result is scarcity” by Otto J Reich, a former US Ambassador to Venezuela in Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2013 page A13

  113. 113.

    Child poverty in rich nations: Report card no. 6 (Report). Innocenti Research Centre. 2005; “Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries”. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2008; Human development report: Capacity development: Empowering people and institutions (Report). Geneva: United Nations Development Program. 2008; and “Child Poverty”. Ottawa, ON: Conference Board of Canada. 2013 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  114. 114.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

  115. 115.

    Adam Smith (1776). An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 5 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  116. 116.

    Galbraith, J. K. (1958). The Affluent Society, Chapter 22: The Position of Poverty. Boston: Houghton Mifflin cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  117. 117.

    Townsend, P. (1979), page 31 in “Poverty in the United Kingdom”, London: Penguin cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  118. 118.

    Lipton, Michael (1986), ‘Seasonality and ultra-poverty’, Sussex, IDS Bulletin 17.3 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  119. 119.

    International Food Policy Research Institute, The World’s Most Deprived. Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Poverty and Hunger, Washington: IFPRI Oct 2007 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  120. 120.

    “Assets & Opportunity Scorecard”, Assetsandopportunity.org. Retrieved 26 July 2013 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  121. 121.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

  122. 122.

    “slow growth clouds fight against the poverty – a concentrated problem is although the percentage of people living in extreme poverty has fallen sharply, more than 700 million people remain in such dire straits”, in ‘Outlook 2016’ by Betsy McKay, in the Wall Street Journal January 20, 2016 page R7.

  123. 123.

    For the sake of convenience in compiling Table 3.1 the information for World Bank Region Seven “North America, including the US, Mexico and Canada” available in https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups has been excluded.

  124. 124.

    https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=sub-saharan+african+countries

  125. 125.

    “Banyan: The power and hoary – Singapore shows how to be deal with an opinionated patriarch” an article in The Economist April 4, 2015 in Asia section, page 39.

  126. 126.

    http://data.worldbank.org/region/EAP

  127. 127.

    http://data.worldbank.org/region/EAP

  128. 128.

    http://data.worldbank.org/region/ECA

  129. 129.

    http://data.worldbank.org/region/ECA

  130. 130.

    http://data.worldbank.org/region/ECA

  131. 131.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_South_America

  132. 132.

    http://data.worldbank.org/region/LAC

  133. 133.

    http://data.worldbank.org/region/LAC

  134. 134.

    “Africa’s Oceans: A Sea of Riches – coastal waters could feed many more Africans..”, Berbera, Freetown and Mombasa, in the section Mideast and Africa, The Economist, February 18, 2012 page 52

  135. 135.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena

  136. 136.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/overview#1

  137. 137.

    http://data.worldbank.org/region/SSA

  138. 138.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/overview#1

  139. 139.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/overview#1

  140. 140.

    http://data.worldbank.org/region/SAS

  141. 141.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada

  142. 142.

    “Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in countries”. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2008 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada

  143. 143.

    “Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries”. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2008; Raphael, Dennis (June 2009). “Poverty, Human Development, and Health in Canada: Research, Practice, and Advocacy Dilemmas”. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research (CJNR) 41 (2): 7–18; Child poverty in rich nations: Report card no. 6 (Report). Innocenti Research Centre. 2005; and Human development report: Capacity development: Empowering people and institutions (Report). Geneva: United Nations Development Program. 2008; cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada#cite_note-UNDP2008-9

  144. 144.

    “Poverty Measure in Canada Analysis”. CBC. Retrieved 4 January 2007; cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada#cite_note-UNDP2008-9

  145. 145.

    The rise in low-income rates among immigrants in Canada, Analytical Studies Branch research paper series, Statistics Canada, June 2003, URL accessed 20 September 2006, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada#cite_note-UNDP2008-9

  146. 146.

    Chronic Low Income and Low-income Dynamics Among Recent Immigrants, Statistics Canada, January 2007, URL accessed 30 January 2007: and David Gordon (2006). Christina Pantazis; David Gordon; Ruth Levitas, eds. The concept and measurement of poverty; Poverty and social exclusion in Britain: The Millennium Survey. Bristol, UK: Policy Press. pp. 29–70, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada#cite_note-UNDP2008-9

  147. 147.

    Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada#cite_note-UNDP2008–9

  148. 148.

    Poverty in Canada: 2006 Update cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada#cite_note-UNDP2008-9

  149. 149.

    “Poverty in Canada 2006 update” (PDF). Fraser Institute. November 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2007 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada#cite_note-UNDP2008-9

  150. 150.

    “Persons in low income, by economic family type”. 0.statcan.gc.ca. 2013–06-27. Retrieved 2015–10-12 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  151. 151.

    Wolfgang Kitterer, 2006, “More Growth through Redistribution?” and Income Inequality and Redistribution in Canada: 1976 to 2004, Statistics Canada, 11 May 2007, URL accessed 2 December 2007 Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  152. 152.

    Income Inequality and Redistribution in Canada: 1976 to 2004, Statistics Canada, 11 May 2007, URL accessed 2 December 2007, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  153. 153.

    Woolley, Frances. “Five Years of the Working Income Tax Benefit”. Retrieved November 3, 2012, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  154. 154.

    “Minimum Wage by Province”. retailcouncil.org Retail Council of Canada. 2014–10-14. Retrieved 2015–03-08. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  155. 155.

    “Energy Poverty as Ideological Poverty in Canada” by Kristen Meredith Forbes Cairney in Journal of Hunger and Poverty, 1(1), March 2009 Printed in Canada in collaboration with Esurio, published by the Ontario Association of Food Banks (OAFB) and is supported by Direct Energy, Canada.

  156. 156.

    Ontario. Toronto Environmental Alliance. A Low-income Energy Efficiency Program: Mapping the Sector and Program Design Principles. Toronto: Toronto Environmental Alliance, 2006; cited in “ENERGY POVERTY AS IDEOLOGICAL POVERTY IN CANADA” by Kristen Meredith Forbes Cairney in Journal of Hunger and Poverty, 1(1), March 2009 Printed in Canada in collaboration with Esurio, published by the Ontario Association of Food Banks (OAFB) and is supported by Direct Energy, Canada..

  157. 157.

    Ibid.

  158. 158.

    Commoner, Barry. The Poverty of Power: Energy and the Economic Crisis. New York: Bantam Books, 1977; cited in “Energy Poverty as Ideological Poverty in Canada” by Kristen Meredith Forbes Cairney in Journal of Hunger and Poverty, 1(1), March 2009 Printed in Canada in collaboration with Esurio, published by the Ontario Association of Food Banks (OAFB) and is supported by Direct Energy, Canada.

  159. 159.

    Boardman, Brenda. Fuel Poverty: from cold homes to affordable warmth. London: Belhaven Press, 1991;and Ontario. Toronto Environmental Alliance. Saving Energy: The Six-Step Guide to Tenant Action. Toronto: Toronto Environmental Alliance, 2008, cited in “ENERGY POVERTY AS IDEOLOGICAL POVERTY IN CANADA” by Kristen Meredith Forbes Cairney in Journal of Hunger and Poverty, 1(1), March 2009 Printed in Canada in collaboration with Esurio, published by the Ontario Association of Food Banks (OAFB) and is supported by Direct Energy, Canada.

  160. 160.

    Low-income energy conservation and assistance. Toronto: IndEco Strategic Consulting Inc., 2004, cited in “Energy Poverty as Ideological Poverty in Canada” by Kristen Meredith Forbes Cairney in Journal of Hunger and Poverty, 1(1), March 2009 Printed in Canada in collaboration with Esurio, published by the Ontario Association of Food Banks (OAFB) and is supported by Direct Energy, Canada.

  161. 161.

    Chopowick, Mr. Presentation. “Consultation on Energy Issues Relating to Low Income Consumers.” Ontario Energy Board, Toronto. 22 Sept. 2008, cited in “ENERGY POVERTY AS IDEOLOGICAL POVERTY IN CANADA” by Kristen Meredith Forbes Cairney in Journal of Hunger and Poverty, 1(1), March 2009 Printed in Canada in collaboration with Esurio, published by the Ontario Association of Food Banks (OAFB) and is supported by Direct Energy, Canada.

  162. 162.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_partition_proposals

  163. 163.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States

  164. 164.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States

  165. 165.

    Also see “insular areas” that include all territories over which the United States exercises sovereignty; see http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf

  166. 166.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States

  167. 167.

    http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/americas-poverty-problem/405700/

  168. 168.

    “Mexico City cultivates rise of backyard agriculture – spiraling food costs have added impetus to a program that helps citizens to grow their own crops” writes Adam Thompson in Financial Times June 28–29, 2008, page 2.

  169. 169.

    “Coal Mining in the Depths”, in the Business section, The Economist, March 28, 2015.

  170. 170.

    Ibid.

  171. 171.

    “Poverty in China – Just a Little Bit Ricer: How much has a flag official scheme played in China’s impressive record of reducing poverty?”, Report of Tianzhen County, Shanxi; Reported in the Economist, April 4, 2015 page 40.

  172. 172.

    Holley H. Ulbrich, Clemson University, “Public finance in theory and practice”, Thompson Southwestern, a Division of Thomson Learning, Mason Ohio, 2005, pg. 6.

  173. 173.

    Mahadev, P.D., and K. R. Rao, “A Model for Location of Service Facilities in a non-western Urban Environment: in Proceedings of the 1972 Meeting of the I.G.U. Commission on Quantitative Geography, ed. Maurice Yeates, Montreal, Quebec, McGill, Queen’s University Press, 1974.

  174. 174.

    “Pension Fund Looks for Private Partners – Consortium would invest across classes”, General Financial Report by Deborah Brewster in New York, Financial Times, January 28, 2008, page 16.

  175. 175.

    Map of US Wind Resources at 80 M Height above Ground level, cited in Ref. 13, pg. 8–5, figure 1.13)

  176. 176.

    Harvey S Rosen, Dept. of Economics Princeton University “Public Finance Edition”, IRWIN, Homewood, Illinois 1992, pg. 377

  177. 177.

    “Municipal Bonds Run into Further Funding Woe – Uncertainty over their exposure to monoline crisis has threatened the flow of finance to the sector” writes Saskia Scholtes in Financial Times January 31, 2008 page 29.

  178. 178.

    “Financial Woes Scorch SunEdison” a news item by Liz Hoffman and Matt Jarzemsky in Wall Street Journal December 23, 2015 page C1.

  179. 179.

    “Google’s Strength Spurs Stock Rally” an article by Alistair Barr in Wall Street Journal February 2, 2016, pages A1 & A10

  180. 180.

    Much of the thought process of the author for these tables in 3.1.19 is based on his 3-D factor analysis models he used in his mimeographed doctoral dissertation arguing the case of a “Proposal for a Metropolitan Regional Development Authority in India”, University of Pittsburgh, 1976.

  181. 181.

    “Biofuels: Thin Harvest – investment in biofuels is dwindling and skepticism is growing”, an article in Science and Technology, The Economist, April 18, 2015

  182. 182.

    “Cattle Manure to Pipeline Gas: A Process Study By Herman F Feldman and Paul M. Yavorksy, Pittsburgh Energy Research Ctr., Bureau of Mines: Koh-Don Kiang, Pennsylvania State University and Chin Yung Wen, West Virginia University. Article in Mechanical Engineering ASME Press October 2013 Page 38.

  183. 183.

    “Cattle Manure to Pipeline Gas: A Process Study By Herman F Feldman and Paul M. Yavorksy, Pittsburgh Energy Research Ctr., Bureau of Mines: Koh-Don Kiang, Pennsylvania State University and Chin Yung Wen, West Virginia University. Article in Mechanical Engineering ASME Press October 2013 Page 38.

  184. 184.

    “Hitting The Break on Ethanol – Cutting Back”, US News by Tennille Tracy and Keith Johnson In Wall Street Journal, November 16–17, 2013 Page A2

  185. 185.

    “Wind Generated Energy Is Working Well for us in Iowa”, A Letter to The Editor by Gov. Terry E. Branstad, Des Moines, Iowa Published in Wall Street Journal May 15, 2012 Page A16

  186. 186.

    “Wind Farm will use GE Turbines – A Mongolia Deal is Unveiled, Company Says It Expects Growth in Low Teens For Emerging Markets”, News Item by James T Areddy in Wall Street Journal, November 18, 2011 Page B6

  187. 187.

    “Winds Drive Growth in Antarctic Sea Ice – Ice has been growing in Antarctica as Arctic ice shrinks”, by Robert Lee Hotz, Wall Street Journal, November 12, 2012, page A8.

  188. 188.

    “Performance Optimization Of Wind Turbine Rotors With Active Flow Control G. Pechlivanoglou, C. N. Nayeri, C.O. Paschereit, in ASME Mechanical Engineering Magazine August 2012, pg. 55

  189. 189.

    “Wind Energy Active Power Control for Ancillary Services” In “Focus on Dynamic Systems and Controls”, September 2013, Mechanical Engineering pages 9 and 10.

  190. 190.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber#Amine_scrubbing

  191. 191.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestration

  192. 192.

    “Go Fly A Wind Turbine” by Russell Gold in Wall Street Journal August 30, 2012 page B6

  193. 193.

    Ibid.

  194. 194.

    A detailed analytical discussions are provided in “Electricity in The Air: Tethered Wind Energy Systems” by Chris Vermillion, Altaeros Energies, and Lorenzo Fagiano, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Mechanical Engineering, September 2013 pages 13 through 21.

  195. 195.

    “Proactive Social Investor Ups Its Global Commitment – Pensions and Investment Company TIAA-Creff has long pledged money for local US projects. Now it is looking at broader issues” reports Catherine Kelly in Financial Times October 1, 2007 page 8.

  196. 196.

    “Heed History’s Lessons and the Gap Between Price and Value – if you carefully compare the change in the business value at AutoNation the change in the price of its stock, you almost have to laugh and laugh out loud”, an article in Wealth that the Weekend by Arnie Alsin, “Wealth and the Weekend”, in Financial Times, February 2–3, 2008, pg. 4: Life and Arts.

  197. 197.

    Ibid.

  198. 198.

    Ibid.

  199. 199.

    “The Economy Sucks. But is it ‘92 Redux? For the first time since Bill Clinton took the White House, the economy could be the deciding factor”, by Daniel Gross in Newsweek July 21, 2008 page 52.

  200. 200.

    “Equity Investing – Too Much Risk, Not Enough Reward! Investors are Betting That High Returns from Equities Will Pay for Decent Pensions. They Are Kidding Themselves”, The Economist March 17, 2012 page 23.

  201. 201.

    The logic applicable to this exercise is what was deliberated in author’s post-graduate diploma thesis “Meerut District – A Plan for Industrial Locations”, unpublished thesis, K. R. Rao, School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi, India, 1964.

  202. 202.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

  203. 203.

    http://www.dallasfed.org/research/economy/energy.cfm citing Will Melick

  204. 204.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

  205. 205.

    https://webberenergyblog.wordpress.com/tag/federal-reserve/

  206. 206.

    “In Process of Raising Rates, Fed Risks New Distortions”, by Katy Burne in Wall Street Journal December 16, 2012, pg. A7.

  207. 207.

    “The Secular Sulk – The Fed and Emerging Markets; Shanghai, America is Looming rate rise will expose more frailties in the Emerging Markets” an article in Finance and Economics, The Economist, December 12, 2015 page 69.

  208. 208.

    “Energy Investors Covet Payouts” by Leslie Josephs in Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2015, pages C1, C2.

  209. 209.

    “Fear of Low Inflation Getting Out Of Hand – Fed Poised To Raise Rates in End of Era” report by Greg IP and Jon Hilsenrath in Wall Street Journal, December 16, 2015 pages A1 and A6.

  210. 210.

    Cited in footnotes 336, 338, 339, 341 and 342.

  211. 211.

    Topical headlines in Wall Street Journal of December 17, 2015, pages A6, A8, A9, C1 and C4.

  212. 212.

    “States Make Special Deals for Faltering Aluminum Makers – oversupply driven by China and tepid demand have pushed to Aluminum prices to profitable levels for most companies; Ormet, the operator of Aluminum smelter in Hannibal, Ohio is one of many companies pressing state regulators to cut their electricity bills”, a report in Wall Street Journal October 5–6, 2013 pages B1 and B4.

  213. 213.

    “IMF ‘Must Reform To Remain Relevant’ warns US Secretary, report by Krishna Guha in Washington Financial Times February 26, 2008 page 4.

  214. 214.

    “Pension-Backed Cubico Becomes 3rd Biggest Owner of Brazilian Wind Assets”, report of January 14, 2016 in http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-article/pension-backed-cubico-becomes-3rd-biggest-owner-of-brazilian-wind-assets /

  215. 215.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund

  216. 216.

    “Sovereign-Wealth Funds Went Full Steam Ahead Direct Investing in 2014”. Wall Street Journal. 2015-01-06.

  217. 217.

    http://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings/Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute Retrieved on 2013-08-05

  218. 218.

    http://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings

  219. 219.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund

  220. 220.

    “Sovereign Wealth Fund Transaction Database” in http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-article/sovereign-wealth-fund-scope-of-direct-energy-related-transactions-50123/

  221. 221.

    http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdp.asp

  222. 222.

    https://www.google.com/?client=safari&channel=iphone_bm#channel=iphone_bm&q=gdp+per+capita

  223. 223.

    http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdp.asp

  224. 224.

    http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/purchasing-power-parity

  225. 225.

    https://www.google.com/?client=safari&channel=iphone_bm#channel=iphone_bm&q=ppp+per+capita+definition

  226. 226.

    Information from a visit to wind farm in Los Palms area; picture on the cover of this section is from such a visit February 2015.

  227. 227.

    As previously noted the logic applicable to this exercise is what was deliberated in author’s post-graduate diploma thesis “Meerut District – A Plan for Industrial Locations”, unpublished thesis, K. R. Rao, School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi, India, 1964.

  228. 228.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria

  229. 229.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt

  230. 230.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ethiopia

  231. 231.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania

  232. 232.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone

  233. 233.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique

  234. 234.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo

  235. 235.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia

  236. 236.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa

  237. 237.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon

  238. 238.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh

  239. 239.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka

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    “The World Employment Programme at ILO” (PDF) and Richard Jolly (October 1976). “The World Employment Conference: The Enthronement of Basic Needs”. Development Policy Review A9 (2): 31–44. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.1976.tb00338.x. cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

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    “Poverty in Canada 2006 update” (PDF). Fraser Institute. November 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2007 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  242. 242.

    “Low Income Incidence / Financial Security / Indicators of Well-being in Canada”. .hrsdc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011–02-28. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

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    “LICOs – Absolute or relative poverty measure??”. Canadiansocialresearch.net. 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2011-02-28; cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

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    “Persons in low income, by economic family type”. 0.statcan.gc.ca. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2015-10-12. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

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    Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  246. 246.

    Income Inequality and Redistribution in Canada: 1976 to 2004, Statistics Canada, 11 May 2007, URL accessed 2 December 2007 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  247. 247.

    Macdonald, David; Wilson, Daniel (June 2013). Poverty or Prosperity Indigenous Children in Canada (PDF) (Report). Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Retrieved 19 June 2013. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

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    Woolley, Frances. “Five Years of the Working Income Tax Benefit”. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  249. 249.

    Making It A Little Easier For Low-Income Ontario Families, Government of Ontario press release, 22 February 2008, URL accessed 22 February 2008 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

  250. 250.

    “Minimum Wage by Province”. retailcouncil.org Retail Council of Canada. 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2015-03-08. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada

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    Hacker, J. S. (2006). The great risk shift: The new insecurity and the decline of the American dream. New York: Oxford University Press (USA).cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

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    Child Poverty High in Rural America Newswise, Retrieved on August 26, 2008. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

  253. 253.

    “Poverty rate hits 15-year high” Reuters. September 17, 2010 cite in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

  254. 254.

    The Research Supplemental Poverty Measure “United States Census Bureau November 2013 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

  255. 255.

    Extreme Poverty in the United States, 1996 to 2011” National Poverty Center, February 2012 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

  256. 256.

    Poverty Definition U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed: 2003-12-27.cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

  257. 257.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

  258. 258.

    https://aspe.hhs.gov/2015-poverty-guidelines

  259. 259.

    Poverty Definition U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed: 2003-12-27. Archived February 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine cited in https://aspe.hhs.gov/2015-poverty-guidelines

  260. 260.

    http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/15poverty.cfm

  261. 261.

    http://www.census.gov/prod/2009pubs/acsbr08-1.pdf cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

  262. 262.

    http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/incpovhlth/2011 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

  263. 263.

    Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2008 Consumer Spending Survey, Table 1 ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ce/standard/2008/quintile.txt. cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States; The reported expenditures were computed by dividing the average annual expenditures (reduced by real property, income and other taxes) by the average number of persons in the household.

  264. 264.

    U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Survey. Persons in Families by Family Structure, Age, and Sex, Iterated by Income-to-Poverty Ratio and Race: 2007: cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

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    Dáil, Paula vW. (2012). Women and Poverty in 21st Century America. NC, USA: McFarland. p. 27. ISBN 978–0–7864-4903-3.cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

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    U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Survey. Persons in Families by Family Structure, Age, and Sex, Iterated by Income-to-Poverty Ratio and Race: 2007: cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

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    “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014”. U.S. Census Bureau cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

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    “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014”. U.S. Census Bureau cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States

  269. 269.

    Mexican Congress (2004-01-04). “Mexican Congress Bill, General Law of Social Development” (PDF). Retrieved 2010-11-16. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

  270. 270.

    “Clases medias en México” (PDF). INEGI. 2013-06-12. Retrieved 2013-07-19 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    Cruzada contra el hambre atenderá a 7.4 millones de pobres”. Milenio. 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2013-07-19. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    CIA World Fact Book (2010-01-15). “Mexico in the Trillion Dollar Class”. Retrieved 2010-11-16 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    “Mexico achieves universal health coverage, enrolls 52.6 million people in less than a decade”. Harvard School of Public Health. 2012-08-15. Retrieved 2013-09-16 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_miracle cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

  275. 275.

    Erika Wurst (2004-12-08). “Mexican Middle Class Rising”. Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication-Arizona State University. Retrieved 2010–11-16 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    Mexican National Income Survey and Household Expendetures (2008). “Mexico Average Salaries & Expenditures”. World Salaries. Org. Retrieved 2010-11-22 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    Notimex/El Universal (2008-02-03). “12% of Active Work Population earns Minimum Daily Wages”. El Universal. Retrieved 2010-11-22. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    The World Bank (2005-08-27). “Mexico’s Urban Poor Work Harder For Less”. CityMayorsSociety. Retrieved 2010-11-24. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    Carlos Cruz Pacheco (2010-10-11). “Poverty in Mexico: Same as in 1992, PRI”. ArgonMexico.com. Retrieved 2010-11-22.; and El Mundo de Tehuacán (2010-10-17). “Imprisoned in Poverty”. Retrieved 2010-11-22.cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    Exploring Mexico Editorial Group (2010). “The Poorest States of Mexico”. Explorando México. Retrieved 2010-11-16. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    John P. Schmal (2004). “History of Mexico: Chiapas-Forever Indigenous”. Houston Institute for Culture. Retrieved 2010-11-16. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    James Chyper (2002-02-01). “Poverty in Mexico” (PDF). Red Eurolatinoamericana Celso Furtado. Retrieved 2010-11-22; and Suzanne Bilello (1989). “The Economic Chaos In Mexico: A Primer”. Alicia Patterson Foundation. Retrieved 2010-11-22. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    Nurit Martínez (2010-01-18). “(Spanish)700 mil dejan la escuela por crisis”. El Universal. Retrieved 2010-11-21 cited in Nurit Martínez (2010-01-18). “(Spanish)700 mil dejan la escuela por crisis”. El Universal. Retrieved 2010-11-21

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    Nurit Martínez (2010-01-18). “(Spanish)700 mil dejan la escuela por crisis”. El Universal. Retrieved 2010-11-21, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    Mexican Editorial Organization (2008-10-07). “(Spanish)En el 73% de las familias en México hay rezago educativo”. Tabasco Herald. Retrieved 2010-11-21 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    “Mexico Faces Up to Unemployment Growth”. Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. 2005-09-21. Retrieved 2010-11-22, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico.

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    Engineer Arturo M. Monforte Ocampo (November 2008). “Conserving the Toll-Free Federal Highways” (PDF). Engineering Academy, A.C. Retrieved 2010-11-22 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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    Blanca Valadez (2010-08-09). “In Extreme Poverty 39% of Indigenous in Mexico”. Fundación Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung México. Retrieved 2010-11-22, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico

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Rao, K.R. (2019). Global Wind Energy and Power Generation Options: Socioeconomic Factors. In: Wind Energy for Power Generation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75134-4_3

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