Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content

The Temptation of Conspiracy Theory, or: Why Do Bad Things Happen to Good People? Part I: Preliminary Draft of a Theory of Conspiracy Theories

  • Chapter
Changing Conceptions of Conspiracy

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Social Psychology ((SSSOC))

Abstract

Human beings are continually getting into situations wherein they can no longer understand the world around them. Something happens to them that they feel they did not deserve. Their suffering is described as an injustice, a wrong, an evil, bad luck, a catastrophe. Because they themselves live correctly, act in an upright, just manner, go to the right church, belong to a superior culture, they feel that this suffering is undeserved. In the search for a reason why such evil things happen to them, they soon come upon another group, an opponent group to which they then attribute certain characteristics: This group obviously causes them to suffer by effecting dark, evil, and secretly worked out plans against them. Thus the world around them is no longer as it should be. It becomes more and more an illusion, a semblance, while at the same time the evil that has occurred, or is occurring and is becoming more and more essential, takes place behind reality. Their world becomes unhinged, is turned upside down, in order to prevent damage to or destruction of their own group (religion, culture, nation, race) they must drive out, render harmless, or even destroy those—called “conspirators”—carrying out their evil plans in secret. Such orgies of persecution and annihilation against imagined or imaginary enemies accompany the history of Europe from, at the latest, the era of the persecution of the Jews and the Inquisition of the High Middle Ages up through the genocides of the recent past. In comparison to the belief in conspiracies—which is called the theory of conspiracy—belief in magic and witches associated with the so-called primitive cultures and with the European folk-culture seems harmless, especially in regard to the consequences for the conspirators.

ArticleNotes

Numerous ideas were generated by discussions with various participants at our symposium in May 1984 in Bad Homburg, especially from Erich Wulff. Without the aid of his paper on paranoid delusion of conspiracy it would not have been possible for me to work out the difference between individual and collective delusion in the area of conspiracy theories. I was also able to profit from the valuable cooperation of Ruth Groh on this particular point.

Translated by Pauline Cumbers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arendt, H. (1955). The origins of totalitarianism. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, H. (1923/1924). Carl Schmitts Politische Theologie, Hochland, 21, 263–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barruel, A. (1797/1798). Mémoires pour servirà l’histoire du jacobinisme, Vols. 1–4. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G., Bovenschen, S., & Brackert, H. (1977). Aus der Zeit der Verzweijlung. Frankfurt am Main.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beier, G. (1976). Das Problem der Arbeiteraristokratie im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Zur Sozialgeschichteeiner umstrittenen Kategorie. In Beier, G. (1981). Geschichte und Gewerkschaft. Politisch-historische Beiträge zur Geschichte sozialer Bewegungen. Köln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J.W. (1976). The ecological transition. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackboum, D., & Eley, G. (1984). The peculiarities of German history. Bourgeois society and politics in 19th century Germany. Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodin, J. (1580). Demonomanie des sorciers. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borst, A. (1953). Die Katharer. Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breβlau, H. (1879). Das Testament Peter’s des Groβen. Historische Zeitschrijt, No. 41, 385–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunt, P.A. (1966). The Roman mob. Past and Present, No. 35, 3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, E. (1790). Reflections on the French Revolution. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castoriadis, C. (1975). L’institution imaginaire de la société (2nd ed.). Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chodzko, M. (1839). Histoire de la Pologne. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, R. (1798). Application ofBarrue’s memoirs oflacobinism to the secret societies of Ireland and Great Britain. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, N. (1967). Warrant for genocide. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, N. (1975). Europe’s inner demons. An enquiry inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delumeau, J. (1978). La peur en occident (XlV e -XVIII e siècles). Une cite assiegee. (Vols. 1–2). Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • de Maistre, J. (1794). Considérations sur la France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duby, G. (1962). L’économie rurale et la vie des campagnes dans I’occident médiéval. France, Angleterre, Empire lXe-XVe siecles: Vol. 2. Essai de synthese et perspectives de recherché. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dülmen, R. (1975). Der Geheimbund der Illuminaten. Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elbs, E. (1987). “Die von Seculis her angewohnte Rebellionsseuche.” Bäuerlicher Widerstand in der Grafschaft Hohenzollem 1584–1740. Weingarten.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eley, G. (1976). Defining social imperialism: Use and abuse of an idea. Social History, 1, 265–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Favret, J. (1971). Sorcières et lumières, Critique, No. 27, 351–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feyerabend, P. (1975). Against method. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaillardet, F. (1836). Mémoires de Chevallier d’Eon. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginzburg, C. (1966). I benandanti. Torino.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graus, F. (1981). Judenpogrome im 14. lahrhundert: Der Schwarze Tod. In Martin, B. & Schulin, E. (1981). Die luden als Minderheit in der Geschichte. München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieβinger, A. (1981). Das symbolische Kapital der Ehre. Streikbewegungen und kollektives Bewuβtsein deutscher Handwerksgesellen im 18. lahrhundert.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groh, D. (1961). Rujβland und das Selbstverständnis Europas. Neuwied.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groh, D. (1971). The Kiel-Mutiny. In P. Young (Ed.), History ofthe First World Uilr (Vol. 7, pp. 3113–3115).

    Google Scholar 

  • Groh, D. (1968). Der Umsturz von 1918 im Erlebnis der Zeitgenossen. In H.J. Schoeps (Ed.), Zeitgeist der Weimarer Republik (pp. 7–32). Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groh, D. (1972).L’échec de la“fondation interne du Reich.” Revue dhistoire Moderne et Contemporaine, 19, 269–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groh, D. (1979). Base-processes and the problem of organization: Outline of a social history research project. Social History, 4, 265–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groh, D. (1985). Collective behaviour from the 17th to the 20th century: Change of phenomena, change of perception or no change at all? In F.C. Graumann & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Changing Conceptions of Crowd, Mind and Behavior. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groh, D. (1986). “Spuren der Vernunft in der Geschichte.” Der Weg von Jurgen Habermas zur “Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns” im Schatten Max Webers, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 12, 443–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groh, R. (1984). Ironie und Moral im Werk Diderots. München

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1981). Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (Vols. 1–2). Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halévi, R. (1984). Les loges maconniques dans la France d’ancien régime. Aux origines de la sociabilité démocratique. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haller, K. L. von (1816). Restauration der Staats-Wissenschaft oder Theorie des natürlichgeselligen Zustands der Chimäre des kunstlich burgerlichen entgegengesetzt (Vols. 1–2).Winterthur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, H. (1929). Une famine il y a 400 ans. Organisation communale de la defense contre la disette. In Travailleurs et marchands de l’ancienne France (1920) (2nd ed., pp. 114–129). Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haverkamp, A. (1981). Zur Geschichte der Juden im Deutschland des Späten Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit. Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haverkamp, A. (1981). Die Judenverfolgungen zur Zeit des Schwarzen Todes im Gesellschaftsgefüge deutscher Städte. In Idem (Hg) (1981), 27–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinsohn, G., Knieper, R., & Steiger, O. (1979). Menschenproduktion. Allgemeine Bevolkerungstheorie der Neuzeit. Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiller von Gaertringen, F.F. (1963). “DolchstoB”-Diskussion und “Dolchstoýlegende” im Wandel von vier Jahrzehnten. In Geschichte und Gegenwartsbewußtsein (pp. 122–134).Dusseldorf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, JA., (1902). Imperialism. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hölscher, L. (1979). Öffentlichkeit und Geheimnis. Eine begriffsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zur Entstehung der Öffentlichkeit in der fruhen Neuzeit. Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honegger, C. (Ed.). (1978). Die Hexen der Neuzeit. Studien zur Sozialgeschichte eines kulturellen Deutungsmusters (2nd ed., pp. 21–151). Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Im Hof, U. (1982). Das gesellige Jahrhundert. München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Institoris, H., & Sprenger, J. (1596). Malleus Maleficarum. Lyon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeggle, U. (1977). Kiebingen-eine Heimatgeschichte. Tubingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S.L. (1976). Bread, politics and political economy in the reign of Louis XV (Vois. 1–2). Den Haag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S.L. (1982). The famine plot persuasion in 18th-century France (Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 72, part 3). Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. (1970). Jews and Freemasons in Europe, 1723–1939. Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, H. (1986). Zwischen regionaler Begrenzung und universalem Horizont. Deutschland im Imperium der Salier und Staufer, 1024–1250. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesting, H. (1959). Geschichtsphilosophie und Weltbürgerkrieg. Deutungen der Geschichte vor der Französischen Revolution bis zum Ost-West Konjlikt. Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koestler, A. (1950). Darkness at noon. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koselleck, R. (1959). Kritik und Krise. Zur Pathogenese der burgerlichen Welt. Freiburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koselleck, R. (1967). Historia magistra vitae. In Vergangene Zukunjt. Zur Semantik Geschichtlicher Zeiten (pp. 38–66). Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koselleck, R. (1972). Einleitung. In O. Brunner, W. Conze, & R. Koselleck (Eds.). Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe. Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland (Vol. 1, pp. XIII-XXVII). Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koselleck, R. (1979). Vergangene Zukunjt. Zur Semantik geschichtlicher Zeiten. Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T.S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T.S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T.S. (1971). The relations between history and history of science. Daedalus, No. 100, 271–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T.S. (1974). Second thoughts on paradigms. In F. Suppe (Ed.), The structure of scientific theories (pp. 459–482). Urbana, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunze, M. (1982). Straβe ins Feuer. Vom Leben und Sterben in der Zeit des Hexenwahns. München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakatos, I., & Musgrave, A. (Eds.). (1970). Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leff, G. (1956). The 14th century and the decline of scholasticism. Past and Present, No.9, 30–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Franc, J.F. (1791). Le voile levé pour les curieux ou Ie secret de la révolution réléve àl’aide de la Franc-maconnerie. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Franc, J. F. (1792). Conjuration contre la religion Catholique et les souverains, dont Ie projet, concu en France, doit s’exécuter dans l’univers entier. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Goff, J. (1971). Le Moyen Age (1060–1330) (pp. 227–240). Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehovitch, D.V. (1948). The testament of Peter the Great. The American Slav. and East European Review, 7, 111–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenin, W.J. (1964). Werke (Vol. 23). Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesur, M. (1812). Des progrés de la puissance russe depuis son origine jusqu’au commencement du X/Xe siècle. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, S.M., & Raab, E. (1970). The politics ofunreason. Right-wing extremism in America. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lübbe, H. (1977). Geschichtsbegriff und Geschichtsinteresse. Analytik und Pragmatik der Historie. Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane, A. (1970). Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England. London.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mandrou, R. (1968). Magistrats et sorciers en France au 17 e siècle. Une analyse de psychologie historique. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. (1954). UJ Russie et l’Europe (B. Hepner, Ed.). Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meili, D. (1979). Hexen in Wasterkingen: Magie und Lebensform in einem Dorf des frühen 18. lahrhunderts. Zürich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Midelfort, H.C.E. (1972). Witch hunting in southwestem Germany 1561–1684. Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittelstraβ, J. (1984). Forschung, Begründung, Rekonstruktion. Wege aus dem Begründungsstreit. In H. Schnädelbach (Ed.) Rationaliäit (pp. 117–140). Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorhouse, H.F. (1978). The Marxist theory of labour aristocracy. Social History, 3, 61–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moraw, P. (1985). Von offener Verfassung ZU gestalteter Verdichtung. Das Reich im späten Mittelalter, 1250–1490. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muchembled, R. (1978). Culture populaire et culture des elites dans la France modeme (XV e -XVll e. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirenne, H. (1926). Histoire de Belgique (Vol. 6). Brüssel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, K. (1944). The great transformation. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M. (1970). The stability of scientific theories against experience. In M. Marwick (Ed.), Witchcraft and sorcery (pp. 332–341). Harmondsworth. (Original work published 1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Poliakov, L. (1966). The history ofanti-semitism (Vol. 1). London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poliakov, L. (1968). Histoire de l’antisemitisme (Vol. 3). Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, W. (1977). The textile trade and the language of the crowd at Rouen, 1752–1871. Past and Present, No. 74, 62–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, A. (1978). Politics and economics in the formation. of the British working class: A response to H.F. Moorhouse. Social History, 3, 347–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinalter, H. (Ed.). (1983). Freimaurer und Geheimbünde im 18. lahrhundert in Mitteleuropa. Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rjazanov, N. (1909). Karl Marx über die Vorherrschaft Ruβlands in Europa. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J.M. (1972). The mythology ofthe secret societies. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubel, M. (1960). Les cahiers d’ etude de Karl Marx, II: 1853–1856. International Revue of Social History, 5, 39ff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russel, J. B. (1972). Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. Ithaca.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, N. (1982). Freimaurerkultur im 18. Jahrhundert. Zur sozialen Funktion des Geheimnisses in der entstehenden bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. In R. Berdahl et al., Klassen und Kulture. Sozialanthropologische Perspektiven in der Geschichtsschreibung (pp. 205–262). Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, C. (1938). Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes. Sinn und Fehlschlag eines politischen Symbols. Hamburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schormann, G. (1981). Hexenprqzesse in Deutschland. G8OTTENGEN: Vandenhoeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schormann, G. (1981). Hexenprozesse in Nordwestdeutschland. Hildesheim: Lax.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J.C. (1976). The Moral Economy ofthe Peasant. Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, IC. (1977). Protest and profanation: Agrarian revolt and the Little tradition. Theory and Society, 4, 1–38, 211–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, A.C. (1983). The medieval inquisition. Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolnicki, M. (1927). Le testament de Pierre Le Grand. Revue des Sciences Politiques, 88–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spee, F. von (1631). Cautio Criminalis oder Rechtliches Bedenken wegen der Hexenprozesse. Rinteln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starck, I.A. (1803). Triumpfder Philosophie im 18. Jahrhundert (Vols. 1–2). Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K. (1970). Religion and the decline of magic. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E.P. (1971). The “moral economy” of the English crowd in the 18th century. Past and Present, No. 50, 76–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E.P. (1971/72). Anthropology and the discipline of historical context. Midland History, 41–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, L.A. (1971). The food riot as a form of political conflict in France. Journal ofInterdisciplinary History, 2, 23–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trachtenberg, J. (1943). The devil and the Jews. The medieval conception ofthe Jew and its relation to modem antisemitism. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevor-Roper, H.R. (1967). Religion, the Reformation and social change. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troβbach, W. (1986). Soziale Bewegung und politische Erfahrung. Bäuerlicher Protest in oberhessischen Territorien, 1648–1806. Weingarten.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unverhau, D. (1983). Die Hexen aus Angeln. Jahrbuch für Geschichte, No.5, pp. 68–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urquhart, D. (1853). The progress of Russia in the west North and South. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Bieberstein, J.R. (1976). Die These von der Verschwörung, 1776–1945. Philosophen, Freimaurer, Juden, Liberale und Sozialisten als Verschwörer gegen die Sozialordnung. Bern.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1956). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (4th ed.). Tübingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehler, H.-V. (1969). Bismarck und der Imperialismus. Köln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D.H. (1976). Were ‘hunger’ rioters really hungry? Some demographic evidence. Past and Present, No. 71, pp. 70–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, H.A. (Ed.). (1974). Organisierter Kapitalismus. Voraussetzungen undAnfänge. Göttingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, R.B. (1983). Les émeutes de subsistence en Chine et en Europe occidentale. Annales, 38, 234–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zmarzlik, H.-G. (1976). Das Kaiserreich in neuer Sicht? Historische Zeitschrijt, 202, 105–107.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Groh, D. (1987). The Temptation of Conspiracy Theory, or: Why Do Bad Things Happen to Good People? Part I: Preliminary Draft of a Theory of Conspiracy Theories. In: Graumann, C.F., Moscovici, S. (eds) Changing Conceptions of Conspiracy. Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9802-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4618-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics