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Protein aggregation and aggregate toxicity: new insights into protein folding, misfolding diseases and biological evolution

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Abstract

The deposition of proteins in the form of amyloid fibrils and plaques is the characteristic feature of more than 20 degenerative conditions affecting either the central nervous system or a variety of peripheral tissues. As these conditions include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and the prion diseases, several forms of fatal systemic amyloidosis, and at least one condition associated with medical intervention (haemodialysis), they are of enormous importance in the context of present-day human health and welfare. Much remains to be learned about the mechanism by which the proteins associated with these diseases aggregate and form amyloid structures, and how the latter affect the functions of the organs with which they are associated. A great deal of information concerning these diseases has emerged, however, during the past 5 years, much of it causing a number of fundamental assumptions about the amyloid diseases to be re-examined. For example, it is now apparent that the ability to form amyloid structures is not an unusual feature of the small number of proteins associated with these diseases but is instead a general property of polypeptide chains. It has also been found recently that aggregates of proteins not associated with amyloid diseases can impair the ability of cells to function to a similar extent as aggregates of proteins linked with specific neurodegenerative conditions. Moreover, the mature amyloid fibrils or plaques appear to be substantially less toxic than the pre-fibrillar aggregates that are their precursors. The toxicity of these early aggregates appears to result from an intrinsic ability to impair fundamental cellular processes by interacting with cellular membranes, causing oxidative stress and increases in free Ca2+ that eventually lead to apoptotic or necrotic cell death. The 'new view' of these diseases also suggests that other degenerative conditions could have similar underlying origins to those of the amyloidoses. In addition, cellular protection mechanisms, such as molecular chaperones and the protein degradation machinery, appear to be crucial in the prevention of disease in normally functioning living organisms. It also suggests some intriguing new factors that could be of great significance in the evolution of biological molecules and the mechanisms that regulate their behaviour.

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Abbreviations

ER :

Endoplasmic reticulum

Hsp :

Heat-shock protein

HypF-N :

N-terminal domain of hydrogenase maturation factor HypF

ROS :

Reactive oxygen species

SH3 :

Src-homology 3

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the Italian MIUR (PRIN 2001 "New functional roles, folding and structural biology of prokaryotic sulfotransferases" and PRIN 2002 "Protein folding and misfolding: biogenesis, structure and cytotoxicity of protein aggregates"). The research of CMD is supported in part by a Programme Grant from the Wellcome Trust.

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  1. Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy

    Massimo Stefani

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 JEW, UK

    Christopher M. Dobson

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Correspondence to Massimo Stefani.

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Stefani, M., Dobson, C.M. Protein aggregation and aggregate toxicity: new insights into protein folding, misfolding diseases and biological evolution. J Mol Med 81, 678–699 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-003-0464-5

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