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All-cellulose composites from unbleached hardwood kraft pulp reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose

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Abstract

In the present work, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from bleached eucalyptus pulp was prepared, characterized and used as reinforcement in an unbleached eucalyptus fiber matrix. First, the NFC was fabricated through TEMPO-mediated oxidation and characterized for the degree of polymerization, water retention value, cationic demand and carboxyl content. Intrinsic mechanical properties were also calculated by applying the rule of mixtures, which determines the coupling (f c) and efficiency factor (η e) of cellulose nanofibrils within the matrix. The results showed that the average intrinsic tensile strength and Young’s modulus of NFC are estimated to be 6,919 MPa and 161 GPa, respectively. After characterization, the NFC was used as reinforcement in the preparation of biocomposites in the form of paper handsheets, which were physically and mechanically analyzed. The presence of NFC induced an increase in the density of biocomposites and significant enhancement of the mechanical properties as well as an important reduction in porosity. Finally, f c and η e were determined from the mean intrinsic properties.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the financial support given by the projects CTQ2010-21660-C03-03 and CTM2011-28506-C02-01 to develop this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. PRODIS Group, Department of Organization, Business Management and Product Design, University of Girona, EPS Campus Montilivi, 17071, Gerona, Spain

    M. Alcalá

  2. Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, c/M. Aurèlia Campmany, No. 61, 17071, Gerona, Spain

    I. González, F. Vilaseca & P. Mutjé

  3. Laboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux et Environment, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia

    S. Boufi

Authors
  1. M. Alcalá
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  2. I. González
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  3. S. Boufi
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  4. F. Vilaseca
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  5. P. Mutjé
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Correspondence to I. González.

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Alcalá, M., González, I., Boufi, S. et al. All-cellulose composites from unbleached hardwood kraft pulp reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose. Cellulose 20, 2909–2921 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0085-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0085-2

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