Abstract
The interconnection of all things is developing a new diagram of future information networks. However, it is difficult to realize future applications with only one single technique. Collaboration between multiple advanced techniques is leading the way for the development of future information networks. Optical communication is an enabling technique to achieve high speed, long reach, and low latency communication, which plays an important role on the transformation of information networks. To achieve these advantages that caters to the characteristics of future information networks, collaboration of multiple advanced techniques with optical, which is called “optical plus X”, could realize the vision of “all things connected with networks”. In this paper, we focus on the collaboration between optical networks with other techniques, mainly discuss four representative aspects, which are “optical plus IP”, “optical plus radio”, “optical plus computing”, and “optical plus AI”. We discuss the challenges, timely works, and developing trends. Finally, we give the future visions for optical network towards a collaborative, converged and co-automatic optical network.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yan S Y, Hugues-Salas E, Ou Y N, et al. Hardware-programmable optical networks. Sci China Inf Sci, 2016, 59: 102301
Guo P X, Hou W G, Guo L. Designs of low insertion loss optical router and reliable routing for 3D optical networkon-chip. Sci China Inf Sci, 2016, 59: 102302
Gkamas V, Christodoulopoulos K, Vergados D J, et al. Energy-minimized design of IP over flexible optical networks. Int J Commun Syst, 2017, 30: 3032
Tanaka T, Hirano A, Jinno M. Advantages of IP over elastic optical networks using multi-flow transponders from cost and equipment count aspects. Opt Express, 2014, 22: 62
Tucker R S, Parthiban R, Baliga J, et al. Evolution of WDM optical IP networks: a cost and energy perspective. J Lightwave Technol, 2009, 27: 243–252
Lu W, Yin X F, Cheng X B, et al. On cost-efficient integrated multilayer protection planning in IP-over-EONs. J Lightwave Technol, 2018, 36: 2037–2048
Qiao C M. Labeled optical burst switching for IP-over-WDM integration. IEEE Commun Mag, 2000, 38: 104–114
Sun W Q, Xie G W, Jin Y H, et al. A cross-layer optical circuit provisioning framework for data intensive IP end hosts. IEEE Commun Mag, 2008, 46: 30–37
Kretsis A, Corazza L, Christodoulopoulos K, et al. An emulation environment for SDN enabled flexible IP/optical networks. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), 2016
Melle S, Ahuja S, Turkcu O, et al. Comparison of converged packet-optical core network architectures. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2014
Autenrieth A, Elbers J P, Schmidtke H J, et al. Benefits of integrated packet/circuit/wavelength switches in nextgeneration optical core networks. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC/NFOEC), 2011
Zhang J W, Ji Y F, Song M, et al. Dynamic traffic grooming in sliceable bandwidth-variable transponder-enabled elastic optical networks. J Lightwave Technol, 2015, 33: 183–191
Zhang J W, Zhao Y L, Yu X S, et al. Energy-efficient traffic grooming in sliceable-transponder-equipped IP-over-elastic optical networks. J Opt Commun Netw, 2015, 7: 142–152
Zhang S Q, Tornatore M, Shen G X, et al. Evolution of traffic grooming from SDH/SONET to flexible grid. In: Proceedings of the 39th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC 2013), 2013
Tang F X, Li L F, Chen B W, et al. Mixed channel traffic grooming in shared backup path protected IP over elastic optical network. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2017
Yetginer E, Rouskas G N. Power efficient traffic grooming in optical WDM networks. In: Proceedings of Global Telecommunications Conference, 2009
5G PPP AWG. View on 5G Architecture. v. 1.0, 2016. https://5g-ppp.eu/
China Mobile Research Institute. C-RAN: the Road towards Green RAN. 2011. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eaa3/ca62c9d5653e4f2318aed9ddb8992a505d3c.pdf
CPRI. Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) Specification. v. 6.1, 2014. http://www.cpri.info
Pizzinat A, Chanclou P, Saliou F, et al. Things you should know about fronthaul. J Lightwave Technol, 2015, 33: 1077–1083
Yang T, Liu W T, Chen X, et al. Modulation format independent blind polarization demultiplexing algorithms for elastic optical networks. Sci China Inf Sci, 2017, 60: 022305
Peng L M, Park K, Youn C H. Investigation on static routing and resource assignment of elastic all-optical switched intra-datacenter networks. Sci China Inf Sci, 2016, 59: 102304
Ji Y F, Zhang J W, Zhao Y L, et al. Prospects and research issues in multi-dimensional all optical networks. Sci China Inf Sci, 2016, 59: 101301
Zou J, Wagner C, Eiselt M. Optical fronthauling for 5G mobile: a perspective of passive metro WDM technology. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2017
Diallo T, Pizzinat A, Saliou F, et al. Self-seeded DWDM solution for fronthaul links in centralized-radio access network. J Lightwave Technol, 2016, 34: 4965–4971
Tayq Z, Le Guyader B, Chanclou P, et al. Fronthaul performance demonstration in a WDM-PON-based convergent network. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC), 2016
Yoshima S, Katsumata T, Miura H, et al. Experimental investigation of an optically-superimposed AMCC in 100 Gb/s coherent WDM-PON for 5G mobile fronthaul. In: Proceedings of the 42nd European Conference on Optical Communication, 2016
Kondepu K, Zou J, Beldachi A, et al. Performance evaluation of next-generation elastic backhaul with flexible VCSELbased WDM fronthaul. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), 2017
Llorente R, Morant M, Garcia-Rodriguez D, et al. Spatial division multiplexing in the short and medium range: from the datacenter to the fronthaul. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), 2017
Kobayashi T, Ou H, Hisano D, et al. Bandwidth allocation scheme based on simple statistical traffic analysis for TDM-PON based mobile fronthaul. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2016
Takahashi K, Nakamura H, Uzawa H, et al. NG-PON2 demonstration with small delay variation and low latency for 5G mobile fronthaul. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), 2017
Tashiro T, Kuwano S, Terada J, et al. A novel DBA scheme for TDM-PON based mobile fronthaul. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2014
Hatta S, Tanaka N, Sakamoto T. Implementation of ultra-low latency dynamic bandwidth allocation method for TDM-PON. IEICE Commun Express, 2016, 5: 418–423
Anthapadmanabhan N P, Walid A, Pfeiffer T. Mobile fronthaul over latency-optimized time division multiplexed passive optical networks. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Communication Workshop (ICCW), 2015
Hatta S, Tanaka N, Sakamoto T. Feasibility demonstration of low latency DBA method with high bandwidth-efficiency for TDM-PON. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2017
Zhou S Y, Liu X, Effenberger F, et al. Mobile-PON: a high-efficiency low-latency mobile fronthaul based on functional split and TDM-PON with a unified scheduler. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2017
Xu M, Liu X, Chand N, et al. Flex-frame timing-critical passive optical networks for delay sensitive mobile and fixed access services. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2017
Chitimalla D, Kondepu K, Valcarenghi L, et al. 5G fronthaul-latency and jitter studies of CPRI over ethernet. J Opt Commun Netw, 2017, 9: 172–182
Chang C Y, Schiavi R, Nikaein N, et al. Impact of packetization and functional split on C-RAN fronthaul performance. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2016
Chang C Y, Nikaein N, Spyropoulos T. Impact of packetization and scheduling on C-RAN fronthaul performance. In: Proceedings of Global Communications Conference, 2017
Zhang J W, Ji Y F, Jia S H, et al. Reconfigurable optical mobile fronthaul networks for coordinated multipoint transmission and reception in 5G. J Opt Commun Netw, 2017, 9: 489–497
Zhang J W, Ji Y F, Xu X Z, et al. Energy efficient baseband unit aggregation in cloud radio and optical access networks. J Opt Commun Netw, 2016, 8: 893–901
Zhang J W, Ji Y F, Yu H, et al. Experimental demonstration of fronthaul flexibility for enhanced CoMP service in 5G radio and optical access networks. Opt Express, 2017, 25: 21247–21258
Yu H, Zhang J W, Song D X, et al. Demonstration of lightpath reconfiguration for BBU aggregation in the SDNenabled optical fronthaul networks. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), 2017
Wang X B, Cavdar C, Wang L, et al. Joint allocation of radio and optical resources in virtualized cloud RAN with CoMP. In: Proceedings of Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2016
Wang X B,Wang L, Cavdar C, et al. Handover reduction in virtualized cloud radio access networks using TWDM-PON fronthaul. J Opt Commun Netw, 2016, 8: 124–134
Carapellese N, Tornatore M, Pattavina A. Energy-efficient baseband unit placement in a fixed/mobile converged WDM aggregation network. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2014, 32: 1542–1551
Li Y C, Gao L, Bose S K, et al. Lightpath blocking analysis for optical networks with ROADM intra-node add-drop contention. Sci China Inf Sci, 2016, 59: 102305
Musumeci F, Bellanzon C, Carapellese N, et al. Optimal BBU placement for 5G C-RAN deployment over WDM aggregation networks. J Lightwave Technol, 2016, 34: 1963–1970
Jain R, Paul S. Network virtualization and software defined networking for cloud computing: a survey. IEEE Commun Mag, 2013, 51: 24–31
Hu Z M, Li B C, Luo J. Flutter: scheduling tasks closer to data across geo-distributed datacenters. In: Proceedings of the 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 2016
Hung C C, Golubchik L, Yu M. Scheduling jobs across geo-distributed datacenters. In: Proceedings of the 6th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, 2015
Chen L, Liu S H, Li B C, et al. Scheduling jobs across geo-distributed datacenters with max-min fairness. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), 2017
Yao J J, Lu P, Gong L, et al. On fast and coordinated data backup in geo-distributed optical inter-datacenter networks. J Lightwave Technol, 2015, 33: 3005–3015
Yao J J, Lu P, Zhu Z Q. Minimizing disaster backup window for geo-distributed multi-datacenter cloud systems. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2014
Li W X, Qi H, Li K Q, et al. Joint optimization of bandwidth for provider and delay for user in software defined data centers. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput, 2017, 5: 331–343
Wang Y W, Su S, Jiang S J, et al. Optimal routing and bandwidth allocation for multiple inter-datacenter bulk data transfers. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2012
Liu Y N, Niu D, Li B C. Delay-optimized video traffic routing in software-defined interdatacenter networks. IEEE Trans Multimedia, 2016, 18: 865–878
Gharbaoui M, Martini B, Castoldi P. Anycast-based optimizations for inter-data-center interconnections. J Opt Commun Netw, 2012, 4: 168–178
Takita Y, Hashiguchi T, Tajima K, et al. Towards seamless service migration in network re-optimization for optically interconnected datacenters. Opt Switch Netw, 2017, 23: 241–249
Liu Z, Zhang J W, Bai L, et al. Joint jobs scheduling and routing for metro-scaled micro datacenters over elastic optical networks. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2018
Fang W J, Zeng M L, Liu X H, et al. Joint spectrum and IT resource allocation for efficient VNF service chaining in inter-datacenter elastic optical networks. IEEE Commun Lett, 2016, 20: 1539–1542
Tran T X, Hajisami A, Pandey P, et al. Collaborative mobile edge computing in 5G networks: new paradigms, scenarios, and challenges. IEEE Commun Mag, 2017, 55: 54–61
Maor I, Gerstel O, Lopez V, et al. First demonstration of SDN-controlled multi-layer restoration and its advantage over optical restoration. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), 2016
Liu S Q, Lu W, Zhu Z Q, et al. Cost-efficient multi-layer restoration to address IP router outages in IP-over-EONs. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2017
Liu S Q, Li B J, Zhu Z Q. Realizing AI-assisted multi-layer restoration in a software-defined IP-over-EON with deep learning: an experimental study. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2018
Rafique D, Szyrkowiec T, Griesser H, et al. TSDN-enabled network assurance: a cognitive fault detection architecture. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), 2017
Ekanayake N, Herath H M V R. Effect of nonlinear phase noise on the performance of M-ary PSK signals in optical fiber links. J Lightwave Technol, 2013, 31: 447–454
Lau A P T, Kahn J M. Signal design and detection in presence of nonlinear phase noise. J Lightwave Technol, 2007, 25: 3008–3016
Napoli A, Maalej Z, Sleiffer V A J M, et al. Reduced complexity digital back-propagation methods for optical communication systems. J Lightwave Technol, 2014, 32: 1351–1362
Wang D S, Zhang M, Li Z, et al. Nonlinear decision boundary created by a machine learning-based classifier to mitigate nonlinear phase noise. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), 2015
Lin P J. Reducing optical power variation in amplified optical network. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings, 2003
Huang Y S, Cho P B, Samadi P, et al. Dynamic power pre-adjustments with machine learning that mitigate EDFA excursions during defragmentation. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2017
Zhang M Y, Yin Y W, Proietti R, et al. Spectrum defragmentation algorithms for elastic optical networks using hitless spectrum retuning techniques. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2013
Takagi T, Hasegawa H, Sato K, et al. Disruption minimized spectrum defragmentation in elastic optical path networks that adopt distance adaptive modulation. In: Proceedings of European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications, 2011
Cugini F, Paolucci F, Meloni G, et al. Push-pull defragmentation without traffic disruption in flexible grid optical networks. J Lightwave Technol, 2013, 31: 125–133
Mo W, Huang Y K, Zhang S L, et al. ANN-based transfer learning for QoT prediction in real-time mixed line-rate systems. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2018
Samadi P, Amar D, Lepers C, et al. Quality of transmission prediction with machine learning for dynamic operation of optical WDM networks. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), 2017
Dikbiyik F, Tornatore M, Mukherjee B. Minimizing the risk from disaster failures in optical backbone networks. J Lightwave Technol, 2014, 32: 3175–3183
Hou W G, Ning Z L, Guo L, et al. Novel framework of risk-aware virtual network embedding in optical data center networks. IEEE Syst J, 2018, 12: 2473–2482
Hou W G, Ning Z L, Guo L, et al. Service degradability supported by forecasting system in optical data center networks. IEEE Syst J, 2018. doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2821714
Huang S G, Guo B L, Li X, et al. Pre-configured polyhedron based protection against multi-link failures in optical mesh networks. Opt Express, 2014, 22: 2386–2402
Li X, Huang S G, Yin S, et al. Shared end-to-content backup path protection in k-node (edge) content connected elastic optical datacenter networks. Opt Express, 2016, 24: 9446–9464
Wang Z L, Zhang M, Wang D S, et al. Failure prediction using machine learning and time series in optical network. Opt Express, 2017, 25: 18553–18565
Christodoulopoulos K, Kokkinos P, Di Giglio A, et al. ORCHESTRA-Optical performance monitoring enabling flexible networking. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), 2015
Barletta L, Giusti A, Rottondi C, et al. QoT estimation for unestablished lighpaths using machine learning. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2017
Chen X L, Guo J N, Zhu Z Q, et al. Deep-RMSA: a deep-reinforcement-learning routing, modulation and spectrum assignment agent for elastic optical networks. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2018
Chen X L, Guo J N, Zhu Z Q, et al. Leveraging deep learning to achieve knowledge-based autonomous service provisioning in broker-based multi-domain SD-EONs with proactive and intelligent predictions of multi-domain traffic. Traffic, 2017, 50: 150
Ohba T, Arakawa S, Murata M. A Bayesian-based approach for virtual network reconfiguration in elastic optical path networks. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2017
Box G E P, Tiao G C. Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 2011
Ohba T, Arakawa S, Murata M. Virtual network reconfiguration in elastic optical path networks for future bandwidth allocation. J Opt Commun Netw, 2016, 8: 633–644
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61771073, 61501055), National Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. 2017ZX03001016), Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications) of China (Grant No. IPOC2017ZT09), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ji, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, X. et al. Towards converged, collaborative and co-automatic (3C) optical networks. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 61, 121301 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-018-9551-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-018-9551-8