The arrival of West Indians on the passenger ship Empire Windrush in 1948 remains a marker for ma... more The arrival of West Indians on the passenger ship Empire Windrush in 1948 remains a marker for many Britons as the beginning of British black history. David Olusoga brings a corrective to this perception in his book, Black and British: A Forgotten History. The book is a companion to a 2016 BBC documentary on Black British history produced by Olusoga. The author maintains that the connection between Britain and Africa remains a vital part of British history, with the presence of Africans going as far back as black Roman soldiers stationed at Hadrian’s Wall at the height of the Roman Empire
The popular image of English society is of a class-based population with clearly drawn boundaries... more The popular image of English society is of a class-based population with clearly drawn boundaries separating the members of each class. The picture of the posh Oxbridge upper class and the working-class East Ender remain popular stereotypes. Many assume that the English remain stuck in an old-fashioned structure with aristocracy at the top and a fixed middle and working class beneath. The image of the white working class as an unskilled labor force residing in council housing endures to this day. The durability and entrenchment of class within English society remains a question worth exploring. Florence Sutcliffe-Braithwaite adds valuable insight into the discussion class with England with her book, Class, Politics, and the Decline of Deference in England, 1968-2000. Sutcliffe-Braithwaite demonstrates that class is flexible and
Early Islamic history often receives accusations of jihads and barbarism intent on conquest and i... more Early Islamic history often receives accusations of jihads and barbarism intent on conquest and intolerance. This characterization and stereotyping received new impetus with the recent history of terrorism spreading from radical forms of Islam. Even sympathetic scholars tend to paint a stark picture between the Islamic caliphs and Western culture. Amira K. Bennison presents a much broader picture of the Abbasid caliphates as a center of learning, science, and culture.
At the center of Christian theology lies the person of Jesus Christ. Jesus’ death and suffering u... more At the center of Christian theology lies the person of Jesus Christ. Jesus’ death and suffering upon the cross remain the act which most Christians look upon as central to their salvation. From the beginning of the Christian Church, theologians debated the meaning of the death of Jesus upon the cross. Today, most Catholics and Protestants hold to some form of vicarious atonement, teaching that the death and suffering of Jesus upon the cross satisfied the Holiness and Justice of God. The growth and widespread acceptance of plenary atonement largely rest on the teaching of Anselm of Canterbury in his work, Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man). The influence of Anselm in framing this central doctrine of faith and his work merits an investigation into the formulation what Christians believe about the Cross of Christ. This paper will explore Anselm and his ideas of atonement through Cur Deus Homo and the impact upon the Church.
By the fourth century, Athanasius became an essential figure in the settling of orthodox doctrine... more By the fourth century, Athanasius became an essential figure in the settling of orthodox doctrine held by the church. His involvement at the Council of Nicaea and his later insistence for orthodox doctrine regarding the divinity and humanity of Christ is one reason for the orthodox theological victory triumph in the church. Athanasius’ was also an important force in the question of the Christian canon. His list of canonical books in his 39th Festal Letter is an important marker in the acceptance of a New Testament canon. This paper will examine the role of Athanasius in establishing the orthodox position currently held by all branches of the Christian church regarding the nature and person of Jesus Christ. Further, an exploration of Athanasius’ role in solidifying the acceptance of the New Testament canon is an important part of his position in history.
The mention of sex and Victorians appears to be an oxymoron to many readers. For many, the Victor... more The mention of sex and Victorians appears to be an oxymoron to many readers. For many, the Victorians have a reputation as repressed prudes. But according to Patricia Anderson in her book, When Passion Reigned: Sex and the Victorians, not only were the Victorians interested in sex, they were actually sexier than our current sexually open society.
The 21st Century saw renewed attention placed upon the Mau Mau Rebellion after many decades of qu... more The 21st Century saw renewed attention placed upon the Mau Mau Rebellion after many decades of quiet within Kenya and Britain. The publication of Caroline Elkin's book, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag, energized those Kenyans eager to bring Britain to task for torture suffered under the British attempt to end the Mau Mau Rebellion. Elkins concentrated on the British use of torture and concentration camps against a unified Kikuyu revolt. Elkins treats loyalists as an aberration among the Kikuyu Kenyans. Elkins is not alone in this outlook since most studies on the Rebellion focus on the insurgents while giving scant treatment to the loyalist working alongside the colonial government. Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization brings another perspective to the story of the uprising through a detailed study of the loyalists whose story remained buried during a time of revitalized Kenyan nationalism. Branch serves as a modification to the historiography of the Mau Mau rebellion, which concentrates on the insurgents while ignoring the loyalists. Branch believes that the Mau Mau Rebellion was not only an insurrection driven by nationalism but a civil war between loyalists and the Mau Mau.
The Victorian music hall began in the mid-nineteenth
century with a close association with the wo... more The Victorian music hall began in the mid-nineteenth century with a close association with the working class but by the end of the century, the music hall developed many middle-class enthusiasts and customers. In his book Music Hall and Modernity: The Late-Victorian Discovery of Popular Culture, Barry J. Faulk utilizes the descriptions of the music halls given by the London intelligentsia of the time as the music hall form transforms from a working-class form of entertainment into a form acceptable to middle-class patrons.
The Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1900, a formative event in Chinese history and imperialism within Eas... more The Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1900, a formative event in Chinese history and imperialism within East Asia, was a violent uprising against the rising influence of foreigners. Russian, Japanese, German, American, Italian, French, Austrian, and British troops joined in the campaign to stamp out the Rebellion. In The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China. David J. Silbey’s central theme is the competition between the imperial powers, all attempting to gain more influence in China. Each nation contributed to joint military operations, but each nation’s imperial ambitions determined their actions.
The question of God presents ultimate issues and the discussion is of great significance. Anselm,... more The question of God presents ultimate issues and the discussion is of great significance. Anselm, the Archbishop of Canterbury, dived into the debate over the existence of God through his ontological argument. Anselm presented his views over the existence of God in his works, The Monologion and The Proslogion. The chief aim of this paper will be to examine the ontological proof of God presented by Anselm and found primarily within The Proslogion within the context of his life and beliefs.
Among the most pressing issue for many Sikhs is the question of Punjabi national sovereignty. The... more Among the most pressing issue for many Sikhs is the question of Punjabi national sovereignty. The desire for an independent Khalistan receives much of its current publicity from diaspora Sikhs. Britain remains the home of a large Sikh population with significant population centers in west London, Gravesend, and the Midlands. This paper aims to examine Punjabi Sikh nationalism and the rise of the push for a Khalistan state within the Punjabi diaspora of Britain and its interaction with the events within India.
As the leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah receives most of the blame for the disast... more As the leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah receives most of the blame for the disastrous partition, which led to the deaths of so many Indians. Ayesha Jalal in her book, The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, examines the role of Jinnah in partition and the creation of Pakistan. Jalal poses the question, "How did a Pakistan come about which fitted the interests of most Muslims so poorly?”
Northeast India always receives little attention during discussions of Indian history, politics, ... more Northeast India always receives little attention during discussions of Indian history, politics, and culture. The region contains many differences in geography, culture, and languages,
The struggle over imperialism and nationalism that climaxed in India's independence and the decol... more The struggle over imperialism and nationalism that climaxed in India's independence and the decolonization of the empire shows up as a titanic bout between towering forces in many popular histories. But, this depiction of the irresistible force of imperialism fell as many viewed imperial nations as dependent upon the cooperation of native forces. Instead of imperialism as an overwhelming force, many saw colonial forces thwarted at every turn. Yet, this view of an all-India movement that unified the nation proved to be false as the ability of National programs to control localities proved elusive at best. Ethnic and religious diversity meant that strategies in one region might prove ineffective in another. This led to regional studies centered on either provinces or languages. Locality, Province, and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 presents a number of essays examining the development of nationalism within India on a regional basis as political movements sprang from localities and national movements struggled to control politics at the local level.
After World War II, Britain experienced a wave of migration which transformed the natio... more After World War II, Britain experienced a wave of migration which transformed the nation into a multiethnic quilt of racial and ethnic groups. During that era, Britain actively recruited labor from their former colonies including India, Pakistan, and the British Caribbean. While many native English workers moved into the service industry, electromechanical engineering, and manufacturing, unskilled and semi-skilled labor fell upon newly arrived Afro-Caribbean, Indian, and Pakistani workers. The arrival of such large numbers of migrants caused concern, leading Parliament to adopt immigration restrictions as early as the late 1950s. Concerns centered upon the apprehension that unrestricted immigration of non-whites could lead to the unravelling of the social fabric and cohesion of the country. These fears generated attacks on minorities. The transformation of neighborhoods into ethnic enclaves led numerous groups to compare the migrant incursion to a foreign invasion. The continued migration of South Asians in the sixties and seventies led to resentment and cultural conflict and the growth of far-right extremist groups such as the National Front.
On April 23, 1979, the extremist group the National Front staged a protest in the center of the Southall High Street and encountered counter-protesters composed of South Asians and those sympathetic to them. During the protest, New Zealand native Blair Peach died after receiving a blow to the head from a policeman’s truncheon. The following pages examine the events of April 23, 1979, the tensions that led to the protests, the death of activist and teacher Blair Peach, and the aftermath of the conflict. The Southall protests of 1979 offer an example of the difficulties faced by South Asian immigrants and the conflict leading to the current multicultural British state, with South Asians today occupying prominent places in government, entertainment, and greater society.
After a confrontation that left two New Orleans policemen dead, Robert Charles became the most fa... more After a confrontation that left two New Orleans policemen dead, Robert Charles became the most famous black in America for a brief period. While Charles was the center of a search, violent white mobs terrorized black residents of the city, leaving at least six African Americans dead with a number wounded. After days of horror for black citizens, authorities located Charles, who killed more police officers and held off a multitude of white New Orleanians with armed resistance. Forced out by fire, Charles met his end after being shot to death. While Charles remains at the center of the drama, he is still a mystery. Was Charles a revolutionary hero, or was he a murderous outlaw? This is the dilemma K. Stephen Price encounters in researching his book, The Ballad of Robert Charles.
1968 remains a pivotal year in student and popular protest during the tumultuous 1960s. Gerd-Rain... more 1968 remains a pivotal year in student and popular protest during the tumultuous 1960s. Gerd-Rainer Horn examines this year of demonstration in his book, The Spirit of '68: Rebellion in Western and North America, 1956-1976. Horn admits that the protests of 1968 failed to "usher in fundamental socio-economic and political changes," Still his goal is to refute arguments that identify the protests and idealism of "1968 as the beginning of evil in the modern world today."
Punjabi Sikhs are an important ethnic and religious group from northwest India. Known for their h... more Punjabi Sikhs are an important ethnic and religious group from northwest India. Known for their hard work and distinctive religious ideas, Sikhs are found throughout the world. This paper aims to explore the history and historiography of Punjabi Sikh immigration within the British Empire and into the United Kingdom and the United States. While Sikhs reside in nations throughout the world, the boundaries of this short paper prevent a complete examination of the large scope of Punjabi migration.
The arrival of West Indians on the passenger ship Empire Windrush in 1948 remains a marker for ma... more The arrival of West Indians on the passenger ship Empire Windrush in 1948 remains a marker for many Britons as the beginning of British black history. David Olusoga brings a corrective to this perception in his book, Black and British: A Forgotten History. The book is a companion to a 2016 BBC documentary on Black British history produced by Olusoga. The author maintains that the connection between Britain and Africa remains a vital part of British history, with the presence of Africans going as far back as black Roman soldiers stationed at Hadrian’s Wall at the height of the Roman Empire
The popular image of English society is of a class-based population with clearly drawn boundaries... more The popular image of English society is of a class-based population with clearly drawn boundaries separating the members of each class. The picture of the posh Oxbridge upper class and the working-class East Ender remain popular stereotypes. Many assume that the English remain stuck in an old-fashioned structure with aristocracy at the top and a fixed middle and working class beneath. The image of the white working class as an unskilled labor force residing in council housing endures to this day. The durability and entrenchment of class within English society remains a question worth exploring. Florence Sutcliffe-Braithwaite adds valuable insight into the discussion class with England with her book, Class, Politics, and the Decline of Deference in England, 1968-2000. Sutcliffe-Braithwaite demonstrates that class is flexible and
Early Islamic history often receives accusations of jihads and barbarism intent on conquest and i... more Early Islamic history often receives accusations of jihads and barbarism intent on conquest and intolerance. This characterization and stereotyping received new impetus with the recent history of terrorism spreading from radical forms of Islam. Even sympathetic scholars tend to paint a stark picture between the Islamic caliphs and Western culture. Amira K. Bennison presents a much broader picture of the Abbasid caliphates as a center of learning, science, and culture.
At the center of Christian theology lies the person of Jesus Christ. Jesus’ death and suffering u... more At the center of Christian theology lies the person of Jesus Christ. Jesus’ death and suffering upon the cross remain the act which most Christians look upon as central to their salvation. From the beginning of the Christian Church, theologians debated the meaning of the death of Jesus upon the cross. Today, most Catholics and Protestants hold to some form of vicarious atonement, teaching that the death and suffering of Jesus upon the cross satisfied the Holiness and Justice of God. The growth and widespread acceptance of plenary atonement largely rest on the teaching of Anselm of Canterbury in his work, Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man). The influence of Anselm in framing this central doctrine of faith and his work merits an investigation into the formulation what Christians believe about the Cross of Christ. This paper will explore Anselm and his ideas of atonement through Cur Deus Homo and the impact upon the Church.
By the fourth century, Athanasius became an essential figure in the settling of orthodox doctrine... more By the fourth century, Athanasius became an essential figure in the settling of orthodox doctrine held by the church. His involvement at the Council of Nicaea and his later insistence for orthodox doctrine regarding the divinity and humanity of Christ is one reason for the orthodox theological victory triumph in the church. Athanasius’ was also an important force in the question of the Christian canon. His list of canonical books in his 39th Festal Letter is an important marker in the acceptance of a New Testament canon. This paper will examine the role of Athanasius in establishing the orthodox position currently held by all branches of the Christian church regarding the nature and person of Jesus Christ. Further, an exploration of Athanasius’ role in solidifying the acceptance of the New Testament canon is an important part of his position in history.
The mention of sex and Victorians appears to be an oxymoron to many readers. For many, the Victor... more The mention of sex and Victorians appears to be an oxymoron to many readers. For many, the Victorians have a reputation as repressed prudes. But according to Patricia Anderson in her book, When Passion Reigned: Sex and the Victorians, not only were the Victorians interested in sex, they were actually sexier than our current sexually open society.
The 21st Century saw renewed attention placed upon the Mau Mau Rebellion after many decades of qu... more The 21st Century saw renewed attention placed upon the Mau Mau Rebellion after many decades of quiet within Kenya and Britain. The publication of Caroline Elkin's book, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag, energized those Kenyans eager to bring Britain to task for torture suffered under the British attempt to end the Mau Mau Rebellion. Elkins concentrated on the British use of torture and concentration camps against a unified Kikuyu revolt. Elkins treats loyalists as an aberration among the Kikuyu Kenyans. Elkins is not alone in this outlook since most studies on the Rebellion focus on the insurgents while giving scant treatment to the loyalist working alongside the colonial government. Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization brings another perspective to the story of the uprising through a detailed study of the loyalists whose story remained buried during a time of revitalized Kenyan nationalism. Branch serves as a modification to the historiography of the Mau Mau rebellion, which concentrates on the insurgents while ignoring the loyalists. Branch believes that the Mau Mau Rebellion was not only an insurrection driven by nationalism but a civil war between loyalists and the Mau Mau.
The Victorian music hall began in the mid-nineteenth
century with a close association with the wo... more The Victorian music hall began in the mid-nineteenth century with a close association with the working class but by the end of the century, the music hall developed many middle-class enthusiasts and customers. In his book Music Hall and Modernity: The Late-Victorian Discovery of Popular Culture, Barry J. Faulk utilizes the descriptions of the music halls given by the London intelligentsia of the time as the music hall form transforms from a working-class form of entertainment into a form acceptable to middle-class patrons.
The Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1900, a formative event in Chinese history and imperialism within Eas... more The Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1900, a formative event in Chinese history and imperialism within East Asia, was a violent uprising against the rising influence of foreigners. Russian, Japanese, German, American, Italian, French, Austrian, and British troops joined in the campaign to stamp out the Rebellion. In The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China. David J. Silbey’s central theme is the competition between the imperial powers, all attempting to gain more influence in China. Each nation contributed to joint military operations, but each nation’s imperial ambitions determined their actions.
The question of God presents ultimate issues and the discussion is of great significance. Anselm,... more The question of God presents ultimate issues and the discussion is of great significance. Anselm, the Archbishop of Canterbury, dived into the debate over the existence of God through his ontological argument. Anselm presented his views over the existence of God in his works, The Monologion and The Proslogion. The chief aim of this paper will be to examine the ontological proof of God presented by Anselm and found primarily within The Proslogion within the context of his life and beliefs.
Among the most pressing issue for many Sikhs is the question of Punjabi national sovereignty. The... more Among the most pressing issue for many Sikhs is the question of Punjabi national sovereignty. The desire for an independent Khalistan receives much of its current publicity from diaspora Sikhs. Britain remains the home of a large Sikh population with significant population centers in west London, Gravesend, and the Midlands. This paper aims to examine Punjabi Sikh nationalism and the rise of the push for a Khalistan state within the Punjabi diaspora of Britain and its interaction with the events within India.
As the leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah receives most of the blame for the disast... more As the leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah receives most of the blame for the disastrous partition, which led to the deaths of so many Indians. Ayesha Jalal in her book, The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, examines the role of Jinnah in partition and the creation of Pakistan. Jalal poses the question, "How did a Pakistan come about which fitted the interests of most Muslims so poorly?”
Northeast India always receives little attention during discussions of Indian history, politics, ... more Northeast India always receives little attention during discussions of Indian history, politics, and culture. The region contains many differences in geography, culture, and languages,
The struggle over imperialism and nationalism that climaxed in India's independence and the decol... more The struggle over imperialism and nationalism that climaxed in India's independence and the decolonization of the empire shows up as a titanic bout between towering forces in many popular histories. But, this depiction of the irresistible force of imperialism fell as many viewed imperial nations as dependent upon the cooperation of native forces. Instead of imperialism as an overwhelming force, many saw colonial forces thwarted at every turn. Yet, this view of an all-India movement that unified the nation proved to be false as the ability of National programs to control localities proved elusive at best. Ethnic and religious diversity meant that strategies in one region might prove ineffective in another. This led to regional studies centered on either provinces or languages. Locality, Province, and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 presents a number of essays examining the development of nationalism within India on a regional basis as political movements sprang from localities and national movements struggled to control politics at the local level.
After World War II, Britain experienced a wave of migration which transformed the natio... more After World War II, Britain experienced a wave of migration which transformed the nation into a multiethnic quilt of racial and ethnic groups. During that era, Britain actively recruited labor from their former colonies including India, Pakistan, and the British Caribbean. While many native English workers moved into the service industry, electromechanical engineering, and manufacturing, unskilled and semi-skilled labor fell upon newly arrived Afro-Caribbean, Indian, and Pakistani workers. The arrival of such large numbers of migrants caused concern, leading Parliament to adopt immigration restrictions as early as the late 1950s. Concerns centered upon the apprehension that unrestricted immigration of non-whites could lead to the unravelling of the social fabric and cohesion of the country. These fears generated attacks on minorities. The transformation of neighborhoods into ethnic enclaves led numerous groups to compare the migrant incursion to a foreign invasion. The continued migration of South Asians in the sixties and seventies led to resentment and cultural conflict and the growth of far-right extremist groups such as the National Front.
On April 23, 1979, the extremist group the National Front staged a protest in the center of the Southall High Street and encountered counter-protesters composed of South Asians and those sympathetic to them. During the protest, New Zealand native Blair Peach died after receiving a blow to the head from a policeman’s truncheon. The following pages examine the events of April 23, 1979, the tensions that led to the protests, the death of activist and teacher Blair Peach, and the aftermath of the conflict. The Southall protests of 1979 offer an example of the difficulties faced by South Asian immigrants and the conflict leading to the current multicultural British state, with South Asians today occupying prominent places in government, entertainment, and greater society.
After a confrontation that left two New Orleans policemen dead, Robert Charles became the most fa... more After a confrontation that left two New Orleans policemen dead, Robert Charles became the most famous black in America for a brief period. While Charles was the center of a search, violent white mobs terrorized black residents of the city, leaving at least six African Americans dead with a number wounded. After days of horror for black citizens, authorities located Charles, who killed more police officers and held off a multitude of white New Orleanians with armed resistance. Forced out by fire, Charles met his end after being shot to death. While Charles remains at the center of the drama, he is still a mystery. Was Charles a revolutionary hero, or was he a murderous outlaw? This is the dilemma K. Stephen Price encounters in researching his book, The Ballad of Robert Charles.
1968 remains a pivotal year in student and popular protest during the tumultuous 1960s. Gerd-Rain... more 1968 remains a pivotal year in student and popular protest during the tumultuous 1960s. Gerd-Rainer Horn examines this year of demonstration in his book, The Spirit of '68: Rebellion in Western and North America, 1956-1976. Horn admits that the protests of 1968 failed to "usher in fundamental socio-economic and political changes," Still his goal is to refute arguments that identify the protests and idealism of "1968 as the beginning of evil in the modern world today."
Punjabi Sikhs are an important ethnic and religious group from northwest India. Known for their h... more Punjabi Sikhs are an important ethnic and religious group from northwest India. Known for their hard work and distinctive religious ideas, Sikhs are found throughout the world. This paper aims to explore the history and historiography of Punjabi Sikh immigration within the British Empire and into the United Kingdom and the United States. While Sikhs reside in nations throughout the world, the boundaries of this short paper prevent a complete examination of the large scope of Punjabi migration.
The hymn Amazing Grace is likely the most beloved hymn in the world. For the Christian the hymn r... more The hymn Amazing Grace is likely the most beloved hymn in the world. For the Christian the hymn reveals the profound changes wrought in the human heart through the supernatural grace of God. The song has a wide appeal which breaks boundaries of class, race, and language as translations of the hymn allowed it to spread worldwide. The image of undeserved rescue appeals to others outside of Christianity.The hymn offers a glimpse into the life of the author who served as a slave ship captain only to experience a religious conversion which eventually took him to the Anglican priesthood. Before Newton entered the priesthood he served as a slave captain on a number of voyages. This paper examines his career as a slave ship capatin and the experiences which led to his conversion.
the Send Back the Money Campaign Frederick Douglass was the most renowned and celebrated African-... more the Send Back the Money Campaign Frederick Douglass was the most renowned and celebrated African-American of the 19 th century and remains one of the most influential Americans in the history of the United States. With the publication of David Blight's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography renewed interest in the life and impact of Douglass continues to grow. Born in 1817 a slave in Maryland, Douglass escaped in 1838 to Massachusetts eventually joining the abolitionist movement with William Lloyd Garrison. Douglass quickly rose in prominence within abolitionist circles where his oratory and intellect confounded those who argued that slaves lacked the mental abilities to contribute as American citizens. With the publication of his first autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass in 1845, the celebrity of Douglass spread as an illustration of the cruelty of slavery. In attempt to widen his influence and expose the cause of abolitionism to an international audience, Douglass traveled to the British Isles for a period of nineteen months for a series of speaking tours which not only increased his prominence but also involved Douglass within the debates within Britain and especially within the newly formed Free Church of Scotland. While the vast majority of British evangelical Christians proclaimed slavery a sin, the debate remained regarding how Christians and churches needed to treat Christian slave-owners and those profiting from the slave trade. A special concern was the ecumenical relationships between Protestant churches in the South and their counterparts within Britain and Ireland. British Christians began to ask how they ought to regard Southern Christians with whom they shared confessional and theological convictions while Southerners insisted upon their right to hold and promote slavery.
Many Americans look to the framing of the Constitution with great sentimentality believing that t... more Many Americans look to the framing of the Constitution with great sentimentality believing that the wisdom of the Framers inaugurated a democracy and their rights as American citizens. Yet, Woody Holton in his book, Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution argues that the goal of the Framers was not to unleash democracy and establish American rights but rather the men, who designed the Constitution sought to strengthen the federal government and shield it against grassroots democratic pressure.
Gentility is often synonymous with respectability, sophistication, and refinement. These qualitie... more Gentility is often synonymous with respectability, sophistication, and refinement. These qualities appear to have more in common with social superiority and aristocracy than the values of a republic rooted in overthrowing a monarchy. Richard Bushman addresses this question in his book, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities.
Debates surrounding violence during the Middle Ages often center on the inevitability of violence... more Debates surrounding violence during the Middle Ages often center on the inevitability of violence against Jews with the eventual expulsion or slaughter of the minority Jewish population. David Nirenberg counters that popular presupposition in his book, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Nirenberg insists that the violence against minorities during the Middle Ages must be placed within its proper historical context. Nirenberg also challenges scholars who employ the longue durée approach, that is the attempt to link past episodes of violence and persecution into a long chain containing the Jewish massacres of the Crusades to the Nazi Holocaust.
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century with a close association with the working class but by the end of the century, the music hall developed many middle-class enthusiasts and customers. In his book Music Hall and Modernity: The Late-Victorian Discovery of Popular Culture, Barry J. Faulk utilizes the descriptions of the
music halls given by the London intelligentsia of the time as the music hall form transforms from a working-class form of entertainment into a form acceptable to middle-class patrons.
On April 23, 1979, the extremist group the National Front staged a protest in the center of the Southall High Street and encountered counter-protesters composed of South Asians and those sympathetic to them. During the protest, New Zealand native Blair Peach died after receiving a blow to the head from a policeman’s truncheon. The following pages examine the events of April 23, 1979, the tensions that led to the protests, the death of activist and teacher Blair Peach, and the aftermath of the conflict. The Southall protests of 1979 offer an example of the difficulties faced by South Asian immigrants and the conflict leading to the current multicultural British state, with South Asians today occupying prominent places in government, entertainment, and greater society.
century with a close association with the working class but by the end of the century, the music hall developed many middle-class enthusiasts and customers. In his book Music Hall and Modernity: The Late-Victorian Discovery of Popular Culture, Barry J. Faulk utilizes the descriptions of the
music halls given by the London intelligentsia of the time as the music hall form transforms from a working-class form of entertainment into a form acceptable to middle-class patrons.
On April 23, 1979, the extremist group the National Front staged a protest in the center of the Southall High Street and encountered counter-protesters composed of South Asians and those sympathetic to them. During the protest, New Zealand native Blair Peach died after receiving a blow to the head from a policeman’s truncheon. The following pages examine the events of April 23, 1979, the tensions that led to the protests, the death of activist and teacher Blair Peach, and the aftermath of the conflict. The Southall protests of 1979 offer an example of the difficulties faced by South Asian immigrants and the conflict leading to the current multicultural British state, with South Asians today occupying prominent places in government, entertainment, and greater society.