DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Aug 31, 2022
The majority of the Second World War refugees from Latvia desired to return to a free Latvia and ... more The majority of the Second World War refugees from Latvia desired to return to a free Latvia and devoted much of their efforts to promote the renewal of Latvian state independence. This goal was fundamental to their common identity. Correspondingly, there was a considerable public debate about how the restoration could be effected and what the future renewed state would be like in terms of political, economic and social system. The future state was envisioned either as a sovereign nation-state or as a part of some kind of democratic union or federation. Sovereign nation-state was by far the most popular goal and the advocates of this form agreed on at least two common principles: state must be democratic and based on 1922 Constitution with minor revisions. Advocates of alternative approaches were inspired by the ideas of European integration popular at the time and saw Latvian freedom as attainable by participation in some form of federation that could encompass either Baltic states, Central Europe or even the whole of Europe.
Ernests Minka (1873–1940) was born in Liepaja and actively participated in the “New Current” (Jau... more Ernests Minka (1873–1940) was born in Liepaja and actively participated in the “New Current” (Jaunā strāva) movement. Forced to emigrate, since 1897 he lived in London and in 1916 moved to USA, Philadelphia, where he soon became one of the most visible activists within the Latvian community. Based on the example of E. Minka, the article describes the attitudes prevalent among Latvian diaspora in the USA towards the newly-founded Republic of Latvia as well as activities of diaspora with intention to help their homeland.
Latvijas padomju okupācijas laikā Latvijas valsts neatkarības ideju uzturēja latvieši, kas dzīvoj... more Latvijas padomju okupācijas laikā Latvijas valsts neatkarības ideju uzturēja latvieši, kas dzīvoja dažādās Rietumu pasaules valstīs. Līdzīgi kā lielākās latviešu kopienas (ASV, Austrālijā, Kanādā u. c.), arī latvieši Dienvidamerikā uzskatīja, ka Latvijas valsts juridiski turpina pastāvēt, un savu atrašanos ārpus Latvijas uzskatīja par piespiedu trimdu. Šie uzskati bija svarīgs latviešu kopienu pašidentitātes elements, un tos latvieši apliecināja ar plašām un daudzveidīgām politiskām aktivitātēm, lai saglabātu Latvijas neatkarības ideju un veicinātu neatkarības atjaunošanu. Raksta mērķis ir atklāt latviešu politiskās aktivitātes Dienvidamerikas reģionā, kur tās, lai arī kopumā līdzīgas kā citās valstīs, vietējo politisko un ģeogrāfisko apstākļu dēļ ieguva specifiskas iezīmes.
World Latvian Youth Congresses were the biggest gatherings of Latvian exile youths from all over ... more World Latvian Youth Congresses were the biggest gatherings of Latvian exile youths from all over the world. The objective of the article is to disclose the role of World Latvian Youth congresses as creators and reflectors of the exile youth’s national-political ideas and to analyze examples of these ideas in the context of general exile national-political opinions of the time. Latvian youth in exile accepted the main goal of the exile: to promote the restoration of Latvian state independence and, closely connected to this goal, an aspiration to remain Latvians and keep their Latvian identity at least partly. At the same time, they introduced new and different approaches of how this goal could be achieved. The nationalpolitical ideas of the exile youth tend to be more pragmatic and open to the current global actualities of the time.
Pēc Otrā pasaules kara Vācijas bēgļu nometnēs nokļuvušo latviešu lielākā daļa atteicās repatriēti... more Pēc Otrā pasaules kara Vācijas bēgļu nometnēs nokļuvušo latviešu lielākā daļa atteicās repatriēties uz Padomju Latviju un apmetās uz dzīvi dažādās valstīs, galvenokārt ASV, Kanādā un Austrālijā, kļūstot par trimdiniekiem. Trimdinieki jau pirmajos pēckara gados uzsāka politiskas aktivitātes ar mērķi veicināt Latvijas valstiskās neatkarības atjaunošanu. Šīs aktivitātes sastāvēja no publiskām protesta akcijām un nemitīgiem atgādinājumiem par Latvijas Republikas nelikumīgās aneksijas faktu savu mītnes zemju politiskajām aprindām. Latviešu organizācijas, sadarbojoties ar igauņu un lietuviešu organizācijām, kopīgi uzrunāja savu mītnes zemju valdības un starptautiskās organizācijas, lūdzot atbalstu Baltijas valstu neatkarības atjaunošanai. Helsinku procesa ietvaros septiņdesmito gadu vidū Baltijas jautājums ieguva jūtamu starptautisku redzamību. Atmodas laikā trimdas organizācijas atbalstīja Latvijas Tautas Fronti cīņā par neatkarības atjaunošanu un palīdzēja veidot pirmos atjaunotās valsts ārpolitiskos sakarus.
Latviešu trimdas nozīmīgākās politiskās akcijasvaukstā kara periodā: Vispasaules latviešu jaunieš... more Latviešu trimdas nozīmīgākās politiskās akcijasvaukstā kara periodā: Vispasaules latviešu jauniešu kongress Berlīnē; Notikumi Austrālijā un Jaunzēlandē 1974.-1975. gadā; Baltijas brīvības un miera kuģis.
Latvian community in South America formed as a result of three
distinct immigration waves: end of... more Latvian community in South America formed as a result of three distinct immigration waves: end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, especially after 1905; 1920ies; after the Second World War. Unlike in other Latvian migration countries, immigrants who arrived after the Second World War formed only the smaller part of the entire community. Church parishes played the role of not only religious, but social and cultural centers until more active political organization of the community took place with the founding of South American Latvian Association in 1977. Similarly with Latvian exile communities in other continents, Latvians of South America, in close cooperation with similar Lithuanian and Estonian formations, carried out political activities dedicated to promoting restoration of Latvian independence. However, due to specific conditions like small and geographically divided Latvian community, governmental restrictions on political activities and general lack of interest in European problems in South American countries, the political activities of Latvian community in South America lack the intensity and results they had, for example, in USA or Australia.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Aug 31, 2022
The majority of the Second World War refugees from Latvia desired to return to a free Latvia and ... more The majority of the Second World War refugees from Latvia desired to return to a free Latvia and devoted much of their efforts to promote the renewal of Latvian state independence. This goal was fundamental to their common identity. Correspondingly, there was a considerable public debate about how the restoration could be effected and what the future renewed state would be like in terms of political, economic and social system. The future state was envisioned either as a sovereign nation-state or as a part of some kind of democratic union or federation. Sovereign nation-state was by far the most popular goal and the advocates of this form agreed on at least two common principles: state must be democratic and based on 1922 Constitution with minor revisions. Advocates of alternative approaches were inspired by the ideas of European integration popular at the time and saw Latvian freedom as attainable by participation in some form of federation that could encompass either Baltic states, Central Europe or even the whole of Europe.
Ernests Minka (1873–1940) was born in Liepaja and actively participated in the “New Current” (Jau... more Ernests Minka (1873–1940) was born in Liepaja and actively participated in the “New Current” (Jaunā strāva) movement. Forced to emigrate, since 1897 he lived in London and in 1916 moved to USA, Philadelphia, where he soon became one of the most visible activists within the Latvian community. Based on the example of E. Minka, the article describes the attitudes prevalent among Latvian diaspora in the USA towards the newly-founded Republic of Latvia as well as activities of diaspora with intention to help their homeland.
Latvijas padomju okupācijas laikā Latvijas valsts neatkarības ideju uzturēja latvieši, kas dzīvoj... more Latvijas padomju okupācijas laikā Latvijas valsts neatkarības ideju uzturēja latvieši, kas dzīvoja dažādās Rietumu pasaules valstīs. Līdzīgi kā lielākās latviešu kopienas (ASV, Austrālijā, Kanādā u. c.), arī latvieši Dienvidamerikā uzskatīja, ka Latvijas valsts juridiski turpina pastāvēt, un savu atrašanos ārpus Latvijas uzskatīja par piespiedu trimdu. Šie uzskati bija svarīgs latviešu kopienu pašidentitātes elements, un tos latvieši apliecināja ar plašām un daudzveidīgām politiskām aktivitātēm, lai saglabātu Latvijas neatkarības ideju un veicinātu neatkarības atjaunošanu. Raksta mērķis ir atklāt latviešu politiskās aktivitātes Dienvidamerikas reģionā, kur tās, lai arī kopumā līdzīgas kā citās valstīs, vietējo politisko un ģeogrāfisko apstākļu dēļ ieguva specifiskas iezīmes.
World Latvian Youth Congresses were the biggest gatherings of Latvian exile youths from all over ... more World Latvian Youth Congresses were the biggest gatherings of Latvian exile youths from all over the world. The objective of the article is to disclose the role of World Latvian Youth congresses as creators and reflectors of the exile youth’s national-political ideas and to analyze examples of these ideas in the context of general exile national-political opinions of the time. Latvian youth in exile accepted the main goal of the exile: to promote the restoration of Latvian state independence and, closely connected to this goal, an aspiration to remain Latvians and keep their Latvian identity at least partly. At the same time, they introduced new and different approaches of how this goal could be achieved. The nationalpolitical ideas of the exile youth tend to be more pragmatic and open to the current global actualities of the time.
Pēc Otrā pasaules kara Vācijas bēgļu nometnēs nokļuvušo latviešu lielākā daļa atteicās repatriēti... more Pēc Otrā pasaules kara Vācijas bēgļu nometnēs nokļuvušo latviešu lielākā daļa atteicās repatriēties uz Padomju Latviju un apmetās uz dzīvi dažādās valstīs, galvenokārt ASV, Kanādā un Austrālijā, kļūstot par trimdiniekiem. Trimdinieki jau pirmajos pēckara gados uzsāka politiskas aktivitātes ar mērķi veicināt Latvijas valstiskās neatkarības atjaunošanu. Šīs aktivitātes sastāvēja no publiskām protesta akcijām un nemitīgiem atgādinājumiem par Latvijas Republikas nelikumīgās aneksijas faktu savu mītnes zemju politiskajām aprindām. Latviešu organizācijas, sadarbojoties ar igauņu un lietuviešu organizācijām, kopīgi uzrunāja savu mītnes zemju valdības un starptautiskās organizācijas, lūdzot atbalstu Baltijas valstu neatkarības atjaunošanai. Helsinku procesa ietvaros septiņdesmito gadu vidū Baltijas jautājums ieguva jūtamu starptautisku redzamību. Atmodas laikā trimdas organizācijas atbalstīja Latvijas Tautas Fronti cīņā par neatkarības atjaunošanu un palīdzēja veidot pirmos atjaunotās valsts ārpolitiskos sakarus.
Latviešu trimdas nozīmīgākās politiskās akcijasvaukstā kara periodā: Vispasaules latviešu jaunieš... more Latviešu trimdas nozīmīgākās politiskās akcijasvaukstā kara periodā: Vispasaules latviešu jauniešu kongress Berlīnē; Notikumi Austrālijā un Jaunzēlandē 1974.-1975. gadā; Baltijas brīvības un miera kuģis.
Latvian community in South America formed as a result of three
distinct immigration waves: end of... more Latvian community in South America formed as a result of three distinct immigration waves: end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, especially after 1905; 1920ies; after the Second World War. Unlike in other Latvian migration countries, immigrants who arrived after the Second World War formed only the smaller part of the entire community. Church parishes played the role of not only religious, but social and cultural centers until more active political organization of the community took place with the founding of South American Latvian Association in 1977. Similarly with Latvian exile communities in other continents, Latvians of South America, in close cooperation with similar Lithuanian and Estonian formations, carried out political activities dedicated to promoting restoration of Latvian independence. However, due to specific conditions like small and geographically divided Latvian community, governmental restrictions on political activities and general lack of interest in European problems in South American countries, the political activities of Latvian community in South America lack the intensity and results they had, for example, in USA or Australia.
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Papers by Kristine Bekere
distinct immigration waves: end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, especially after 1905; 1920ies; after the Second World War. Unlike in other Latvian migration countries, immigrants who arrived after the Second World War formed only the smaller part of the entire community. Church parishes played the role of not only religious, but social and cultural centers until more active political organization of the community took place with the founding of South American Latvian Association in 1977. Similarly with Latvian exile communities in other
continents, Latvians of South America, in close cooperation with similar Lithuanian and Estonian formations, carried out political activities dedicated to promoting restoration of Latvian independence. However, due to specific conditions like small and geographically divided Latvian community, governmental restrictions on political activities and general lack of interest in European problems in South American countries, the political activities of Latvian community in South America lack the intensity and results they had, for example, in USA or Australia.
distinct immigration waves: end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, especially after 1905; 1920ies; after the Second World War. Unlike in other Latvian migration countries, immigrants who arrived after the Second World War formed only the smaller part of the entire community. Church parishes played the role of not only religious, but social and cultural centers until more active political organization of the community took place with the founding of South American Latvian Association in 1977. Similarly with Latvian exile communities in other
continents, Latvians of South America, in close cooperation with similar Lithuanian and Estonian formations, carried out political activities dedicated to promoting restoration of Latvian independence. However, due to specific conditions like small and geographically divided Latvian community, governmental restrictions on political activities and general lack of interest in European problems in South American countries, the political activities of Latvian community in South America lack the intensity and results they had, for example, in USA or Australia.