This paper aims to explore the genesis and validity of the Maintenance and Welfare of Old Parents... more This paper aims to explore the genesis and validity of the Maintenance and Welfare of Old Parents Act, 2019 (herein referred as the Act), in light of Islamic Law or Shariah. This shall be done primarily by focusing on the Hanafi school of thought, which is predominantly followed by Pakistanis at a state level. Additionally, a comparative analysis shall also be drawn, followed by recommendations on how the law may be improved.
Did the United States orchestrate the removal of Imran Khan’s government in 2022?, 2023
Imran Khan's tenure as the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan concluded on 10th April 2022 after he ... more Imran Khan's tenure as the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan concluded on 10th April 2022 after he was ousted through a motion of no confidence. However, he claimed his removal was a foreign (American) plot. Further, his political opponents and the Military facilitated this conspiracy by acting as local collaborators and their handlers. Khan cited a secret cable from America as proof of his claim. The cable illustrated US displeasure over Khan's visit to Russia and a blatant threat of dire consequences for Pakistan if Khan was not removed. Simultaneously, the domestic political situation in Pakistan had already set in motion the events that led up to his ouster. Considering both the global and domestic factors warrants a crucial question: Did the United States conspire to overthrow Imran Khan's government in 2022?
Khan's claims of an American regime change operation in Pakistan merit analyzing his removal in the context of the postcolonial theory. Through the Central Intelligence Agency's declassified documents, the US has accepted its involvement in multiple regime change operations in the past. Mossadegh’s ouster over his nationalization policy is one such example. However, one must contextualize such activities in postcolonial theories, such as neocolonialism, and the historical instances that demonstrate these theories to decipher the larger patterns of these operations. This essay will rely on those patterns to analyze whether they align with Khan’s claim that the US was involved in a conspiracy to remove him from office.
Marxist State Theory and the Middle Class in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Analysis, 2024
The Marxist theory of the state, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and further elaborat... more The Marxist theory of the state, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and further elaborated upon by later Marxist theorists, remains a foundational aspect of Marxist political thought. According to Marxists, the state serves as a tool utilized by the ruling class to maintain and legitimize the existing social order, dominated by class struggle and exploitation. Consequently, the state is portrayed as an "executive committee" that protects the interests of the bourgeoisie, reflecting the economic base, which includes institutions such as the legal system and ideology. In the context of Pakistan, applying Marxist theory requires an understanding of the country's complex historical and socio-economic conditions. This study draws a special focus on the expanding role of the middle class, which is often overlooked within the Marxist theory. Over the years, the Pakistani middle class has grown significantly in size and influence, increasingly shaping electoral outcomes and public policy. This was particularly evident in the electoral results of February 8, 2024, where the middle class demonstrated its power and influence, arguably altering the political landscape. This research aims to delve into how the state apparatus in Pakistan functions not merely to safeguard the interests of a traditional bourgeoisie or a feudal aristocracy but also addresses the interests and aspirations of the burgeoning middle class. This shift represents a significant deviation from classical Marxist theory, which often makes a clear distinction between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, neglecting the complex realities existing in between these classes. The foundation of my thesis will draw upon key Marxist works such as Vladimir Lenin's "State and Revolution" and will also incorporate insights from Hamza Alavi's "The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh." These texts provide a traditional Marxist framework, which this study will critique and expand upon by integrating the role of the middle class. Through this study, I aim to explore a more nuanced manifestation of Marxist theory within the specific socio-political, historical, and economic landscape of Pakistan, emphasizing the critical and evolving role of the middle class. This approach will address how classical Marxist theory may fall short in recognizing the middle class's potential as both a stabilizing force and a catalyst for change within the state structure.
This paper aims to explore the genesis and validity of the Maintenance and Welfare of Old Parents... more This paper aims to explore the genesis and validity of the Maintenance and Welfare of Old Parents Act, 2019 (herein referred as the Act), in light of Islamic Law or Shariah. This shall be done primarily by focusing on the Hanafi school of thought, which is predominantly followed by Pakistanis at a state level. Additionally, a comparative analysis shall also be drawn, followed by recommendations on how the law may be improved.
Did the United States orchestrate the removal of Imran Khan’s government in 2022?, 2023
Imran Khan's tenure as the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan concluded on 10th April 2022 after he ... more Imran Khan's tenure as the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan concluded on 10th April 2022 after he was ousted through a motion of no confidence. However, he claimed his removal was a foreign (American) plot. Further, his political opponents and the Military facilitated this conspiracy by acting as local collaborators and their handlers. Khan cited a secret cable from America as proof of his claim. The cable illustrated US displeasure over Khan's visit to Russia and a blatant threat of dire consequences for Pakistan if Khan was not removed. Simultaneously, the domestic political situation in Pakistan had already set in motion the events that led up to his ouster. Considering both the global and domestic factors warrants a crucial question: Did the United States conspire to overthrow Imran Khan's government in 2022?
Khan's claims of an American regime change operation in Pakistan merit analyzing his removal in the context of the postcolonial theory. Through the Central Intelligence Agency's declassified documents, the US has accepted its involvement in multiple regime change operations in the past. Mossadegh’s ouster over his nationalization policy is one such example. However, one must contextualize such activities in postcolonial theories, such as neocolonialism, and the historical instances that demonstrate these theories to decipher the larger patterns of these operations. This essay will rely on those patterns to analyze whether they align with Khan’s claim that the US was involved in a conspiracy to remove him from office.
Marxist State Theory and the Middle Class in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Analysis, 2024
The Marxist theory of the state, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and further elaborat... more The Marxist theory of the state, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and further elaborated upon by later Marxist theorists, remains a foundational aspect of Marxist political thought. According to Marxists, the state serves as a tool utilized by the ruling class to maintain and legitimize the existing social order, dominated by class struggle and exploitation. Consequently, the state is portrayed as an "executive committee" that protects the interests of the bourgeoisie, reflecting the economic base, which includes institutions such as the legal system and ideology. In the context of Pakistan, applying Marxist theory requires an understanding of the country's complex historical and socio-economic conditions. This study draws a special focus on the expanding role of the middle class, which is often overlooked within the Marxist theory. Over the years, the Pakistani middle class has grown significantly in size and influence, increasingly shaping electoral outcomes and public policy. This was particularly evident in the electoral results of February 8, 2024, where the middle class demonstrated its power and influence, arguably altering the political landscape. This research aims to delve into how the state apparatus in Pakistan functions not merely to safeguard the interests of a traditional bourgeoisie or a feudal aristocracy but also addresses the interests and aspirations of the burgeoning middle class. This shift represents a significant deviation from classical Marxist theory, which often makes a clear distinction between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, neglecting the complex realities existing in between these classes. The foundation of my thesis will draw upon key Marxist works such as Vladimir Lenin's "State and Revolution" and will also incorporate insights from Hamza Alavi's "The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh." These texts provide a traditional Marxist framework, which this study will critique and expand upon by integrating the role of the middle class. Through this study, I aim to explore a more nuanced manifestation of Marxist theory within the specific socio-political, historical, and economic landscape of Pakistan, emphasizing the critical and evolving role of the middle class. This approach will address how classical Marxist theory may fall short in recognizing the middle class's potential as both a stabilizing force and a catalyst for change within the state structure.
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Papers by Hamza M Khawaja
Khan's claims of an American regime change operation in Pakistan merit analyzing his removal in the context of the postcolonial theory. Through the Central Intelligence Agency's declassified documents, the US has accepted its involvement in multiple regime change operations in the past. Mossadegh’s ouster over his nationalization policy is one such example. However, one must contextualize such activities in postcolonial theories, such as neocolonialism, and the historical instances that demonstrate these theories to decipher the larger patterns of these operations. This essay will rely on those patterns to analyze whether they align with Khan’s claim that the US was involved in a conspiracy to remove him from office.
In the context of Pakistan, applying Marxist theory requires an understanding of the country's complex historical and socio-economic conditions. This study draws a special focus on the expanding role of the middle class, which is often overlooked within the Marxist theory. Over the years, the Pakistani middle class has grown significantly in size and influence, increasingly shaping electoral outcomes and public policy. This was particularly evident in the electoral results of February 8, 2024, where the middle class demonstrated its power and influence, arguably altering the political landscape.
This research aims to delve into how the state apparatus in Pakistan functions not merely to safeguard the interests of a traditional bourgeoisie or a feudal aristocracy but also addresses the interests and aspirations of the burgeoning middle class. This shift represents a significant deviation from classical Marxist theory, which often makes a clear distinction between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, neglecting the complex realities existing in between these classes.
The foundation of my thesis will draw upon key Marxist works such as Vladimir Lenin's "State and Revolution" and will also incorporate insights from Hamza Alavi's "The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh." These texts provide a traditional Marxist framework, which this study will critique and expand upon by integrating the role of the middle class.
Through this study, I aim to explore a more nuanced manifestation of Marxist theory within the specific socio-political, historical, and economic landscape of Pakistan, emphasizing the critical and evolving role of the middle class. This approach will address how classical Marxist theory may fall short in recognizing the middle class's potential as both a stabilizing force and a catalyst for change within the state structure.
Khan's claims of an American regime change operation in Pakistan merit analyzing his removal in the context of the postcolonial theory. Through the Central Intelligence Agency's declassified documents, the US has accepted its involvement in multiple regime change operations in the past. Mossadegh’s ouster over his nationalization policy is one such example. However, one must contextualize such activities in postcolonial theories, such as neocolonialism, and the historical instances that demonstrate these theories to decipher the larger patterns of these operations. This essay will rely on those patterns to analyze whether they align with Khan’s claim that the US was involved in a conspiracy to remove him from office.
In the context of Pakistan, applying Marxist theory requires an understanding of the country's complex historical and socio-economic conditions. This study draws a special focus on the expanding role of the middle class, which is often overlooked within the Marxist theory. Over the years, the Pakistani middle class has grown significantly in size and influence, increasingly shaping electoral outcomes and public policy. This was particularly evident in the electoral results of February 8, 2024, where the middle class demonstrated its power and influence, arguably altering the political landscape.
This research aims to delve into how the state apparatus in Pakistan functions not merely to safeguard the interests of a traditional bourgeoisie or a feudal aristocracy but also addresses the interests and aspirations of the burgeoning middle class. This shift represents a significant deviation from classical Marxist theory, which often makes a clear distinction between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, neglecting the complex realities existing in between these classes.
The foundation of my thesis will draw upon key Marxist works such as Vladimir Lenin's "State and Revolution" and will also incorporate insights from Hamza Alavi's "The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh." These texts provide a traditional Marxist framework, which this study will critique and expand upon by integrating the role of the middle class.
Through this study, I aim to explore a more nuanced manifestation of Marxist theory within the specific socio-political, historical, and economic landscape of Pakistan, emphasizing the critical and evolving role of the middle class. This approach will address how classical Marxist theory may fall short in recognizing the middle class's potential as both a stabilizing force and a catalyst for change within the state structure.