This study aims to investigate the key factors promoting internal control implementation effectiv... more This study aims to investigate the key factors promoting internal control implementation effectiveness in Indonesian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This study uses a qualitative approach by employing interviews as data collection technique. 13 informants were involved, consisting of management members of internal control unit, top management of HEI, and HEI accreditation assessor. The results reveal that to achieve effective implementation of internal control, seven key factors must be considered, including: (1) Management and foundation roles; (2) Awareness of all organization members; (3) Sufficient and competence of human resources; (4) Internal auditor attitude; (5) Organizational climate; (6) IT support; and (7) Funding support. The results of this study address research gaps related to internal control studies in the context of HEI, especially in developing countries, which according to Chalmers et al. (2019) still gets very little attention by accounting scholars.
IPN Journal of Research and Practice in Public Sector Accounting and Management
Purpose: This paper aims to identify the prerequisites as well as the issues and challenges in im... more Purpose: This paper aims to identify the prerequisites as well as the issues and challenges in implementing the accrual basis International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). Methodology/Approach: Using the archival approach, this paper presents a review of past studies and published information on the issues and challenges faced by various developing countries in adopting IPSAS. Findings: The challenges faced by countries in adopting IPSAS can be classified into three categories: (1) Resources which include a lack of competent accounting and finance staff, and a lack of IT facilities and IT support; (2) Accounting and reporting issues related to difficulties in the recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses; and (3) Top management commitment in ensuring successful change management programme. Research Limitations/Implications: This paper outlines the results of the preliminary phase, i.e., a review of previous studies, before a study to examin...
In 2013, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) issued the Integrated Reporting (I... more In 2013, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) issued the Integrated Reporting (IR) Framework to improve corporate reporting. The purpose of IR is to integrate financial and non-financial information to explain how the organisation creates value and improves firm performance over time. Since the introduction of IR, a company weighs the benefits over the costs of changing to IR. Recent trends in IR have heightened the need to examine the actual contents of IR. The objective of this study was to find the relationship between preparing a high-quality IR and corporate reputation. Corporate reputation is one of the main objectives for the preparation of IR, and preparing a high-quality IR can positively impact corporate reputation. Data was collected from a sample of 120 companies from the IIRC websites for three years (360 firm-year observations) to examine the quality of following the 2013 Framework. An index was developed, and the corporate reputation score was collect...
PurposeThis study aims to investigate internal control (IC) implementation in higher education in... more PurposeThis study aims to investigate internal control (IC) implementation in higher education institutions (HEIs). This study also explores determinants, obstacles and contributions of IC implementation within HEIs.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a qualitative research method by conducting semi-structured interviews with internal auditors of HEIs.FindingsThis study found a difference of IC among all HEIs in terms of design. IC implementation is perceived to have a positive contribution to accountability enhancement and fraud mitigation. Several determinants and obstacles faced by HEIs in implementing IC are presented in the paper.Practical implicationsThe IC has to be operated effectively to achieve its benefit. However, not all HEIs implement IC properly.Originality/valueThis paper is a pioneer study that raises IC implementation in HEIs and its role in governance practices and corruption mitigation.
Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 2021
This study investigates the quality of Integrated Report (IR) in the voluntary and compulsory set... more This study investigates the quality of Integrated Report (IR) in the voluntary and compulsory setting. This study's first objective is to measure IR disclosure quality and assess whether companies comply with the 2013 IR framework. The second objective is to examine whether there is any difference in reporting quality between the IR's compulsory regime and voluntary regime. A sample of 120 international companies listed on the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) websites throughout three years (2014-2016) is selected based on the availability of all data for the analysis. A Total Integrated Reporting Disclosure Quality (TIRDQ) index is self-constructed through quantitative content analysis. The finding shows that the quality of IR improved from the year 2014 to 2016. There is no significant difference in the reporting quality between mandatory and voluntary IR. The findings have implications for policy setters who have mandated or are considering mandating IR.
This study aims to review the development of research undertaken in understanding the factors inf... more This study aims to review the development of research undertaken in understanding the factors influencing public sector disclosure and to suggest future research in this area. This study focuses on academic online databases by conducting keyword searches which are supplemented by backward and forward searching techniques. Relevant articles found are then reviewed and discussed based on four phases of their publication period: prior to 1990, from 1990 to 1999, from 2000 to 2009, and from 2010 and after. Three important observations are made. First, studies on US dominated research in this area but in recent years, more European and other developed countries are being included. Second, a vast majority of these studies tend to focus on local authorities. Third, the financial aspect of disclosure appears to be receiving the greatest attention but it is noted that researchers are starting to show a greater interest in reporting the concept of sustainability. From these observations, it i...
Given that a significant amount of the resources managed by government comes from the general pub... more Given that a significant amount of the resources managed by government comes from the general public in the form of taxation, a major purpose of government accounting is to show accountability and compliance with legislation. As modern governments have faced growing demands for a more efficient and effective use of resources, emphasis in accounting has shifted from compliance with legislation to providing more useful information for decision making and measuring performance. Such shifts can also been seen in Malaysia as in many other countries around the world. As a matter of fact, Malaysia’s public sector accounting system has seen a plethora of reforms and changes since 1957. Further changes are currently underway. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the developments and trends in governmental accounting and reporting practices in Malaysia
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2020
The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has developed an Integrated Reporting (IR) ... more The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has developed an Integrated Reporting (IR) Framework in 2013 for better integration of financial and non-financial information and to improve corporate reporting. IIRC calls companies to prepare their annual report according to IR Framework. Given the new development of IR, research should examine the actual contents of IR and the effect of this reporting strategy on the performance or value of the company. It is essential to highlight that an IR is not merely combining two reports as one. It is a holistic view of the organisation by putting its performance and prospects, strategy and governance into its external environment. Using the data of 360 firm-year observations of IR companies, this study examines the quality of IR by developing an index which measures the quality of IR report and identifies if there is any relationship between IR and firm performance. The finding provides evidence that companies preparing high-quality I...
This study aims to investigate the key factors promoting internal control implementation effectiv... more This study aims to investigate the key factors promoting internal control implementation effectiveness in Indonesian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This study uses a qualitative approach by employing interviews as data collection technique. 13 informants were involved, consisting of management members of internal control unit, top management of HEI, and HEI accreditation assessor. The results reveal that to achieve effective implementation of internal control, seven key factors must be considered, including: (1) Management and foundation roles; (2) Awareness of all organization members; (3) Sufficient and competence of human resources; (4) Internal auditor attitude; (5) Organizational climate; (6) IT support; and (7) Funding support. The results of this study address research gaps related to internal control studies in the context of HEI, especially in developing countries, which according to Chalmers et al. (2019) still gets very little attention by accounting scholars.
IPN Journal of Research and Practice in Public Sector Accounting and Management
Purpose: This paper aims to identify the prerequisites as well as the issues and challenges in im... more Purpose: This paper aims to identify the prerequisites as well as the issues and challenges in implementing the accrual basis International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). Methodology/Approach: Using the archival approach, this paper presents a review of past studies and published information on the issues and challenges faced by various developing countries in adopting IPSAS. Findings: The challenges faced by countries in adopting IPSAS can be classified into three categories: (1) Resources which include a lack of competent accounting and finance staff, and a lack of IT facilities and IT support; (2) Accounting and reporting issues related to difficulties in the recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses; and (3) Top management commitment in ensuring successful change management programme. Research Limitations/Implications: This paper outlines the results of the preliminary phase, i.e., a review of previous studies, before a study to examin...
In 2013, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) issued the Integrated Reporting (I... more In 2013, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) issued the Integrated Reporting (IR) Framework to improve corporate reporting. The purpose of IR is to integrate financial and non-financial information to explain how the organisation creates value and improves firm performance over time. Since the introduction of IR, a company weighs the benefits over the costs of changing to IR. Recent trends in IR have heightened the need to examine the actual contents of IR. The objective of this study was to find the relationship between preparing a high-quality IR and corporate reputation. Corporate reputation is one of the main objectives for the preparation of IR, and preparing a high-quality IR can positively impact corporate reputation. Data was collected from a sample of 120 companies from the IIRC websites for three years (360 firm-year observations) to examine the quality of following the 2013 Framework. An index was developed, and the corporate reputation score was collect...
PurposeThis study aims to investigate internal control (IC) implementation in higher education in... more PurposeThis study aims to investigate internal control (IC) implementation in higher education institutions (HEIs). This study also explores determinants, obstacles and contributions of IC implementation within HEIs.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a qualitative research method by conducting semi-structured interviews with internal auditors of HEIs.FindingsThis study found a difference of IC among all HEIs in terms of design. IC implementation is perceived to have a positive contribution to accountability enhancement and fraud mitigation. Several determinants and obstacles faced by HEIs in implementing IC are presented in the paper.Practical implicationsThe IC has to be operated effectively to achieve its benefit. However, not all HEIs implement IC properly.Originality/valueThis paper is a pioneer study that raises IC implementation in HEIs and its role in governance practices and corruption mitigation.
Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 2021
This study investigates the quality of Integrated Report (IR) in the voluntary and compulsory set... more This study investigates the quality of Integrated Report (IR) in the voluntary and compulsory setting. This study's first objective is to measure IR disclosure quality and assess whether companies comply with the 2013 IR framework. The second objective is to examine whether there is any difference in reporting quality between the IR's compulsory regime and voluntary regime. A sample of 120 international companies listed on the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) websites throughout three years (2014-2016) is selected based on the availability of all data for the analysis. A Total Integrated Reporting Disclosure Quality (TIRDQ) index is self-constructed through quantitative content analysis. The finding shows that the quality of IR improved from the year 2014 to 2016. There is no significant difference in the reporting quality between mandatory and voluntary IR. The findings have implications for policy setters who have mandated or are considering mandating IR.
This study aims to review the development of research undertaken in understanding the factors inf... more This study aims to review the development of research undertaken in understanding the factors influencing public sector disclosure and to suggest future research in this area. This study focuses on academic online databases by conducting keyword searches which are supplemented by backward and forward searching techniques. Relevant articles found are then reviewed and discussed based on four phases of their publication period: prior to 1990, from 1990 to 1999, from 2000 to 2009, and from 2010 and after. Three important observations are made. First, studies on US dominated research in this area but in recent years, more European and other developed countries are being included. Second, a vast majority of these studies tend to focus on local authorities. Third, the financial aspect of disclosure appears to be receiving the greatest attention but it is noted that researchers are starting to show a greater interest in reporting the concept of sustainability. From these observations, it i...
Given that a significant amount of the resources managed by government comes from the general pub... more Given that a significant amount of the resources managed by government comes from the general public in the form of taxation, a major purpose of government accounting is to show accountability and compliance with legislation. As modern governments have faced growing demands for a more efficient and effective use of resources, emphasis in accounting has shifted from compliance with legislation to providing more useful information for decision making and measuring performance. Such shifts can also been seen in Malaysia as in many other countries around the world. As a matter of fact, Malaysia’s public sector accounting system has seen a plethora of reforms and changes since 1957. Further changes are currently underway. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the developments and trends in governmental accounting and reporting practices in Malaysia
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2020
The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has developed an Integrated Reporting (IR) ... more The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has developed an Integrated Reporting (IR) Framework in 2013 for better integration of financial and non-financial information and to improve corporate reporting. IIRC calls companies to prepare their annual report according to IR Framework. Given the new development of IR, research should examine the actual contents of IR and the effect of this reporting strategy on the performance or value of the company. It is essential to highlight that an IR is not merely combining two reports as one. It is a holistic view of the organisation by putting its performance and prospects, strategy and governance into its external environment. Using the data of 360 firm-year observations of IR companies, this study examines the quality of IR by developing an index which measures the quality of IR report and identifies if there is any relationship between IR and firm performance. The finding provides evidence that companies preparing high-quality I...
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Papers by Zakiah Saleh