INTRODUCTION During the three-year intervention in Somalia (1992-1995), more than 130 peacekeeper... more INTRODUCTION During the three-year intervention in Somalia (1992-1995), more than 130 peacekeepers died. This was the highest fatality rate in the history of peacekeeping. Significantly, the death of 18 United States Rangers during October 1993 led to the withdrawal of US troops from Somalia soon thereafter. By March 1995, the complete withdrawal of United Nations peacekeeping troops had been effected, with few of the mandate objectives of UNOSOM II achieved. In May 1994, President Clinton's Presidential Decision Directive 25 had decreed that the US would not intervene in future crises unless American national interests were clearly at stake, and the mission had clear and limited objectives, including a well-defined exit strategy. But the horrors of Rwanda, and more recent crises in Burundi, Zaire, the Congo Republic, Sierra Leone and the Central African Republic made it clear that there remained an urgent need for the international community to develop methods for rapid and eff...
Extracted from text ... ADWP - Adjustment, Draw-down and Withdrawal Plan AFL - Armed Forces of Li... more Extracted from text ... ADWP - Adjustment, Draw-down and Withdrawal Plan AFL - Armed Forces of Liberia AFRC - Armed Forces Revolutionary Council AFTC - Armed Forces Training Centre AGOA - Africa Growth and Opportunity Act AOR - Area of Responsibility APC - All People's Congress BANARTY - Bangladesh Artillery BANBATT - Bangladesh Battalion BANENGR - Bangladesh Engineers BANLOG - Bangladesh Logistics BANSEC HQ - Bangladesh Sector Headquarters BANSAL - Bangladesh-Sierra Leone Agricultural Project BANSIG - Bangladesh Signals Bde - Brigade CACD - Community Arms Collection and Disposal CACDP - Community Arms Collection and Disposal Programme CCSSP - Commonwealth Community Safety and Security ..
The South African approach to conflict resolution has hitherto been strongly informed by its own ... more The South African approach to conflict resolution has hitherto been strongly informed by its own recent history and experience in the peaceful resolution of seemingly intractable conflicts. Thus, while Pretoria may be compelled to participate in peace missions to alleviate the plight of other peoples who are struggling to resolve similar conflicts, it would prefer to do so through diplomacy rather than through resort to the military instrument. However, it seems that the current crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) may precipitate an atypical intervention by South Africa.
These broader trends in international peacekeeping seem to be ignored, however, when it comes to ... more These broader trends in international peacekeeping seem to be ignored, however, when it comes to efforts to resolve conflict on the African continent. More so than any other region, Africa is seen as presenting a unique challenge to those concerned with the maintenance of international peace and stability.
DESPITE THE ONGOING SUPPORT of a large United Nations (UN) peacebuilding mission, the fledgling s... more DESPITE THE ONGOING SUPPORT of a large United Nations (UN) peacebuilding mission, the fledgling state of South Sudan descended into civil war in December 2013. By late September 2014, South Sudan was facing a dire humanitarian emergency. Close to 2 million people had been uprooted, including more than 1,4 million internally displaced people and 400 000 refugees. More than 10 000 people had died in the conflict, and over 97 000 depended on protection from the UN. The onset of the rainy season raised concerns that water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid would break out in UN camps. The rain made access difficult for humanitarian workers, and food insecurity became critical as the conflict prevented people from planting crops.1
This paper first provides a brief overview of the most salient aspects of the White Paper on Peac... more This paper first provides a brief overview of the most salient aspects of the White Paper on Peace Missions and then examines recent deployments of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in a peace support role, with specific reference to the decision-making process. The aim is to measure past practice against the policy guidelines for such deployment, and to suggest ways to close the gaps between policy and practice.
On 24 January, the UN Security Council's 'Month of Africa' debate reached its climax ... more On 24 January, the UN Security Council's 'Month of Africa' debate reached its climax with a day-long meeting on the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The meeting was addressed by no less than seven African heads of state, nine ministers and the secretaries-general of the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity. The UN's Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) attempted to assess the impact of the initiative launched by US Ambassador Richard Holbrooke in his capacity as President of the Council for January 2000, through an interview with the UN Secretary-General.
The African Union is preparing for its enhanced role in the maintenance of peace and security by ... more The African Union is preparing for its enhanced role in the maintenance of peace and security by establishing a Peace and Security Council that is tasked with identifying threats and breaches of the peace. To this end, the AU has recommended the development of a common security policy and, by 2010, the establishment of an African Standby Force capable of rapid deployment to keep, or enforce, the peace. The ASF would comprise of standby brigades in each of the five regions, and incorporate a police and civilian expert capacity. G8 leaders have pledged support for the AU proposal through funding, training, and enhanced co-ordination of activities. For its part, the AU will need to undertake a realistic assessment of member capabilities, to clearly articulate its needs, and to set realistic and achievable goals. The latest plan for establishing a rapidly deployable African peacekeeping force will require something that similar proposals have lacked: the political will to fund and imple...
The Declaration and Treaty of the SADC, signed by the Southern African Development Community (SAD... more The Declaration and Treaty of the SADC, signed by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Heads of State and Government in Windhoek in 1992, expressed confidence that recent developments such as the independence of Namibia and the transition in South Africa "... will take the region out of an era of conflict and confrontation, to one of cooperation; in a climate of peace, security and stability. These are prerequisites for development ..." The Declaration called, among others, for "... a framework of co-operation which provides for ... strengthening regional solidarity, peace and security, in order for the people of the region to live and work together in peace and harmony ... The region needs, therefore, to establish a framework and mechanisms to strengthen regional solidarity, and provide for mutual peace and security." The subsequent establishment of the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security has given some effect to these ambitious intentions. Give...
INTRODUCTION During the three-year intervention in Somalia (1992-1995), more than 130 peacekeeper... more INTRODUCTION During the three-year intervention in Somalia (1992-1995), more than 130 peacekeepers died. This was the highest fatality rate in the history of peacekeeping. Significantly, the death of 18 United States Rangers during October 1993 led to the withdrawal of US troops from Somalia soon thereafter. By March 1995, the complete withdrawal of United Nations peacekeeping troops had been effected, with few of the mandate objectives of UNOSOM II achieved. In May 1994, President Clinton's Presidential Decision Directive 25 had decreed that the US would not intervene in future crises unless American national interests were clearly at stake, and the mission had clear and limited objectives, including a well-defined exit strategy. But the horrors of Rwanda, and more recent crises in Burundi, Zaire, the Congo Republic, Sierra Leone and the Central African Republic made it clear that there remained an urgent need for the international community to develop methods for rapid and eff...
Extracted from text ... ADWP - Adjustment, Draw-down and Withdrawal Plan AFL - Armed Forces of Li... more Extracted from text ... ADWP - Adjustment, Draw-down and Withdrawal Plan AFL - Armed Forces of Liberia AFRC - Armed Forces Revolutionary Council AFTC - Armed Forces Training Centre AGOA - Africa Growth and Opportunity Act AOR - Area of Responsibility APC - All People's Congress BANARTY - Bangladesh Artillery BANBATT - Bangladesh Battalion BANENGR - Bangladesh Engineers BANLOG - Bangladesh Logistics BANSEC HQ - Bangladesh Sector Headquarters BANSAL - Bangladesh-Sierra Leone Agricultural Project BANSIG - Bangladesh Signals Bde - Brigade CACD - Community Arms Collection and Disposal CACDP - Community Arms Collection and Disposal Programme CCSSP - Commonwealth Community Safety and Security ..
The South African approach to conflict resolution has hitherto been strongly informed by its own ... more The South African approach to conflict resolution has hitherto been strongly informed by its own recent history and experience in the peaceful resolution of seemingly intractable conflicts. Thus, while Pretoria may be compelled to participate in peace missions to alleviate the plight of other peoples who are struggling to resolve similar conflicts, it would prefer to do so through diplomacy rather than through resort to the military instrument. However, it seems that the current crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) may precipitate an atypical intervention by South Africa.
These broader trends in international peacekeeping seem to be ignored, however, when it comes to ... more These broader trends in international peacekeeping seem to be ignored, however, when it comes to efforts to resolve conflict on the African continent. More so than any other region, Africa is seen as presenting a unique challenge to those concerned with the maintenance of international peace and stability.
DESPITE THE ONGOING SUPPORT of a large United Nations (UN) peacebuilding mission, the fledgling s... more DESPITE THE ONGOING SUPPORT of a large United Nations (UN) peacebuilding mission, the fledgling state of South Sudan descended into civil war in December 2013. By late September 2014, South Sudan was facing a dire humanitarian emergency. Close to 2 million people had been uprooted, including more than 1,4 million internally displaced people and 400 000 refugees. More than 10 000 people had died in the conflict, and over 97 000 depended on protection from the UN. The onset of the rainy season raised concerns that water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid would break out in UN camps. The rain made access difficult for humanitarian workers, and food insecurity became critical as the conflict prevented people from planting crops.1
This paper first provides a brief overview of the most salient aspects of the White Paper on Peac... more This paper first provides a brief overview of the most salient aspects of the White Paper on Peace Missions and then examines recent deployments of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in a peace support role, with specific reference to the decision-making process. The aim is to measure past practice against the policy guidelines for such deployment, and to suggest ways to close the gaps between policy and practice.
On 24 January, the UN Security Council's 'Month of Africa' debate reached its climax ... more On 24 January, the UN Security Council's 'Month of Africa' debate reached its climax with a day-long meeting on the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The meeting was addressed by no less than seven African heads of state, nine ministers and the secretaries-general of the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity. The UN's Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) attempted to assess the impact of the initiative launched by US Ambassador Richard Holbrooke in his capacity as President of the Council for January 2000, through an interview with the UN Secretary-General.
The African Union is preparing for its enhanced role in the maintenance of peace and security by ... more The African Union is preparing for its enhanced role in the maintenance of peace and security by establishing a Peace and Security Council that is tasked with identifying threats and breaches of the peace. To this end, the AU has recommended the development of a common security policy and, by 2010, the establishment of an African Standby Force capable of rapid deployment to keep, or enforce, the peace. The ASF would comprise of standby brigades in each of the five regions, and incorporate a police and civilian expert capacity. G8 leaders have pledged support for the AU proposal through funding, training, and enhanced co-ordination of activities. For its part, the AU will need to undertake a realistic assessment of member capabilities, to clearly articulate its needs, and to set realistic and achievable goals. The latest plan for establishing a rapidly deployable African peacekeeping force will require something that similar proposals have lacked: the political will to fund and imple...
The Declaration and Treaty of the SADC, signed by the Southern African Development Community (SAD... more The Declaration and Treaty of the SADC, signed by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Heads of State and Government in Windhoek in 1992, expressed confidence that recent developments such as the independence of Namibia and the transition in South Africa "... will take the region out of an era of conflict and confrontation, to one of cooperation; in a climate of peace, security and stability. These are prerequisites for development ..." The Declaration called, among others, for "... a framework of co-operation which provides for ... strengthening regional solidarity, peace and security, in order for the people of the region to live and work together in peace and harmony ... The region needs, therefore, to establish a framework and mechanisms to strengthen regional solidarity, and provide for mutual peace and security." The subsequent establishment of the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security has given some effect to these ambitious intentions. Give...
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