... so long. Still more convincing support comes from a strikingly parallel model procession from... more ... so long. Still more convincing support comes from a strikingly parallel model procession from the Theban tomb of Meketre, dating from the last reign of Dynasty ii, and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (fig. 6). In ...
Thebes and Beyond: Studies in Honor of Kent R. Weeks, 2010
During the 1910-1911 field season of the Metropolitan Museum's Egyptian Expedition at Thebes, Nor... more During the 1910-1911 field season of the Metropolitan Museum's Egyptian Expedition at Thebes, Norman de Garis Davies, director of the Graphic Section, decided to work on the tomb of two sculptors named Nebamun and Ipuky (TT 181). The tomb had been recorded and published some sixteen years earlier (Sheil 1894), and the color plates had inspired Davies to include it in the series of tomb publications he was preparing for the Museum (Davies 1925). Since its publication, the entrance of the tomb had been reburied, and Davies consulted with local residents about its exact location. He then set about relocating TT 181 and, in the process, cleared the surrounding hillside, extending down to the tomb of another man named Nebamun (TT 179) and the tomb of Amenhotep (TT 182). While clearing the area, Davies uncovered more than seventy funerary cones. Thousands of these conical objects have been found in the Theban necropolis, but most, unlike these, are unprovenanced.
This paper describes the reconfiguration of the so-called sporting boat model from the tomb of Me... more This paper describes the reconfiguration of the so-called sporting boat model from the tomb of Meketre at Thebes. Most of the figures had become detached from the boat after it was buried in the tomb and several were placed in the wrong positions after its discovery. Originally designed as a fishing boat, the model was later adapted to represent both fishing and fowling with the addition of two figures, one of whom may represent the goddess Sekhet.
The men and women entrusted with the upbringing of the royal children (both male and female) were... more The men and women entrusted with the upbringing of the royal children (both male and female) were highly honored members of Egyptian society in Dynasty 18. Between 40 and 45 nurses and tutors are known, dating from the reign of Ahmose to that of Akhenaten, with a surprising number connected to Amenhotep II as prince (the number cannot be more precise as names are not preserved on all of the monuments, and it is not clear exactly how many individuals are involved). Although there were probably nurses and tutors serving the royal family in earlier times, specific titles identifying people as 'royal nurse' (mn't nswt) and 'royal tutor' (mn' nswt) only seem to occur during Dynasty 18. These individuals are known from a variety of sources including tombs, funerary equipment, and statuary. A few, such as Senenmut, who was chief steward of Amun during the reign of Hatshepsut, are well known figures in Egyptian history while others are almost completely undocumented. Although there is no clear indication of the duties of nurses and tutors, or of how these positions were filled, the types of monuments that have been preserved for these women and men are sometimes revealing. The most intriguing are the representations, in painting and statuary, that depict a nurse or tutor holding one or more royal children. This kind of representation, showing a non-royal person in close physical contact with a member of the royal family, is unprecedented in Egyptian art history. Even more unusual are the examples that show a nurse or tutor holding the nursling depicted as a miniature ruler, rather than a child. The affectionate gestures of the figures toward one another clearly indicate that the artist was attempting to represent the very close bond that existed between these individuals. The existence of the title 'one who nurtured the God' (šdt/šd ntr) shows that this relationship was given special honor if the nursling became king. The available evidence suggests that tutors were a combination of guardian and teacher, and were chosen because of their experience and ability. Nurses seem to have acted as wet-nurses, and some of their children shared a milk-bond with their mother's nursling. This relationship is reflected in the rare title 'foster brother/sister of the king' (sn/snt n mn' n nb t3wy). It is unclear how nurses were chosen, but it is possible (at least early in the dynasty), that they had blood ties with the royal family. The husband of a nurse had no official function with regard to his wife's nursling that can be recognized in any title, but the fact that the man's wife had suckled a royal child probably would have bound him to that child as well. This may account for the unusually large number of nurses who are connected with Amenhotep II as a child. Thutmose III may have feared that his son would inherit the throne while he was still a minor, and by giving the child to numerous wet-nurses, Thutmose may have been binding a group of strong and trusted courtiers to the prince.
Co-authored with Ann Macy Roth, this article discusses the reconstruction of the Bersha Processio... more Co-authored with Ann Macy Roth, this article discusses the reconstruction of the Bersha Procession that resulted from research conducted during preparations for the exhibition "Mummies & Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt" (MFA, Boston, 1988).
Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven: Women in Ancient Egypt, 1996
The essay discusses various occupations of women, in particular child care and manufacture of tex... more The essay discusses various occupations of women, in particular child care and manufacture of textiles. The essay appeared in the exhibition catalogue "Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven: Women in Ancient Egypt."
Valley of the Sun Kings. New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs, 1995
The paper discussed the use of doors in New Kingdom royal tombs from the earliest evidence in the... more The paper discussed the use of doors in New Kingdom royal tombs from the earliest evidence in the tomb of Thutmose III (KV 34) to the tomb of Merneptah (KV 8). Published in "Valley of the Sun Kings: New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs," ed. Richard H. Wilkinson. University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition, Tucson, Arizona, 1995.
Catalogue essay on Reserve Heads for the exhibition catalogue "Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyr... more Catalogue essay on Reserve Heads for the exhibition catalogue "Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids," English edition.
Catalogue for the exhibition Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh, October 2005 - December 2006. Org... more Catalogue for the exhibition Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh, October 2005 - December 2006. Organized by Catharine H. Roehrig (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), Renée Dreyfus (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco), and Cathleen A. Keller (University of California, Berkeley). Catalogue Edited by Catharine H. Roehrig. Multiple co-authors including Cathleen A. Keller, Renée Dreyfus, Ann Macy Roth, Edna R. Russmann, W. Vivian Davies, Christine Lilyquist, Manfred Bietak, James P. Allen, Peter F. Dorman, Dieter Arnold, Diana Craig Patch, Betsy M. Bryan, Susan J. Allen, and Dorothea Arnold.
... so long. Still more convincing support comes from a strikingly parallel model procession from... more ... so long. Still more convincing support comes from a strikingly parallel model procession from the Theban tomb of Meketre, dating from the last reign of Dynasty ii, and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (fig. 6). In ...
Thebes and Beyond: Studies in Honor of Kent R. Weeks, 2010
During the 1910-1911 field season of the Metropolitan Museum's Egyptian Expedition at Thebes, Nor... more During the 1910-1911 field season of the Metropolitan Museum's Egyptian Expedition at Thebes, Norman de Garis Davies, director of the Graphic Section, decided to work on the tomb of two sculptors named Nebamun and Ipuky (TT 181). The tomb had been recorded and published some sixteen years earlier (Sheil 1894), and the color plates had inspired Davies to include it in the series of tomb publications he was preparing for the Museum (Davies 1925). Since its publication, the entrance of the tomb had been reburied, and Davies consulted with local residents about its exact location. He then set about relocating TT 181 and, in the process, cleared the surrounding hillside, extending down to the tomb of another man named Nebamun (TT 179) and the tomb of Amenhotep (TT 182). While clearing the area, Davies uncovered more than seventy funerary cones. Thousands of these conical objects have been found in the Theban necropolis, but most, unlike these, are unprovenanced.
This paper describes the reconfiguration of the so-called sporting boat model from the tomb of Me... more This paper describes the reconfiguration of the so-called sporting boat model from the tomb of Meketre at Thebes. Most of the figures had become detached from the boat after it was buried in the tomb and several were placed in the wrong positions after its discovery. Originally designed as a fishing boat, the model was later adapted to represent both fishing and fowling with the addition of two figures, one of whom may represent the goddess Sekhet.
The men and women entrusted with the upbringing of the royal children (both male and female) were... more The men and women entrusted with the upbringing of the royal children (both male and female) were highly honored members of Egyptian society in Dynasty 18. Between 40 and 45 nurses and tutors are known, dating from the reign of Ahmose to that of Akhenaten, with a surprising number connected to Amenhotep II as prince (the number cannot be more precise as names are not preserved on all of the monuments, and it is not clear exactly how many individuals are involved). Although there were probably nurses and tutors serving the royal family in earlier times, specific titles identifying people as 'royal nurse' (mn't nswt) and 'royal tutor' (mn' nswt) only seem to occur during Dynasty 18. These individuals are known from a variety of sources including tombs, funerary equipment, and statuary. A few, such as Senenmut, who was chief steward of Amun during the reign of Hatshepsut, are well known figures in Egyptian history while others are almost completely undocumented. Although there is no clear indication of the duties of nurses and tutors, or of how these positions were filled, the types of monuments that have been preserved for these women and men are sometimes revealing. The most intriguing are the representations, in painting and statuary, that depict a nurse or tutor holding one or more royal children. This kind of representation, showing a non-royal person in close physical contact with a member of the royal family, is unprecedented in Egyptian art history. Even more unusual are the examples that show a nurse or tutor holding the nursling depicted as a miniature ruler, rather than a child. The affectionate gestures of the figures toward one another clearly indicate that the artist was attempting to represent the very close bond that existed between these individuals. The existence of the title 'one who nurtured the God' (šdt/šd ntr) shows that this relationship was given special honor if the nursling became king. The available evidence suggests that tutors were a combination of guardian and teacher, and were chosen because of their experience and ability. Nurses seem to have acted as wet-nurses, and some of their children shared a milk-bond with their mother's nursling. This relationship is reflected in the rare title 'foster brother/sister of the king' (sn/snt n mn' n nb t3wy). It is unclear how nurses were chosen, but it is possible (at least early in the dynasty), that they had blood ties with the royal family. The husband of a nurse had no official function with regard to his wife's nursling that can be recognized in any title, but the fact that the man's wife had suckled a royal child probably would have bound him to that child as well. This may account for the unusually large number of nurses who are connected with Amenhotep II as a child. Thutmose III may have feared that his son would inherit the throne while he was still a minor, and by giving the child to numerous wet-nurses, Thutmose may have been binding a group of strong and trusted courtiers to the prince.
Co-authored with Ann Macy Roth, this article discusses the reconstruction of the Bersha Processio... more Co-authored with Ann Macy Roth, this article discusses the reconstruction of the Bersha Procession that resulted from research conducted during preparations for the exhibition "Mummies & Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt" (MFA, Boston, 1988).
Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven: Women in Ancient Egypt, 1996
The essay discusses various occupations of women, in particular child care and manufacture of tex... more The essay discusses various occupations of women, in particular child care and manufacture of textiles. The essay appeared in the exhibition catalogue "Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven: Women in Ancient Egypt."
Valley of the Sun Kings. New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs, 1995
The paper discussed the use of doors in New Kingdom royal tombs from the earliest evidence in the... more The paper discussed the use of doors in New Kingdom royal tombs from the earliest evidence in the tomb of Thutmose III (KV 34) to the tomb of Merneptah (KV 8). Published in "Valley of the Sun Kings: New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs," ed. Richard H. Wilkinson. University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition, Tucson, Arizona, 1995.
Catalogue essay on Reserve Heads for the exhibition catalogue "Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyr... more Catalogue essay on Reserve Heads for the exhibition catalogue "Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids," English edition.
Catalogue for the exhibition Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh, October 2005 - December 2006. Org... more Catalogue for the exhibition Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh, October 2005 - December 2006. Organized by Catharine H. Roehrig (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), Renée Dreyfus (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco), and Cathleen A. Keller (University of California, Berkeley). Catalogue Edited by Catharine H. Roehrig. Multiple co-authors including Cathleen A. Keller, Renée Dreyfus, Ann Macy Roth, Edna R. Russmann, W. Vivian Davies, Christine Lilyquist, Manfred Bietak, James P. Allen, Peter F. Dorman, Dieter Arnold, Diana Craig Patch, Betsy M. Bryan, Susan J. Allen, and Dorothea Arnold.
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Although there were probably nurses and tutors serving the royal family in earlier times, specific titles identifying people as 'royal nurse' (mn't nswt) and 'royal tutor' (mn' nswt) only seem to occur during Dynasty 18. These individuals are known from a variety of sources including tombs, funerary equipment, and statuary. A few, such as Senenmut, who was chief steward of Amun during the reign of Hatshepsut, are well known figures in Egyptian history while others are almost completely undocumented.
Although there is no clear indication of the duties of nurses and tutors, or of how these positions were filled, the types of monuments that have been preserved for these women and men are sometimes revealing. The most intriguing are the representations, in painting and statuary, that depict a nurse or tutor holding one or more royal children. This kind of representation, showing a non-royal person in close physical contact with a member of the royal family, is unprecedented in Egyptian art history. Even more unusual are the examples that show a nurse or tutor holding the nursling depicted as a miniature ruler, rather than a child. The affectionate gestures of the figures toward one another clearly indicate that the artist was attempting to represent the very close bond that existed between these individuals. The existence of the title 'one who nurtured the God' (šdt/šd ntr) shows that this relationship was given special honor if the nursling became king.
The available evidence suggests that tutors were a combination of guardian and teacher, and were chosen because of their experience and ability. Nurses seem to have acted as wet-nurses, and some of their children shared a milk-bond with their mother's nursling. This relationship is reflected in the rare title 'foster brother/sister of the king' (sn/snt n mn' n nb t3wy). It is unclear how nurses were chosen, but it is possible (at least early in the dynasty), that they had blood ties with the royal family.
The husband of a nurse had no official function with regard to his wife's nursling that can be recognized in any title, but the fact that the man's wife had suckled a royal child probably would have bound him to that child as well. This may account for the unusually large number of nurses who are connected with Amenhotep II as a child. Thutmose III may have feared that his son would inherit the throne while he was still a minor, and by giving the child to numerous wet-nurses, Thutmose may have been binding a group of strong and trusted courtiers to the prince.
Published in "Valley of the Sun Kings: New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs," ed. Richard H. Wilkinson. University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition, Tucson, Arizona, 1995.
Although there were probably nurses and tutors serving the royal family in earlier times, specific titles identifying people as 'royal nurse' (mn't nswt) and 'royal tutor' (mn' nswt) only seem to occur during Dynasty 18. These individuals are known from a variety of sources including tombs, funerary equipment, and statuary. A few, such as Senenmut, who was chief steward of Amun during the reign of Hatshepsut, are well known figures in Egyptian history while others are almost completely undocumented.
Although there is no clear indication of the duties of nurses and tutors, or of how these positions were filled, the types of monuments that have been preserved for these women and men are sometimes revealing. The most intriguing are the representations, in painting and statuary, that depict a nurse or tutor holding one or more royal children. This kind of representation, showing a non-royal person in close physical contact with a member of the royal family, is unprecedented in Egyptian art history. Even more unusual are the examples that show a nurse or tutor holding the nursling depicted as a miniature ruler, rather than a child. The affectionate gestures of the figures toward one another clearly indicate that the artist was attempting to represent the very close bond that existed between these individuals. The existence of the title 'one who nurtured the God' (šdt/šd ntr) shows that this relationship was given special honor if the nursling became king.
The available evidence suggests that tutors were a combination of guardian and teacher, and were chosen because of their experience and ability. Nurses seem to have acted as wet-nurses, and some of their children shared a milk-bond with their mother's nursling. This relationship is reflected in the rare title 'foster brother/sister of the king' (sn/snt n mn' n nb t3wy). It is unclear how nurses were chosen, but it is possible (at least early in the dynasty), that they had blood ties with the royal family.
The husband of a nurse had no official function with regard to his wife's nursling that can be recognized in any title, but the fact that the man's wife had suckled a royal child probably would have bound him to that child as well. This may account for the unusually large number of nurses who are connected with Amenhotep II as a child. Thutmose III may have feared that his son would inherit the throne while he was still a minor, and by giving the child to numerous wet-nurses, Thutmose may have been binding a group of strong and trusted courtiers to the prince.
Published in "Valley of the Sun Kings: New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs," ed. Richard H. Wilkinson. University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition, Tucson, Arizona, 1995.