Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2019
Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Banglad... more Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Bangladesh. Per hectare half yearly average yield of shrimp was 350 kg and its money value was Tk. 1, 07,900. Variable cost is 61.29% and fixed cost is 38.71% of the total cost (Tk. 92,190). Among the various variable cost items of shrimp production, maximum cost Tk. 20,000 was found on human labor which was about 35.40% and Tk. 14,770 was found on feed which was about 26.14% of the total variable cost. Again among the various fixed cost items of shrimp production, maximum cost (Tk. 24,375) was found on human labor which was about 68.30% of the total fixed cost. Net returns were estimated at Tk. 1, 49,710 and benefit-cost ratio of shrimp farming was 2.62 which indicates that shrimp production is profitable business for the shrimp farmers. The value chain system continues by the active involvement of farmer, faria, aratdar, bepari, retailer, consumers.
The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during Ap... more The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during April 2011 to March 2012 to examine the profitability of individual farming systems namely crop-livestock-poultryfishcatching (C-LP- FC), crop-livestock-fish catching-labour selling (C-L-FC-LS), fish catching labour selling (FC-LS), crop-livestock (C-L), crop-livestock-fish catching (C-L-FC) and crop-livestock-poultry (C-L-P). A total of 60 farm households under six farming systems were selected that analyzed the level of input used in different enterprises. The results showed that the highest net return of C-L-FC farming system was Tk. 119214 and lowest for C-L-P farming system which was Tk. 25131.The estimated total costs of C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, C-L, C-L-FC and C-L-P farming systems were Tk. 287959, 304430, 62316, 255624, 322654 and Tk. 241354 respectively. Again for C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, FC-LS and C-L farming systems, the net returns were Tk. 66238, 107578, 74673 and 42967 respectively...
Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Banglad... more Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Bangladesh. Per hectare half yearly average yield of shrimp was 350 kg and its money value was Tk. 1, 07,900. Variable cost is 61.29% and fixed cost is 38.71% of the total cost (Tk. 92,190). Among the various variable cost items of shrimp production, maximum cost Tk. 20,000 was found on human labor which was about 35.40% and Tk. 14,770 was found on feed which was about 26.14% of the total variable cost. Again among the various fixed cost items of shrimp production, maximum cost (Tk. 24,375) was found on human labor which was about 68.30% of the total fixed cost. Net returns were estimated at Tk. 1, 49,710 and benefit-cost ratio of shrimp farming was 2.62 which indicates that shrimp production is profitable business for the shrimp farmers. The value chain system continues by the active involvement of farmer, faria, aratdar, bepari, retailer, consumers. Original Research Article Toma et al.; AJAEES, 35(3): 1-8, 2019; Article no.AJAEES.50979 2
A survey study was conducted to estimate the cost, returns, relative profitability and practices ... more A survey study was conducted to estimate the cost, returns, relative profitability and practices of Pineapple mono-crop and Pineapple inter-crops production in Madhupur area of Tangail District. Data was collected personally through prepared interview schedule from 60 randomly selected Pineapple growers from Ausnara, Oronkhola, Sonia and Motel bazar union under Madhupur Upazila of Tangail District during July to October 2013. A simple random sampling was followed to select the farmers in the study area. Both tabular and statistical analyses were applied in this study. Cost and return analysis showed that total cost incurred for producing Pineapple mono crop, Pineapple+Papaya and Pineapple+Banana+Aroid were Tk.312849.72, Tk.395894.01 and Tk.377013.25 per hectare respectively. Per hectare net return for Pineapple + Papaya and Pineapple + Banana + Aroid production were Tk.492111.00 and Tk.195704.75 which were higher than that of Pineapple mono crop (Tk.157675.28). On the other hand BCR for Pineapple + Papaya and Pineapple + Banana + Aroid production were 2.24 and 1.52 which were higher than that of Pineapple mono crop (1.50). It represents that both pineapple mono-crop and pineapple inter-crops production are profitable among them Pineapple-inter crops cropping pattern is more profitable then Pineapple-mono crop. About 80% of pineapple growers grow papaya, banana, zinger, turmeric and aroids as intercrops with pineapple. The study identified some crucial problems and probable solutions suggested by the farmer. Finally, some policy recommendations were suggested and avenues for further research were shown.
Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies (SJBMS), 2018
The study was conducted in five major Binasoybean-2 growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Noakhali,... more The study was conducted in five major Binasoybean-2 growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Noakhali, Laxmipur, Chandpur, Barisal, Comilla. The major shares of total cost were human labour, power tiller, fertilizer and irrigation. The average total cost of production in field level of Binasoybean-2 is Tk. 31382.71. The net returns were Tk. 39738.40, Tk. 32353.80, Tk. 31467.89, Tk. 30499.63 and Tk. 20688.88 ha-1 followed by Chandpur, Laxmipur, Noakhali, Barishal, Comilla, respectively. The highest net return (Tk. 39738.40 ha-1) was found at Chandpur district and the lowest net return (Tk. 20688.88 ha-1) comes from Comilla district for Binasoybean-2. The undiscounted benefit cost ratio over full cost basis were 2.29, 2.02, 2.01, 1.98 and 1.65 for Binasoybean-2 in field level for Chandpur, Noakhali, Laxmipur, Barishal and Comilla, respectively. The highest Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) is 2.29 in Chandpur district and the lowest BCR is 1.65 in Comilla district. The highest yield gap between research station and field level was in Comilla (397.50 kg ha-1) and lowest in Chandpur (83.50 kg ha-1). The yield gap between research station and farm level in percentage were 18.30, 8.49, 11.48, 40.43 and 21.30 for Binasoybean-2 in Noakhali, Chandpur, Laxmipur, Comilla and Barishal, respectively. Binasoybean-2 growers faced various constraints to Binasoybean-2 cultivation like, disease and pest infestation, non-availability of quality seed and fertilizer at proper time, lack of soil moisture during sowing time, lack of credit facilities etc. Binasoybean-2 production in the study areas is profitable. Binasoybean-2 farmers received higher return on their investment.
The study was undertaken to examine the profitability of sugarcane cultivation in char areas of G... more The study was undertaken to examine the profitability of sugarcane cultivation in char areas of Gaibandha and Kurigram districts of Bangladesh. Main objectives of the study were to explore socioeconomic condition, profitability of sugarcane cultivation in char lands, factors affecting sugarcane cultivation and constraints of sugarcane cultivation in char areas. Data were randomly collected from 60 farmers taking 30 farmers from each district. A pre-tested interview schedule was used for collect data. Both descriptive and functional analyses were used in this study. Per hectare cost of sugarcane cultivation in char areas were Tk. 113976.5 which was higher in Gaibandha districts (Tk.121113) followed by Kurigram district (Tk.106840). Average yield of sugarcane in two districts were 62.04 t ha-1. Per hectare net return was Tk. 62252 in the study area. Average BCR over variable cost of two districts was 1.81 which was higher in Gaibandha district 2.06 followed by Kurigram district 1.53. Human labor, Urea, TSP and irrigation were positively significant but organic fertilizer was negatively significant in the study areas. Irrigation problem, lack of clean seed, lack of adequate crusher machine, infestation of disease and pests, low price of sugarcane, lack of transportation facility and lack of money are the major constraints of char sugarcane farmers.
Estimating profitability and yield gap between research station and farm level of Binamoog-8 was ... more Estimating profitability and yield gap between research station and farm level of Binamoog-8 was conducted in five major Binamoog-8 growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Ishwardi, Magura, Natore, Jessore and Meherpur. The average cost of production in farm level of Binamoog-8 is Tk. 47373.55ha-1 and higher in Ishwardi (Tk. 53454.92 ha-1) followed by Meherpur, Magura, Natore and Jessore of Tk. 45160.28, Tk. 44300.14, Tk. 45232.95 and Tk. 48719.47 per hectare, respectively .The major shares of total cost were human labour, power tiller and irrigation. The net returns were Tk. 41160, Tk. 42902.30, Tk. 53603.18, Tk. 47494.60 and Tk. 40437.16 per hectare followed in Ishwardi, Meherpur, Magura, Natore and Jessore, respectively. The highest net return (Tk. 53603.18 ha-1) comes from Magura district for Binamoog-8.The undiscounted average benefit cost ratio over full cost basis were 1.77, 1.95, 2.21, 2.05 and 1.83 for Binamoog-8 in field level for Ishwardi, Meherpur, Magura, Natore and Jessore, respectively. The average yield gap of Binamoog-8 in farm level and research station was 129.05 kg per hectare. The yield gap between research station and farm level were 102.97 kg, 185.50 kg, 45.85 kg, 128.50 kg and 182.45 kg per hectare for Binamoog-8 in Ishwardi, Meherpur, Magura, Natore and Jessore, respectively. The highest yield gap between research station and field level was in Meherpur (185.50 kg per hectare) and lowest in Magura (45.85 kg per hectare). Farmers were facing various constraints in Binamoog-8 cultivation. Different strategies, such as lack of quality seed and fertilizer in appropriate time, lack of credit facilities, rainfall during germination period, insect infestation and pathogen infection, pod maturity in different times have been discussed as strategies to minimize yield gaps.
The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during Ap... more The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during April 2011 to March 2012 to examine the profitability of individual farming systems namely crop-livestock-poultry-fishcatching (C-L-P-FC), crop-livestock-fish catching-labour selling (C-L-FC-LS), fish catching-labour selling (FC-LS), crop-livestock (C-L), crop-livestock-fish catching (C-L-FC) and crop-livestock-poultry (C-L-P). A total of 60 farm households under six farming systems were selected that analyzed the level of input used in different enterprises. The results showed that the highest net return of C-L-FC farming system was Tk. 119214 and lowest for C-L-P farming system which was Tk. 25131.The estimated total costs of C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, C-L, C-L-FC and C-L-P farming systems were Tk. 287959, 304430, 62316, 255624, 322654 and Tk. 241354 respectively. Again for C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, FC-LS and C-L farming systems, the net returns were Tk. 66238, 107578, 74673 and 42967 respectively. Among the farming systems, C-L-FC produced the highest gross margin of Tk. 424859 and C-L-P produced the lowest which was Tk. 266486. The benefit cost ratio of all the farming systems was more than 1 which indicates that all of these were profitable. The gross margin, net return and BCR for C-L-FC farming system was reasonably high and the system earned positive management income indicating that the farming systems were economically viable even under all possible full cost assumptions.
The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during Ap... more The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during April 2011 to March 2012 to examine the profitability of individual farming systems namely crop-livestock-poultry-fishcatching (C-L-P-FC), crop-livestock-fish catching-labour selling (C-L-FC-LS), fish catching-labour selling (FC-LS), crop-livestock (C-L), crop-livestock-fish catching (C-L-FC) and crop-livestock-poultry (C-L-P). A total of 60 farm households under six farming systems were selected that analyzed the level of input used in different enterprises. The results showed that the highest net return of C-L-FC farming system was Tk. 119214 and lowest for C-L-P farming system which was Tk. 25131.The estimated total costs of C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, C-L, C-L-FC and C-L-P farming systems were Tk. 287959, 304430, 62316, 255624, 322654 and Tk. 241354 respectively. Again for C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, FC-LS and C-L farming systems, the net returns were Tk. 66238, 107578, 74673 and 42967 respectively. Among the farming systems, C-L-FC produced the highest gross margin of Tk. 424859 and C-L-P produced the lowest which was Tk. 266486. The benefit cost ratio of all the farming systems was more than 1 which indicates that all of these were profitable. The gross margin, net return and BCR for C-L-FC farming system was reasonably high and the system earned positive management income indicating that the farming systems were economically viable even under all possible full cost assumptions.
Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2019
Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Banglad... more Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Bangladesh. Per hectare half yearly average yield of shrimp was 350 kg and its money value was Tk. 1, 07,900. Variable cost is 61.29% and fixed cost is 38.71% of the total cost (Tk. 92,190). Among the various variable cost items of shrimp production, maximum cost Tk. 20,000 was found on human labor which was about 35.40% and Tk. 14,770 was found on feed which was about 26.14% of the total variable cost. Again among the various fixed cost items of shrimp production, maximum cost (Tk. 24,375) was found on human labor which was about 68.30% of the total fixed cost. Net returns were estimated at Tk. 1, 49,710 and benefit-cost ratio of shrimp farming was 2.62 which indicates that shrimp production is profitable business for the shrimp farmers. The value chain system continues by the active involvement of farmer, faria, aratdar, bepari, retailer, consumers.
The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during Ap... more The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during April 2011 to March 2012 to examine the profitability of individual farming systems namely crop-livestock-poultryfishcatching (C-LP- FC), crop-livestock-fish catching-labour selling (C-L-FC-LS), fish catching labour selling (FC-LS), crop-livestock (C-L), crop-livestock-fish catching (C-L-FC) and crop-livestock-poultry (C-L-P). A total of 60 farm households under six farming systems were selected that analyzed the level of input used in different enterprises. The results showed that the highest net return of C-L-FC farming system was Tk. 119214 and lowest for C-L-P farming system which was Tk. 25131.The estimated total costs of C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, C-L, C-L-FC and C-L-P farming systems were Tk. 287959, 304430, 62316, 255624, 322654 and Tk. 241354 respectively. Again for C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, FC-LS and C-L farming systems, the net returns were Tk. 66238, 107578, 74673 and 42967 respectively...
Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Banglad... more Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Bangladesh. Per hectare half yearly average yield of shrimp was 350 kg and its money value was Tk. 1, 07,900. Variable cost is 61.29% and fixed cost is 38.71% of the total cost (Tk. 92,190). Among the various variable cost items of shrimp production, maximum cost Tk. 20,000 was found on human labor which was about 35.40% and Tk. 14,770 was found on feed which was about 26.14% of the total variable cost. Again among the various fixed cost items of shrimp production, maximum cost (Tk. 24,375) was found on human labor which was about 68.30% of the total fixed cost. Net returns were estimated at Tk. 1, 49,710 and benefit-cost ratio of shrimp farming was 2.62 which indicates that shrimp production is profitable business for the shrimp farmers. The value chain system continues by the active involvement of farmer, faria, aratdar, bepari, retailer, consumers. Original Research Article Toma et al.; AJAEES, 35(3): 1-8, 2019; Article no.AJAEES.50979 2
A survey study was conducted to estimate the cost, returns, relative profitability and practices ... more A survey study was conducted to estimate the cost, returns, relative profitability and practices of Pineapple mono-crop and Pineapple inter-crops production in Madhupur area of Tangail District. Data was collected personally through prepared interview schedule from 60 randomly selected Pineapple growers from Ausnara, Oronkhola, Sonia and Motel bazar union under Madhupur Upazila of Tangail District during July to October 2013. A simple random sampling was followed to select the farmers in the study area. Both tabular and statistical analyses were applied in this study. Cost and return analysis showed that total cost incurred for producing Pineapple mono crop, Pineapple+Papaya and Pineapple+Banana+Aroid were Tk.312849.72, Tk.395894.01 and Tk.377013.25 per hectare respectively. Per hectare net return for Pineapple + Papaya and Pineapple + Banana + Aroid production were Tk.492111.00 and Tk.195704.75 which were higher than that of Pineapple mono crop (Tk.157675.28). On the other hand BCR for Pineapple + Papaya and Pineapple + Banana + Aroid production were 2.24 and 1.52 which were higher than that of Pineapple mono crop (1.50). It represents that both pineapple mono-crop and pineapple inter-crops production are profitable among them Pineapple-inter crops cropping pattern is more profitable then Pineapple-mono crop. About 80% of pineapple growers grow papaya, banana, zinger, turmeric and aroids as intercrops with pineapple. The study identified some crucial problems and probable solutions suggested by the farmer. Finally, some policy recommendations were suggested and avenues for further research were shown.
Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies (SJBMS), 2018
The study was conducted in five major Binasoybean-2 growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Noakhali,... more The study was conducted in five major Binasoybean-2 growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Noakhali, Laxmipur, Chandpur, Barisal, Comilla. The major shares of total cost were human labour, power tiller, fertilizer and irrigation. The average total cost of production in field level of Binasoybean-2 is Tk. 31382.71. The net returns were Tk. 39738.40, Tk. 32353.80, Tk. 31467.89, Tk. 30499.63 and Tk. 20688.88 ha-1 followed by Chandpur, Laxmipur, Noakhali, Barishal, Comilla, respectively. The highest net return (Tk. 39738.40 ha-1) was found at Chandpur district and the lowest net return (Tk. 20688.88 ha-1) comes from Comilla district for Binasoybean-2. The undiscounted benefit cost ratio over full cost basis were 2.29, 2.02, 2.01, 1.98 and 1.65 for Binasoybean-2 in field level for Chandpur, Noakhali, Laxmipur, Barishal and Comilla, respectively. The highest Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) is 2.29 in Chandpur district and the lowest BCR is 1.65 in Comilla district. The highest yield gap between research station and field level was in Comilla (397.50 kg ha-1) and lowest in Chandpur (83.50 kg ha-1). The yield gap between research station and farm level in percentage were 18.30, 8.49, 11.48, 40.43 and 21.30 for Binasoybean-2 in Noakhali, Chandpur, Laxmipur, Comilla and Barishal, respectively. Binasoybean-2 growers faced various constraints to Binasoybean-2 cultivation like, disease and pest infestation, non-availability of quality seed and fertilizer at proper time, lack of soil moisture during sowing time, lack of credit facilities etc. Binasoybean-2 production in the study areas is profitable. Binasoybean-2 farmers received higher return on their investment.
The study was undertaken to examine the profitability of sugarcane cultivation in char areas of G... more The study was undertaken to examine the profitability of sugarcane cultivation in char areas of Gaibandha and Kurigram districts of Bangladesh. Main objectives of the study were to explore socioeconomic condition, profitability of sugarcane cultivation in char lands, factors affecting sugarcane cultivation and constraints of sugarcane cultivation in char areas. Data were randomly collected from 60 farmers taking 30 farmers from each district. A pre-tested interview schedule was used for collect data. Both descriptive and functional analyses were used in this study. Per hectare cost of sugarcane cultivation in char areas were Tk. 113976.5 which was higher in Gaibandha districts (Tk.121113) followed by Kurigram district (Tk.106840). Average yield of sugarcane in two districts were 62.04 t ha-1. Per hectare net return was Tk. 62252 in the study area. Average BCR over variable cost of two districts was 1.81 which was higher in Gaibandha district 2.06 followed by Kurigram district 1.53. Human labor, Urea, TSP and irrigation were positively significant but organic fertilizer was negatively significant in the study areas. Irrigation problem, lack of clean seed, lack of adequate crusher machine, infestation of disease and pests, low price of sugarcane, lack of transportation facility and lack of money are the major constraints of char sugarcane farmers.
Estimating profitability and yield gap between research station and farm level of Binamoog-8 was ... more Estimating profitability and yield gap between research station and farm level of Binamoog-8 was conducted in five major Binamoog-8 growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Ishwardi, Magura, Natore, Jessore and Meherpur. The average cost of production in farm level of Binamoog-8 is Tk. 47373.55ha-1 and higher in Ishwardi (Tk. 53454.92 ha-1) followed by Meherpur, Magura, Natore and Jessore of Tk. 45160.28, Tk. 44300.14, Tk. 45232.95 and Tk. 48719.47 per hectare, respectively .The major shares of total cost were human labour, power tiller and irrigation. The net returns were Tk. 41160, Tk. 42902.30, Tk. 53603.18, Tk. 47494.60 and Tk. 40437.16 per hectare followed in Ishwardi, Meherpur, Magura, Natore and Jessore, respectively. The highest net return (Tk. 53603.18 ha-1) comes from Magura district for Binamoog-8.The undiscounted average benefit cost ratio over full cost basis were 1.77, 1.95, 2.21, 2.05 and 1.83 for Binamoog-8 in field level for Ishwardi, Meherpur, Magura, Natore and Jessore, respectively. The average yield gap of Binamoog-8 in farm level and research station was 129.05 kg per hectare. The yield gap between research station and farm level were 102.97 kg, 185.50 kg, 45.85 kg, 128.50 kg and 182.45 kg per hectare for Binamoog-8 in Ishwardi, Meherpur, Magura, Natore and Jessore, respectively. The highest yield gap between research station and field level was in Meherpur (185.50 kg per hectare) and lowest in Magura (45.85 kg per hectare). Farmers were facing various constraints in Binamoog-8 cultivation. Different strategies, such as lack of quality seed and fertilizer in appropriate time, lack of credit facilities, rainfall during germination period, insect infestation and pathogen infection, pod maturity in different times have been discussed as strategies to minimize yield gaps.
The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during Ap... more The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during April 2011 to March 2012 to examine the profitability of individual farming systems namely crop-livestock-poultry-fishcatching (C-L-P-FC), crop-livestock-fish catching-labour selling (C-L-FC-LS), fish catching-labour selling (FC-LS), crop-livestock (C-L), crop-livestock-fish catching (C-L-FC) and crop-livestock-poultry (C-L-P). A total of 60 farm households under six farming systems were selected that analyzed the level of input used in different enterprises. The results showed that the highest net return of C-L-FC farming system was Tk. 119214 and lowest for C-L-P farming system which was Tk. 25131.The estimated total costs of C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, C-L, C-L-FC and C-L-P farming systems were Tk. 287959, 304430, 62316, 255624, 322654 and Tk. 241354 respectively. Again for C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, FC-LS and C-L farming systems, the net returns were Tk. 66238, 107578, 74673 and 42967 respectively. Among the farming systems, C-L-FC produced the highest gross margin of Tk. 424859 and C-L-P produced the lowest which was Tk. 266486. The benefit cost ratio of all the farming systems was more than 1 which indicates that all of these were profitable. The gross margin, net return and BCR for C-L-FC farming system was reasonably high and the system earned positive management income indicating that the farming systems were economically viable even under all possible full cost assumptions.
The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during Ap... more The study was conducted at Dingapota Haor under Mohongonj Upazila in Netrakona District during April 2011 to March 2012 to examine the profitability of individual farming systems namely crop-livestock-poultry-fishcatching (C-L-P-FC), crop-livestock-fish catching-labour selling (C-L-FC-LS), fish catching-labour selling (FC-LS), crop-livestock (C-L), crop-livestock-fish catching (C-L-FC) and crop-livestock-poultry (C-L-P). A total of 60 farm households under six farming systems were selected that analyzed the level of input used in different enterprises. The results showed that the highest net return of C-L-FC farming system was Tk. 119214 and lowest for C-L-P farming system which was Tk. 25131.The estimated total costs of C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, C-L, C-L-FC and C-L-P farming systems were Tk. 287959, 304430, 62316, 255624, 322654 and Tk. 241354 respectively. Again for C-L-P-FC, C-L-FC-LS, FC-LS and C-L farming systems, the net returns were Tk. 66238, 107578, 74673 and 42967 respectively. Among the farming systems, C-L-FC produced the highest gross margin of Tk. 424859 and C-L-P produced the lowest which was Tk. 266486. The benefit cost ratio of all the farming systems was more than 1 which indicates that all of these were profitable. The gross margin, net return and BCR for C-L-FC farming system was reasonably high and the system earned positive management income indicating that the farming systems were economically viable even under all possible full cost assumptions.
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