Chemical and mineralogical characterization of Malaysian monazite, a phosphate mineral, bearing r... more Chemical and mineralogical characterization of Malaysian monazite, a phosphate mineral, bearing rare earth elements separated from the tin tailings originated from Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, was performed in this paper. The study aims to collect detailed information on the chemical composition, crystal phases, and microstructure of the mineral monazite concentrate that would aid to optimize the subsequent hydrometallurgical processes for high-efficient separation of thorium and other associated rare earth elements. A systematic characterization study of the concentrate was conducted using techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These techniques analyzed the morphological details on the surface, elemental analysis, and mineral association assessment and identified the surface functionalization groups. The bulk composition and the mineral phases in which the elements are present were studied by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies respectively. The XRF analysis confirmed the presence of Ce, La, Nd, Pr, and Y (rare earth oxides: REO’s ~ 60 wt.%) while thorium dioxide (ThO 2 ) accounted for 7 wt.% of the total composition. Traces of Ca, K, Al, Fe, Ti, and Mn were also confirmed by SEM elemental mapping. The XRD results confirmed that the concentrate was primarily composed of monazite (Ce, La, Nd, Th (PO 4 )) along with minor impurity phases of quartz. Automated mineralogical analysis was used as a confirmatory tool to corroborate the preliminary evidences. Based on the particle size distribution analysis supported by SEM, the majority of monazite grains were found to be present in the size range of 170–210 μm. Strong bands of PO 4 and SiO 4 were observed in the IR spectra corresponding to the phospho-silicate matrix of the REE mineral.
Rapid technological development has caused an increase in the demand for rare earths. Ancylite, a... more Rapid technological development has caused an increase in the demand for rare earths. Ancylite, a strontium rare earth carbonate, is a potentially significant source of rare earths. In this research paper, essential aspects of the magnetic separation and flotation processes for Bear Lodge ore are presented. A flowsheet is proposed based on an optimization of the variables and flotation simulation. The economic feasibility of the proposed processing operation is analyzed.
A pre-concentrated xenotime sample and four selected gangue minerals, ilmenite, zircon, schorl an... more A pre-concentrated xenotime sample and four selected gangue minerals, ilmenite, zircon, schorl and staurolite were used in this project. Using Octano-hydroxamic acid as a collector, the surface chemistry was investigated through surface area measurements, zeta potential tests and adsorption density determinations. The results of adsorption studies were then correlated with microflotation tests conducted at room temperature in a PartridgeSmith cell. In this paper, the surface chemistry and microflotation behaviors are then discussed based on both lab observations and a literature review.
Bastnaesite is an important mineral because of its abundance and rare earth content. Calcite and ... more Bastnaesite is an important mineral because of its abundance and rare earth content. Calcite and barite are the most common gangue minerals associated with bastnaesite. The importance of finding a suitable collector that can be selective against the gangue minerals without heated conditioning is critical to the advancement of the beneficiation of bastnaesite. This review will present some previous research that has been done on bastnaesite flotation and a comparison of new collectors used.
Abstract Recently, leaching of gold with cyanide has come under scrutiny for its possible detrime... more Abstract Recently, leaching of gold with cyanide has come under scrutiny for its possible detrimental effects to the environment. Also, in some gold bearing ores and concentrates, conventional cyanide leaching is not the best method for gold extraction. This is due to gold particle encapsulation, cyanicides or pregrobbing carbon such as found in refractory ores and concentrates. Hence, there is much interest in developing an alternative way to extract gold from ore. Possible benefits of leaching gold with something other than cyanide include easier processing of refractory ore bodies including: carbonaceous, cyanicides, and sulfides, cheaper reagent and operating costs and opening of mine properties in places where cyanide use has been limited by the law. Hence, this paper details the fundamentals and development of the Alkaline Sulfide Gold Leaching system.
Abstract A new process for smelting copper, Looping Sulfide Oxidation™(LSO™) significantly and po... more Abstract A new process for smelting copper, Looping Sulfide Oxidation™(LSO™) significantly and positively alters the smelting energy balance. This process uses copper oxide in conjunction with air for the desulfurization of copper and chalcopyrite concentrates. Copper oxide is regenerated in a flash type furnace and then" looped" back for the oxidation of the copper concentrate. Heat and material balances show that the Looping Sulfide Oxidation™ process requires significantly lower net energy than conventional technology. ...
... Concentrates with Nitrogen Species Catalyzed Pressure Leaching, Solvent Extraction and Electr... more ... Concentrates with Nitrogen Species Catalyzed Pressure Leaching, Solvent Extraction and Electrowinning ... HBM&S Zinc Pressure Leach Plant, Zinc and Lead Processing, ed. JE ... Optimizing the NITROX PROCESS Through Elemental Sulphur Formation, Precious Metals 1989,ed ...
Laboratory testing, plant optimization, and the interpretation and application of metallurgical t... more Laboratory testing, plant optimization, and the interpretation and application of metallurgical technologies can be tedious, time consuming, and costly. This paper outlines the use of proven statistical design-of-experimentation software for rapid laboratory testing and optimization of mineral processing of cobaltite ore with limited representative sample utilization.
Over the past 15 years, numerous pressure oxidation plants for pretreatment of gold ores and conc... more Over the past 15 years, numerous pressure oxidation plants for pretreatment of gold ores and concentrates have been installed throughout the world. While this technology is now established, it suffers in terms of the complex engineering and operational ...
European Journal of Mineral Processing and …, 2003
Due to the increasing concerns over the emission of sulfur dioxide from roasting and smelting, th... more Due to the increasing concerns over the emission of sulfur dioxide from roasting and smelting, there has been an increased interest in pressure oxidation as a means of treating gold bearing ores and concentrates. One of the problems with the partial oxidation of the ...
Chemical and mineralogical characterization of Malaysian monazite, a phosphate mineral, bearing r... more Chemical and mineralogical characterization of Malaysian monazite, a phosphate mineral, bearing rare earth elements separated from the tin tailings originated from Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, was performed in this paper. The study aims to collect detailed information on the chemical composition, crystal phases, and microstructure of the mineral monazite concentrate that would aid to optimize the subsequent hydrometallurgical processes for high-efficient separation of thorium and other associated rare earth elements. A systematic characterization study of the concentrate was conducted using techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These techniques analyzed the morphological details on the surface, elemental analysis, and mineral association assessment and identified the surface functionalization groups. The bulk composition and the mineral phases in which the elements are present were studied by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies respectively. The XRF analysis confirmed the presence of Ce, La, Nd, Pr, and Y (rare earth oxides: REO’s ~ 60 wt.%) while thorium dioxide (ThO 2 ) accounted for 7 wt.% of the total composition. Traces of Ca, K, Al, Fe, Ti, and Mn were also confirmed by SEM elemental mapping. The XRD results confirmed that the concentrate was primarily composed of monazite (Ce, La, Nd, Th (PO 4 )) along with minor impurity phases of quartz. Automated mineralogical analysis was used as a confirmatory tool to corroborate the preliminary evidences. Based on the particle size distribution analysis supported by SEM, the majority of monazite grains were found to be present in the size range of 170–210 μm. Strong bands of PO 4 and SiO 4 were observed in the IR spectra corresponding to the phospho-silicate matrix of the REE mineral.
Rapid technological development has caused an increase in the demand for rare earths. Ancylite, a... more Rapid technological development has caused an increase in the demand for rare earths. Ancylite, a strontium rare earth carbonate, is a potentially significant source of rare earths. In this research paper, essential aspects of the magnetic separation and flotation processes for Bear Lodge ore are presented. A flowsheet is proposed based on an optimization of the variables and flotation simulation. The economic feasibility of the proposed processing operation is analyzed.
A pre-concentrated xenotime sample and four selected gangue minerals, ilmenite, zircon, schorl an... more A pre-concentrated xenotime sample and four selected gangue minerals, ilmenite, zircon, schorl and staurolite were used in this project. Using Octano-hydroxamic acid as a collector, the surface chemistry was investigated through surface area measurements, zeta potential tests and adsorption density determinations. The results of adsorption studies were then correlated with microflotation tests conducted at room temperature in a PartridgeSmith cell. In this paper, the surface chemistry and microflotation behaviors are then discussed based on both lab observations and a literature review.
Bastnaesite is an important mineral because of its abundance and rare earth content. Calcite and ... more Bastnaesite is an important mineral because of its abundance and rare earth content. Calcite and barite are the most common gangue minerals associated with bastnaesite. The importance of finding a suitable collector that can be selective against the gangue minerals without heated conditioning is critical to the advancement of the beneficiation of bastnaesite. This review will present some previous research that has been done on bastnaesite flotation and a comparison of new collectors used.
Abstract Recently, leaching of gold with cyanide has come under scrutiny for its possible detrime... more Abstract Recently, leaching of gold with cyanide has come under scrutiny for its possible detrimental effects to the environment. Also, in some gold bearing ores and concentrates, conventional cyanide leaching is not the best method for gold extraction. This is due to gold particle encapsulation, cyanicides or pregrobbing carbon such as found in refractory ores and concentrates. Hence, there is much interest in developing an alternative way to extract gold from ore. Possible benefits of leaching gold with something other than cyanide include easier processing of refractory ore bodies including: carbonaceous, cyanicides, and sulfides, cheaper reagent and operating costs and opening of mine properties in places where cyanide use has been limited by the law. Hence, this paper details the fundamentals and development of the Alkaline Sulfide Gold Leaching system.
Abstract A new process for smelting copper, Looping Sulfide Oxidation™(LSO™) significantly and po... more Abstract A new process for smelting copper, Looping Sulfide Oxidation™(LSO™) significantly and positively alters the smelting energy balance. This process uses copper oxide in conjunction with air for the desulfurization of copper and chalcopyrite concentrates. Copper oxide is regenerated in a flash type furnace and then" looped" back for the oxidation of the copper concentrate. Heat and material balances show that the Looping Sulfide Oxidation™ process requires significantly lower net energy than conventional technology. ...
... Concentrates with Nitrogen Species Catalyzed Pressure Leaching, Solvent Extraction and Electr... more ... Concentrates with Nitrogen Species Catalyzed Pressure Leaching, Solvent Extraction and Electrowinning ... HBM&S Zinc Pressure Leach Plant, Zinc and Lead Processing, ed. JE ... Optimizing the NITROX PROCESS Through Elemental Sulphur Formation, Precious Metals 1989,ed ...
Laboratory testing, plant optimization, and the interpretation and application of metallurgical t... more Laboratory testing, plant optimization, and the interpretation and application of metallurgical technologies can be tedious, time consuming, and costly. This paper outlines the use of proven statistical design-of-experimentation software for rapid laboratory testing and optimization of mineral processing of cobaltite ore with limited representative sample utilization.
Over the past 15 years, numerous pressure oxidation plants for pretreatment of gold ores and conc... more Over the past 15 years, numerous pressure oxidation plants for pretreatment of gold ores and concentrates have been installed throughout the world. While this technology is now established, it suffers in terms of the complex engineering and operational ...
European Journal of Mineral Processing and …, 2003
Due to the increasing concerns over the emission of sulfur dioxide from roasting and smelting, th... more Due to the increasing concerns over the emission of sulfur dioxide from roasting and smelting, there has been an increased interest in pressure oxidation as a means of treating gold bearing ores and concentrates. One of the problems with the partial oxidation of the ...
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