Bahasa Yunani Purba
Bahasa Yunani Purba (juga dikenali sebagai bahasa Hellenik Purba) ialah bahasa Indo-Eropah yang merupakan leluhur terakhir semua kelainan bahasa Yunani, termasuk bahasa Yunani Mikenai, dialek-dialek Yunani purba lanjutannya (yakni, dialek Attika, dialek Ionia, dialek Aeolis, dialek Doris, dialek Arkadosiprus, serta bahasa Makedonia Kuno —sama ada dialek atau bahasa Hellenik yang berkait rapat) dan akhirnya, bahasa Yunani Koine, bahasa Yunani Byzantium dan bahasa Yunani Moden (berserta segala kelainannya). Penutur bahasa Yunani Purba mencecah kawasan Yunani di antara 2200 dan 1900 SM,[1][2][4] dengan percambahan bahasa menjadi kumpulan selatan dan kumpulan utara bermula kira-kira 1700 SM.[5][9][10][11][12][13]
| bahasa Yunani Purba | |
|---|---|
| bahasa Hellenik Purba | |
| Rekonstruksi | bahasa-bahasa Hellenik / dialek-dialek Yunani Kuno |
| Rantau | Semenanjung Balkan Selatan |
| Zaman | |
Lihat juga
suntingNota kaki
sunting- ^ a b Drews, Robert (1994). The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. Princeton University Press. m/s. 14. ISBN 0-691-02951-2.
- ^ a b West, M. L. (23 October 1997). The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Clarendon Press. m/s. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-159104-4. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 26 March 2023. Dicapai pada 28 September 2020.
"the arrival of the Proto-Greek -speakers took place at various sites in central and southern Greece at the beginning and end of the Early Helladic III period.
Ralat petik: Tag<ref>tidak sah, nama "West" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza - ^ Filos 2014, m/s. 175.
- ^ a b Asko Parpola; Christian Carpelan (2005). "The cultural counterparts to Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Aryan : matching the dispersal and contact patterns in the linguistic and archaeological record". Dalam Edwin Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (penyunting). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Psychology Press. m/s. 107–141. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2020-08-21.
- ^ a b Hajnal, Ivo (2007). "Die Vorgeschichte der griechischen Dialekte: ein methodischer Rück- und Ausblick". Dalam Hajnal, Ivo; Stefan, Barbara (penyunting). Die altgriechischen Dialekte. Wesen und Werden. Akten des Kolloquiums, Freie Universität Berlin, 19.–22. September 2001 (dalam bahasa Jerman). Innsbruck, Austria: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck. m/s. 136. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2021-10-28. Dicapai pada 2020-05-06.
- ^ Georgiev 1981
- ^ Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (1973). Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Duckworth. m/s. 248. ISBN 978-0-7156-0580-6. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2021-02-11.
Thus in the region defined just above, roughly northern and north-western Greece, one finds only archaic Greek place-names. Consequently, this is the proto-Hellenic area, the early homeland of the Greeks where they lived before they invaded central and southern Greece.
- ^ Anthony 2010.
- ^ Hall, Jonathan M. (1997). Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 160. ISBN 978-0-521-78999-8. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2021-02-11.
- ^ Woodard, Roger D. (2008). The Ancient Languages of Europe (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 52. ISBN 978-1-139-46932-6. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2021-02-11.
- ^ Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010). Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers (dalam bahasa Inggeris). John Wiley & Sons. m/s. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-4443-1892-0. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2021-02-11.
- ^ Parker, Holt N. (2008). "The Linguistic Case for the Aiolian Migration Reconsidered". Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 77 (3): 443–444. doi:10.2972/hesp.77.3.431. ISSN 0018-098X. JSTOR 40205757.
- ^ A comprehensive overview is in J. T. Hooker's Mycenaean Greece (Hooker 1976); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (Renfrew 1973) in Bronze Age Migrations by R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).
Rujukan
sunting
- Anthony, David (2010). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3110-4.
- Buck, Carl Darling (1933). Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Clackson, James (1995). The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19197-1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2016-05-21.
- Coleman, John E. (2000). "An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C." The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 28 (1–2): 101–153. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2022-03-08. Dicapai pada 2018-06-01.
- Filos, Panagiotis (2014). "Proto-Greek and Common Greek". Dalam Giannakis, Georgios K.; Bubenik, Vit; Crespo, Emilio; Golston, Chris; Lianeri, Alexandra; Luraghi, Silvia; Matthaios, Stephanos (penyunting). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 3. Brill. m/s. 175–189. ISBN 978-90-04-22597-8.
- Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0316-7. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2016-02-23.
- Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-953-51-7261-1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2016-02-23.
- Hooker, J.T. (1976). Mycenaean Greece. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-8379-1.
- Katona, A. L. (2000). "Proto-Greeks and the Kurgan Theory" (PDF). The Journal of Indo-European Studies. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2021-01-26. Dicapai pada 2021-01-22.
- Renfrew, Colin (1973). "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin". Dalam Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (penyunting). Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the first International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited. m/s. 263–276. ISBN 0-7156-0580-1.
- Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area". Dalam Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (penyunting). Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. m/s. 17–48. ISBN 978-3-82-531449-1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2016-04-15.
- Schwyzer, Eduard (1939). Griechische Grammatik: auf der Grundlage von Karl Brugmanns Griechischer Grammatik (dalam bahasa Jerman). Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-03397-1.
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508345-8. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2023-03-26. Dicapai pada 2016-02-23.
- van Beek, Lucien (2022a). Lubotsky, Alexander; Kloekhorst, Alwin; Pronk, Tijmen (penyunting). The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek: Linguistic Prehistory of the Greek Dialects and Homeric Kunstsprache. Leiden Studies in Indo-European. 22. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-46973-0. ISSN 0926-5856.
- van Beek, Lucien (2022b). "Greek" (PDF). Dalam Olander, Thomas (penyunting). The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 173–201. doi:10.1017/9781108758666. ISBN 978-1-108-49979-8. S2CID 161016819.
- Woodard, Roger D. (1997). Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer: A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and the Continuity of Ancient Greek Literacy. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510520-6.
Bacaan lanjut
sunting- Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul (1995). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-2150-2.