This paper summarizes some major recent empirical studies on export market penetration and policy... more This paper summarizes some major recent empirical studies on export market penetration and policy issues regarding renewable energy technologies (RETs) undertaken in Germany and Switzerland, that are yet unpublished in the English literature. Particularly, it reflects on Germany’s and Switzerland’s RET exports and imports over the period 1990–2001, and provides some explanations of the historical development – based on the specific national boundary conditions. Examples of the economies of scale and scope and learning curve effects during the 1990s are given and next decades’ market volume for renewable energies estimated based on technical and economic potential estimates. The identification of the technical and economic potentials is shown to depend at least partly on the attention paid by the energy sector and the scientific community to particular RETs. Moreover, we point out certain similarities between resource potential data on renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Exis...
Summary The energy demand and supply projections of the Swiss government funded by the Swiss Fede... more Summary The energy demand and supply projections of the Swiss government funded by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy and carried out by a consortium of institutes and consulting companies are based on two types of energy models: macroeconomic general equilibrium models and bottom-up models for each sector. While the macroeconomic models are used to deliver the economic, demographic and policy framework conditions as well as the macroeconomic impacts of particular scenarios, the bottom-up models simulate the technical developments in the final energy sectors and try to optimise electricity generation under the given boundary conditions of a particular scenario. This introductory article gives an overview of some of the energy models used in Switzerland and — more importantly — some insights into current advanced energy system modelling practice pointing to the characteristics of the two modelling types and their advantages and limitations.
ABSTRACT Many materials and products are made from fossil materials. The production and the use o... more ABSTRACT Many materials and products are made from fossil materials. The production and the use of these products will result in CO2 emissions during production and after use when the product is discarded. The IPCC has developed guidelines to estimate the CO2 emissions from this so-called non-energy use. It was found that the definition of non-energy use in statistics varies by country. The aggregated IPCC approach for Germany, Italy and The Netherlands, showed that the error in the estimate for Italy is 30% too high. To improve the analysis, the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany and LBNL developed a method to assess fossil carbon flows and losses in detail. We have used this method to assess CO2 emissions from non-energy use in Germany, and found that the direct emissions are equivalent to about 10% of the carbon used for non-energy use. The IPCC default method proved to provide a correct answer for Germany. The analysis stresses the large contribution of non-energy use to CO2 emissions, and needs to be considered in the design of climate change mitigation policies.
ABSTRACT Many profitable potentials of energy efficiency are not realized in industry and the ser... more ABSTRACT Many profitable potentials of energy efficiency are not realized in industry and the service sector in Germany. Activating them means additional profits for the companies, the economy and the environment, as they offer chances of substantially reducing energy cost and simultaneously CO2 emissions. However, there are obstacles that prevent many of those chances of being recognized. In addition, supporting influences are not sufficiently used. These challenges, identified in recent empirical studies, have to be considered.
Profitable energy-efficiency potentials are often not exploited in industry since management tend... more Profitable energy-efficiency potentials are often not exploited in industry since management tends not to focus on energy issues. Sharing experiences between companies reveals possibilities for reducing the transaction costs involved. For this purpose, regionally or locally-organised learning networks of companies have been established. Social mechanisms are used to motivate management to pay more attention to energy efficiency in Switzerland and Germany. The main elements of the activities include initial consultation for each company with an experienced engineer, agreement on a common target for energy-efficiency improvement, regular meetings with technical presentations and an exchange of experiences, yearly control of energy consumption and CO2 emissions as well as scientific monitoring and evaluation of the process. The results of some evaluations show that substantial progress has been made in implementing organisational measures and investments in energy efficiency in the participating companies. The reasons for these achievements are discussed and conclusions drawn about the opportunities and limits of this instrument. Finally, a recommendation is made to implement this instrument on a broader level.
Dispositifs de formation et environnements numériques : enjeux pédagogiques et contraintes inform... more Dispositifs de formation et environnements numériques : enjeux pédagogiques et contraintes informatiques (série Informatique et systèmes d'information, IC2) Cet ouvrage présente les résultats de la recherche-expérimentation Pratiques Collaboratives Distribuées d'Apprentissage ...
This paper summarizes some major recent empirical studies on export market penetration and policy... more This paper summarizes some major recent empirical studies on export market penetration and policy issues regarding renewable energy technologies (RETs) undertaken in Germany and Switzerland, that are yet unpublished in the English literature. Particularly, it reflects on Germany’s and Switzerland’s RET exports and imports over the period 1990–2001, and provides some explanations of the historical development – based on the specific national boundary conditions. Examples of the economies of scale and scope and learning curve effects during the 1990s are given and next decades’ market volume for renewable energies estimated based on technical and economic potential estimates. The identification of the technical and economic potentials is shown to depend at least partly on the attention paid by the energy sector and the scientific community to particular RETs. Moreover, we point out certain similarities between resource potential data on renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Exis...
Summary The energy demand and supply projections of the Swiss government funded by the Swiss Fede... more Summary The energy demand and supply projections of the Swiss government funded by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy and carried out by a consortium of institutes and consulting companies are based on two types of energy models: macroeconomic general equilibrium models and bottom-up models for each sector. While the macroeconomic models are used to deliver the economic, demographic and policy framework conditions as well as the macroeconomic impacts of particular scenarios, the bottom-up models simulate the technical developments in the final energy sectors and try to optimise electricity generation under the given boundary conditions of a particular scenario. This introductory article gives an overview of some of the energy models used in Switzerland and — more importantly — some insights into current advanced energy system modelling practice pointing to the characteristics of the two modelling types and their advantages and limitations.
ABSTRACT Many materials and products are made from fossil materials. The production and the use o... more ABSTRACT Many materials and products are made from fossil materials. The production and the use of these products will result in CO2 emissions during production and after use when the product is discarded. The IPCC has developed guidelines to estimate the CO2 emissions from this so-called non-energy use. It was found that the definition of non-energy use in statistics varies by country. The aggregated IPCC approach for Germany, Italy and The Netherlands, showed that the error in the estimate for Italy is 30% too high. To improve the analysis, the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany and LBNL developed a method to assess fossil carbon flows and losses in detail. We have used this method to assess CO2 emissions from non-energy use in Germany, and found that the direct emissions are equivalent to about 10% of the carbon used for non-energy use. The IPCC default method proved to provide a correct answer for Germany. The analysis stresses the large contribution of non-energy use to CO2 emissions, and needs to be considered in the design of climate change mitigation policies.
ABSTRACT Many profitable potentials of energy efficiency are not realized in industry and the ser... more ABSTRACT Many profitable potentials of energy efficiency are not realized in industry and the service sector in Germany. Activating them means additional profits for the companies, the economy and the environment, as they offer chances of substantially reducing energy cost and simultaneously CO2 emissions. However, there are obstacles that prevent many of those chances of being recognized. In addition, supporting influences are not sufficiently used. These challenges, identified in recent empirical studies, have to be considered.
Profitable energy-efficiency potentials are often not exploited in industry since management tend... more Profitable energy-efficiency potentials are often not exploited in industry since management tends not to focus on energy issues. Sharing experiences between companies reveals possibilities for reducing the transaction costs involved. For this purpose, regionally or locally-organised learning networks of companies have been established. Social mechanisms are used to motivate management to pay more attention to energy efficiency in Switzerland and Germany. The main elements of the activities include initial consultation for each company with an experienced engineer, agreement on a common target for energy-efficiency improvement, regular meetings with technical presentations and an exchange of experiences, yearly control of energy consumption and CO2 emissions as well as scientific monitoring and evaluation of the process. The results of some evaluations show that substantial progress has been made in implementing organisational measures and investments in energy efficiency in the participating companies. The reasons for these achievements are discussed and conclusions drawn about the opportunities and limits of this instrument. Finally, a recommendation is made to implement this instrument on a broader level.
Dispositifs de formation et environnements numériques : enjeux pédagogiques et contraintes inform... more Dispositifs de formation et environnements numériques : enjeux pédagogiques et contraintes informatiques (série Informatique et systèmes d'information, IC2) Cet ouvrage présente les résultats de la recherche-expérimentation Pratiques Collaboratives Distribuées d'Apprentissage ...
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