Abstract The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated. Governments influence pharmaceutical pr... more Abstract The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated. Governments influence pharmaceutical pricing in many ways. Supply and demand affect price, but more importantly, both the consumers and the providers have minor roles in deciding the price of pharmaceutical products when a purchase happens. In fact, in many situations, it is not the consumer who pays directly for the products/services received, as they are often covered by health insurance. Costs can be estimated by cost of illness, budget impact analysis, and through full pharmacoeconomic evaluations. Both direct and indirect costs are estimated using appropriate methods. The accuracy of cost estimation depends on many factors, including the methods used.
The need for large samples with specific geometries and the destructive nature of conventional te... more The need for large samples with specific geometries and the destructive nature of conventional tensile testing pose a challenge in the rapid mechanical characterization of metal matrix composites (MMCs). Herein, the efficacy of a high‐throughput profilometry‐based indentation plastometry (PIP) technique for evaluating bulk tensile properties of SiC‐reinforced aluminum MMC with minimum sample volume and preparation is investigated. Plastic properties, namely yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation up to necking (εn) in aluminum composites reinforced with 0, 17.5, and 25 vol% of SiC from PIP, are compared with uniaxial tensile tests. While PIP estimations of YS for all composites and UTS for Al‐17.5 vol% SiC are accurate within 3–6%, those of UTS in 25 vol% and εn in all composites show significant deviation from tensile test data. These deviations are attributed to the PIP overestimation of strength due to local SiC crowding beneath the indenter and the limitation of the Voce plasticity‐based FEM simulation in capturing brittle behavior of high vol% reinforcement. Herein, the high‐throughput PIP technique that can be reliably extended to MMCs with low volume (≈17.5%) of SiC reinforcements is established, thus harboring potential for advancement in the nondestructive testing of MMCs.
This is a review paper on the exploratory research done by various central banks and internationa... more This is a review paper on the exploratory research done by various central banks and international organisations on CBDCs and the framework to be followed for implementing these CBDCs so that the monetary system of a specific country remains unaffected. CBDCs and cryptocurrency in general as we know have become quite popular and are the talking point for many research scholars, economists and investment analysts. While many believe cryptocurrencies to have no intrinsic value, the value of the underlying technology i.e blockchain is something that can be argued upon. CBDCs remove the major cons of cryptocurrency by providing stability to the volatile cryptocurrency market and by acting as a legal tender thereby gaining the trust of retail public. Many governments believe that the introduction of CBDCs into the economy could simplify the payment’s structure thereby increasing the velocity of money leading to higher GDP growth. But one possibility that shatters this glass of optimistic...
Australia introduced COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures in early 2020. To help pr... more Australia introduced COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures in early 2020. To help prepare health services, the Australian Government Department of Health commissioned a modelled evaluation of the impact of disruptions to population breast, bowel, and cervical cancer screening programmes on cancer outcomes and cancer services. We used the Policy1 modelling platforms to predict outcomes for potential disruptions to cancer screening participation, covering periods of 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo. We estimated missed screens, clinical outcomes (cancer incidence, tumour staging), and various diagnostic service impacts. We found that a 12-mo screening disruption would reduce breast cancer diagnoses (9.3% population-level reduction over 2020–2021) and colorectal cancer (up to 12.1% reduction over 2020–21), and increase cervical cancer diagnoses (up to 3.6% over 2020–2022), with upstaging expected for these cancer types (2, 1.4, and 6.8% for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers, resp...
Abstract The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated. Governments influence pharmaceutical pr... more Abstract The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated. Governments influence pharmaceutical pricing in many ways. Supply and demand affect price, but more importantly, both the consumers and the providers have minor roles in deciding the price of pharmaceutical products when a purchase happens. In fact, in many situations, it is not the consumer who pays directly for the products/services received, as they are often covered by health insurance. Costs can be estimated by cost of illness, budget impact analysis, and through full pharmacoeconomic evaluations. Both direct and indirect costs are estimated using appropriate methods. The accuracy of cost estimation depends on many factors, including the methods used.
The need for large samples with specific geometries and the destructive nature of conventional te... more The need for large samples with specific geometries and the destructive nature of conventional tensile testing pose a challenge in the rapid mechanical characterization of metal matrix composites (MMCs). Herein, the efficacy of a high‐throughput profilometry‐based indentation plastometry (PIP) technique for evaluating bulk tensile properties of SiC‐reinforced aluminum MMC with minimum sample volume and preparation is investigated. Plastic properties, namely yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation up to necking (εn) in aluminum composites reinforced with 0, 17.5, and 25 vol% of SiC from PIP, are compared with uniaxial tensile tests. While PIP estimations of YS for all composites and UTS for Al‐17.5 vol% SiC are accurate within 3–6%, those of UTS in 25 vol% and εn in all composites show significant deviation from tensile test data. These deviations are attributed to the PIP overestimation of strength due to local SiC crowding beneath the indenter and the limitation of the Voce plasticity‐based FEM simulation in capturing brittle behavior of high vol% reinforcement. Herein, the high‐throughput PIP technique that can be reliably extended to MMCs with low volume (≈17.5%) of SiC reinforcements is established, thus harboring potential for advancement in the nondestructive testing of MMCs.
This is a review paper on the exploratory research done by various central banks and internationa... more This is a review paper on the exploratory research done by various central banks and international organisations on CBDCs and the framework to be followed for implementing these CBDCs so that the monetary system of a specific country remains unaffected. CBDCs and cryptocurrency in general as we know have become quite popular and are the talking point for many research scholars, economists and investment analysts. While many believe cryptocurrencies to have no intrinsic value, the value of the underlying technology i.e blockchain is something that can be argued upon. CBDCs remove the major cons of cryptocurrency by providing stability to the volatile cryptocurrency market and by acting as a legal tender thereby gaining the trust of retail public. Many governments believe that the introduction of CBDCs into the economy could simplify the payment’s structure thereby increasing the velocity of money leading to higher GDP growth. But one possibility that shatters this glass of optimistic...
Australia introduced COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures in early 2020. To help pr... more Australia introduced COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures in early 2020. To help prepare health services, the Australian Government Department of Health commissioned a modelled evaluation of the impact of disruptions to population breast, bowel, and cervical cancer screening programmes on cancer outcomes and cancer services. We used the Policy1 modelling platforms to predict outcomes for potential disruptions to cancer screening participation, covering periods of 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo. We estimated missed screens, clinical outcomes (cancer incidence, tumour staging), and various diagnostic service impacts. We found that a 12-mo screening disruption would reduce breast cancer diagnoses (9.3% population-level reduction over 2020–2021) and colorectal cancer (up to 12.1% reduction over 2020–21), and increase cervical cancer diagnoses (up to 3.6% over 2020–2022), with upstaging expected for these cancer types (2, 1.4, and 6.8% for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers, resp...
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