The Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northern Wisconsin are home to a number of small but highgrad... more The Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northern Wisconsin are home to a number of small but highgrade copper and other metallic ore bodies. Efforts to develop these ore bodies have been slow with only one completed mine in Wisconsin (Flambeau) and one new project in the Upper Peninsula (Eagle). Mining is not a new activity to the area. One might expect that in a region with a rich mining past and a need for jobs mining investment would be welcomed. Yet, any effort to develop a new mine is met with strong protests and well-organized resistance. Some stakeholders feel that metallic mining is unsustainable and is not worth the risk it presents to the community despite the assurances of the mining companies. It has been particularly difficult for the mining companies to communicate their commitment to sustainable mining to these stakeholders. The paper looks at the dialogue that develops between the interested stakeholders about a potential new mine in the region, especially between the in...
The cobalt market is a market that has frequent supply shortages and crises. This paper looks at ... more The cobalt market is a market that has frequent supply shortages and crises. This paper looks at the changes in the cobalt market from the period of the 1970s to 2018 to gain insights into how the cobalt market is responding and adjusting to periods of supply shortages. Particular concern has arisen due to the potential large increase in the need for cobalt in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. Is the supply of cobalt able to grow at the necessary rate to match the projected increase in the production of electric vehicles? The paper finds that some cobalt market adjustments have occurred over the time period in response to supply risk, but these adjustments have not significantly offset the cobalt market characteristics that largely drive its behavior: by-product supply, the large amount of low-cost material in the DR Congo, and the technical advantages of using cobalt in its applications over potential substitutes. The ramifications for post-2018 are probably more of the same behavior. The cobalt market will continue to make incremental adjustments over time as periodic short-run price spikes occur with the corresponding supply “crisis.” The move of the cobalt market to a dominant end use may make the market even more cyclical and prone to supply crises.
When a mining company selects a site for development, the company begins a dialogue with the loca... more When a mining company selects a site for development, the company begins a dialogue with the local community about receiving the necessary approvals for the mining permits. The dialogue focuses on how well the company can use science and technology to manage risk to the local environment, and on how much economic benefit will be gained by the local community
Abstract The objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that cyclical metal mining activit... more Abstract The objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that cyclical metal mining activity is more stable when multi-metal products are produced. A theoretical short-run supply curve for a metal is developed showing by-product, co-product, and main product behaviour. This curve is used to illustrate co-product pricing trends that are indicative of different cyclical behaviour patterns. The non-parametrical sign test is used to test co-product price trends for the US metal mining industry. The results indicate that multi-metal production stabilizes the mining industry in the short run but not in the long run.
Rare earth metals are important inputs into the development and manufacturing of many green and h... more Rare earth metals are important inputs into the development and manufacturing of many green and high-tech products. It is an international strategic concern that much of the supply chain for rare earth metals is based in China. This paper looks at issues involving the availability of rare earth metals, its use, China’s involvement, and pricing to better understand the strategic issues and their impact. It is concluded that the major need is to develop rare earth metal processing and use capacity outside of China. However, this will not be easy to do because of economic and social factors.
Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyse the use of diversification and market speciali... more Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyse the use of diversification and market specialization as corporate strategies by non-ferrous metal company managements as responses to adverse financial conditions. The analytical framework is provided by the financial theory of risk. Managements must deal with both company specific risk and market risk as they attempt to improve the profitability of their companies. Companies from the US copper industry are used as empirical examples. Deversification is a flexible but risky strategy. Specialization is a more restrictive strategy but it is less risky. The appropriate strategy to use depends on the particular situation of a company.
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the recent behaviour of the US zinc processing i... more Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the recent behaviour of the US zinc processing industry and the impact of US government policies on it. The first section of the paper is a discussion on the basic structure and conditions of the US zinc processing industry since 1950 and how they have changed. The discussion contains a general presentation of the US zinc market, a detailed look at the behaviour of individual primary zinc processing plants in the USA, Canada, Japan and Western Europe and an analysis of US government policies and their impacts on the US zinc industry. The second section of the paper is a discussion of the factors that have contributed to the decline in US zinc processing capacity and the type of government policy that should be followed in response.
... The response of US copper companies to changing market conditions Gary A. Campbell This paper... more ... The response of US copper companies to changing market conditions Gary A. Campbell This paper is a study of the response by The ... Pine, MT Phelps Dodge Morenci (2), Greenlee, AZ New Cornelia (10), Pima, AZ Copper Queen-Lavender (11), Conchise, AZ Tyrone (12), Grant ...
The US mining industry is increasingly an industry of industrial and construction minerals produc... more The US mining industry is increasingly an industry of industrial and construction minerals production. In 2002, these types of minerals accounted for 80% of the value of non-fuel minerals produced in the USA. Industrial and construction mineral production tend to be smaller operations and nearer urban areas than metallic mining and have somewhat different problems. This paper is a study
... Here, two or more products are jointly considered in determining the appropri-ate production ... more ... Here, two or more products are jointly considered in determining the appropri-ate production levels. ... A potentially larger source of bastnasite has become availa-ble as an associated product of iron ore mining at Bayan Obo in the Nei Mongol Autonomous region of China. ...
Abstract This article is an analysis of world consumption of aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin,... more Abstract This article is an analysis of world consumption of aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc for the years 1985–1997. It is done to provide a comparison of what has happened over this period with the previously years and past forecasts in order to learn more about world metal consumption trends. The analysis begins by documenting the geographic trends of consumption of these metals for the above years by region and key individual countries. Then, variables based on the intensity‐of‐use hypothesis and the intensity‐of‐use technique are selected and tested against the observed consumption behavior. The results and their implications are discussed. The conclusion is that the metal consumption is very individual across countries and metals, depending on their particular situation, and changes readily over time.
... Trinidad & Tobago challenged the claim that Barbados has any tradition fishing rights to ... more ... Trinidad & Tobago challenged the claim that Barbados has any tradition fishing rights to ... Concerns about the sustainability of the flying fish and domestic political considerations might be used as justification for restricting access to the fish or for holding out for greater access. ...
The Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northern Wisconsin are home to a number of small but highgrad... more The Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northern Wisconsin are home to a number of small but highgrade copper and other metallic ore bodies. Efforts to develop these ore bodies have been slow with only one completed mine in Wisconsin (Flambeau) and one new project in the Upper Peninsula (Eagle). Mining is not a new activity to the area. One might expect that in a region with a rich mining past and a need for jobs mining investment would be welcomed. Yet, any effort to develop a new mine is met with strong protests and well-organized resistance. Some stakeholders feel that metallic mining is unsustainable and is not worth the risk it presents to the community despite the assurances of the mining companies. It has been particularly difficult for the mining companies to communicate their commitment to sustainable mining to these stakeholders. The paper looks at the dialogue that develops between the interested stakeholders about a potential new mine in the region, especially between the in...
The cobalt market is a market that has frequent supply shortages and crises. This paper looks at ... more The cobalt market is a market that has frequent supply shortages and crises. This paper looks at the changes in the cobalt market from the period of the 1970s to 2018 to gain insights into how the cobalt market is responding and adjusting to periods of supply shortages. Particular concern has arisen due to the potential large increase in the need for cobalt in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. Is the supply of cobalt able to grow at the necessary rate to match the projected increase in the production of electric vehicles? The paper finds that some cobalt market adjustments have occurred over the time period in response to supply risk, but these adjustments have not significantly offset the cobalt market characteristics that largely drive its behavior: by-product supply, the large amount of low-cost material in the DR Congo, and the technical advantages of using cobalt in its applications over potential substitutes. The ramifications for post-2018 are probably more of the same behavior. The cobalt market will continue to make incremental adjustments over time as periodic short-run price spikes occur with the corresponding supply “crisis.” The move of the cobalt market to a dominant end use may make the market even more cyclical and prone to supply crises.
When a mining company selects a site for development, the company begins a dialogue with the loca... more When a mining company selects a site for development, the company begins a dialogue with the local community about receiving the necessary approvals for the mining permits. The dialogue focuses on how well the company can use science and technology to manage risk to the local environment, and on how much economic benefit will be gained by the local community
Abstract The objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that cyclical metal mining activit... more Abstract The objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that cyclical metal mining activity is more stable when multi-metal products are produced. A theoretical short-run supply curve for a metal is developed showing by-product, co-product, and main product behaviour. This curve is used to illustrate co-product pricing trends that are indicative of different cyclical behaviour patterns. The non-parametrical sign test is used to test co-product price trends for the US metal mining industry. The results indicate that multi-metal production stabilizes the mining industry in the short run but not in the long run.
Rare earth metals are important inputs into the development and manufacturing of many green and h... more Rare earth metals are important inputs into the development and manufacturing of many green and high-tech products. It is an international strategic concern that much of the supply chain for rare earth metals is based in China. This paper looks at issues involving the availability of rare earth metals, its use, China’s involvement, and pricing to better understand the strategic issues and their impact. It is concluded that the major need is to develop rare earth metal processing and use capacity outside of China. However, this will not be easy to do because of economic and social factors.
Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyse the use of diversification and market speciali... more Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyse the use of diversification and market specialization as corporate strategies by non-ferrous metal company managements as responses to adverse financial conditions. The analytical framework is provided by the financial theory of risk. Managements must deal with both company specific risk and market risk as they attempt to improve the profitability of their companies. Companies from the US copper industry are used as empirical examples. Deversification is a flexible but risky strategy. Specialization is a more restrictive strategy but it is less risky. The appropriate strategy to use depends on the particular situation of a company.
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the recent behaviour of the US zinc processing i... more Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the recent behaviour of the US zinc processing industry and the impact of US government policies on it. The first section of the paper is a discussion on the basic structure and conditions of the US zinc processing industry since 1950 and how they have changed. The discussion contains a general presentation of the US zinc market, a detailed look at the behaviour of individual primary zinc processing plants in the USA, Canada, Japan and Western Europe and an analysis of US government policies and their impacts on the US zinc industry. The second section of the paper is a discussion of the factors that have contributed to the decline in US zinc processing capacity and the type of government policy that should be followed in response.
... The response of US copper companies to changing market conditions Gary A. Campbell This paper... more ... The response of US copper companies to changing market conditions Gary A. Campbell This paper is a study of the response by The ... Pine, MT Phelps Dodge Morenci (2), Greenlee, AZ New Cornelia (10), Pima, AZ Copper Queen-Lavender (11), Conchise, AZ Tyrone (12), Grant ...
The US mining industry is increasingly an industry of industrial and construction minerals produc... more The US mining industry is increasingly an industry of industrial and construction minerals production. In 2002, these types of minerals accounted for 80% of the value of non-fuel minerals produced in the USA. Industrial and construction mineral production tend to be smaller operations and nearer urban areas than metallic mining and have somewhat different problems. This paper is a study
... Here, two or more products are jointly considered in determining the appropri-ate production ... more ... Here, two or more products are jointly considered in determining the appropri-ate production levels. ... A potentially larger source of bastnasite has become availa-ble as an associated product of iron ore mining at Bayan Obo in the Nei Mongol Autonomous region of China. ...
Abstract This article is an analysis of world consumption of aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin,... more Abstract This article is an analysis of world consumption of aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc for the years 1985–1997. It is done to provide a comparison of what has happened over this period with the previously years and past forecasts in order to learn more about world metal consumption trends. The analysis begins by documenting the geographic trends of consumption of these metals for the above years by region and key individual countries. Then, variables based on the intensity‐of‐use hypothesis and the intensity‐of‐use technique are selected and tested against the observed consumption behavior. The results and their implications are discussed. The conclusion is that the metal consumption is very individual across countries and metals, depending on their particular situation, and changes readily over time.
... Trinidad & Tobago challenged the claim that Barbados has any tradition fishing rights to ... more ... Trinidad & Tobago challenged the claim that Barbados has any tradition fishing rights to ... Concerns about the sustainability of the flying fish and domestic political considerations might be used as justification for restricting access to the fish or for holding out for greater access. ...
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