The aim of current study was to develop a valid and reliable short motorcycle riding behavior que... more The aim of current study was to develop a valid and reliable short motorcycle riding behavior questionnaire (SMRBQ) and assess its interchangeability with the original 48-item tool. Through a psychometric study in Bukan district of Iran in 2015, the most recent available Persian version of the motorcycle riding behavior questionnaire (MRBQ) was used as a reference to develop its short version, the SMRBQ. The preliminary version was prepared through expert reviews, and its dimension was further reduced through principal component analysis (PCA). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was then applied on the remaining items and the final version was developed with 23 items. The validity, consistency, agreement and interchangeability of the SMRBQ were assessed in parallel with the MRBQ using several statistical methods including Kendall's Tau, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman plot and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. All the 340 particip...
Detection of the mechanism of host/parasite interactions in unresponsive forms of anthroponotic c... more Detection of the mechanism of host/parasite interactions in unresponsive forms of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by Leishmania tropica is helpful for immunotherapy and vaccine development. In the present study, the gene expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), TNF-α, iNOS and also arginase (ARG) activity in monocytes from Glucantime unresponsive in comparison to responsive patients infected with L. tropica was investigated. In this case-control study, patients with unresponsive (n = 10) and responsive (n = 10) ACL were recruited. Gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, TNF-α and iNOS was analyzed in L. tropica-exposed monocytes. The level of ARG activity in both isolated promastigotes and the lysates of monocytes was also determined. L. tropica-exposed monocytes represented higher expression of all three TLRs and TNF-α and lower expression of iNOS compared to unexposed ones in both groups of patients. Results revealed a significant down-regulation of TLR2 and TNF-α and up-regulation of TLR9 expression in unresponsive isolates in comparison to responsive ones. Besides, ARG level showed a significant increase in L. tropica-stimulated monocytes and cultured promastigotes from unresponsive isolates versus responsive ones. The decreased TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α and iNOS and the increased level of TLR9 expression in L. tropica-exposed monocytes from unresponsive isolates and also the increment in ARG activity in their promastigotes and monocytes, might possibly be involved in the severity of the disease and leading to Glucantime unresponsiveness.
Very low birth weight (VLBW) children are at risk of structural brain abnormalities and neurocogn... more Very low birth weight (VLBW) children are at risk of structural brain abnormalities and neurocognitive deficits. Since survival rate of the very low birth weight infants has increased over the past decade, a better understanding of the long-term neurocognitive outcomes is needed. The present systematic review investigated the association between VLBW and cognitive function as well as brain structure. PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched up from January 2000 to January 2015. The study was restricted to the articles that were about VLBW and its association with cognitive function and brain structure. The initial search yielded 721 articles. There were 44 studies eligible for inclusion after applying the exclusion criteria: 24 follow-up, 14 cohort, and 6 longitudinal studies. Based on this systematic review, we suggest that VLBW is positively related to several cognitive problems and brain structure abnormalities. These findings provide evid...
The aim of this study was to assess the association of motorcycle traffic injuries with motorcycl... more The aim of this study was to assess the association of motorcycle traffic injuries with motorcycle riding behavior and subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) while controlling for individual correlates of motorcycle traffic injuries. A case-control study was carried out in 298 patients with motorcycle trauma along with 151 control patients admitted to the Shohada and Imam Reza university hospitals as the two referral specialty centers in the East Azarbyjan Province of Iran in 2013. The Persian version of the Motorcycle Riding Behavior Questionnaire and the Persian version of Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scales (the self-report short version) were used to assess riding behavior and screen for adult ADHD, respectively. The scale has four subscales, comprising subscale A (inattention), subscale B (hyperactivity, impulsivity), subscale C (A + C), and subscale D (ADHD index). The statistical analysis was done using Stata version 11. All subjects were male and aged ...
ABSTRACT Background: Postpartum women are a population at risk for sedentary living. Physical act... more ABSTRACT Background: Postpartum women are a population at risk for sedentary living. Physical activity (PA) prior to pregnancy may be effective in predicting similar behaviour in the postpartum period. Objective: To test a composite version of the extended transtheoretical model (TTM) by adding ‘past behaviour’ in order to predict PA behaviour among postpartum Iranian women. Methods: Participants were 300 primiparous postpartum women from health clinics in Arak, Iran who completed the Iranian versions of the TTM, past behaviour and PA behaviour questionnaires. The mean age of the participants was 24.85 years (SD = 4.4, range = 15–41). Data were analysed using bivariate correlation and path analysis. Results: The first revised model accounted for 43% of the variance in current PA and represented a good data fit (χ² = 7.45, df = 4, p = 0.114). There were significant direct pathways between PA and stage of change (β = 0.51), pros (β = 0.30), and cons (β = −0.31), and significant indirect effects of self-efficacy (β = .39) and processes of change (β = 0.34). The final model, which included the direct effects of past behaviour (β = 0.28), explained 50% of the variance in PA and represented a good data fit (χ² = 8.30, df = 5, p = 0.14). Additionally, in this model pros (β = 0.25) and cons (β = −0.26) are directly related to PA, and self-efficacy (β = 0.39) and processes of change (β = 0.34) are indirectly related to PA. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the application of TTM to PA behaviour change among Iranian postpartum women. However, adding past behaviour to the model increases our understanding of the population’s PA and may help the planning of more efficient interventions for promoting PA. Keywords Physical activity, determinants, past behaviour, transtheoretical model, Iran
Use of helmet by motorcyclists decreases the incidence and severity of an injury and its related ... more Use of helmet by motorcyclists decreases the incidence and severity of an injury and its related death. Unfortunately, the helmet use rate is not in an acceptable level in Iran. This study aimed to systematically identify the determinants and barriers of helmet use among Iranian motorcyclists. A systematic search of literature was done using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of knowledge databases for English literature and SID for Persian articles by specified keywords. Manual searching and reference of references were used to improve the articles identification. Articles published before 1995 and those which did not report the barriers and determinants of helmet use were excluded. Data were extracted using an extraction table. Out of 49 retrieved articles, 13 articles were included in the study. Most of them (70%) had a cross-sectional design. Personal factors (such as older age, marital status and education) and motorcyclist's attitude and beliefs about the helmet effect...
The aim of current study was to develop a valid and reliable short motorcycle riding behavior que... more The aim of current study was to develop a valid and reliable short motorcycle riding behavior questionnaire (SMRBQ) and assess its interchangeability with the original 48-item tool. Through a psychometric study in Bukan district of Iran in 2015, the most recent available Persian version of the motorcycle riding behavior questionnaire (MRBQ) was used as a reference to develop its short version, the SMRBQ. The preliminary version was prepared through expert reviews, and its dimension was further reduced through principal component analysis (PCA). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was then applied on the remaining items and the final version was developed with 23 items. The validity, consistency, agreement and interchangeability of the SMRBQ were assessed in parallel with the MRBQ using several statistical methods including Kendall's Tau, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman plot and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. All the 340 particip...
Detection of the mechanism of host/parasite interactions in unresponsive forms of anthroponotic c... more Detection of the mechanism of host/parasite interactions in unresponsive forms of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by Leishmania tropica is helpful for immunotherapy and vaccine development. In the present study, the gene expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), TNF-α, iNOS and also arginase (ARG) activity in monocytes from Glucantime unresponsive in comparison to responsive patients infected with L. tropica was investigated. In this case-control study, patients with unresponsive (n = 10) and responsive (n = 10) ACL were recruited. Gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, TNF-α and iNOS was analyzed in L. tropica-exposed monocytes. The level of ARG activity in both isolated promastigotes and the lysates of monocytes was also determined. L. tropica-exposed monocytes represented higher expression of all three TLRs and TNF-α and lower expression of iNOS compared to unexposed ones in both groups of patients. Results revealed a significant down-regulation of TLR2 and TNF-α and up-regulation of TLR9 expression in unresponsive isolates in comparison to responsive ones. Besides, ARG level showed a significant increase in L. tropica-stimulated monocytes and cultured promastigotes from unresponsive isolates versus responsive ones. The decreased TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α and iNOS and the increased level of TLR9 expression in L. tropica-exposed monocytes from unresponsive isolates and also the increment in ARG activity in their promastigotes and monocytes, might possibly be involved in the severity of the disease and leading to Glucantime unresponsiveness.
Very low birth weight (VLBW) children are at risk of structural brain abnormalities and neurocogn... more Very low birth weight (VLBW) children are at risk of structural brain abnormalities and neurocognitive deficits. Since survival rate of the very low birth weight infants has increased over the past decade, a better understanding of the long-term neurocognitive outcomes is needed. The present systematic review investigated the association between VLBW and cognitive function as well as brain structure. PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched up from January 2000 to January 2015. The study was restricted to the articles that were about VLBW and its association with cognitive function and brain structure. The initial search yielded 721 articles. There were 44 studies eligible for inclusion after applying the exclusion criteria: 24 follow-up, 14 cohort, and 6 longitudinal studies. Based on this systematic review, we suggest that VLBW is positively related to several cognitive problems and brain structure abnormalities. These findings provide evid...
The aim of this study was to assess the association of motorcycle traffic injuries with motorcycl... more The aim of this study was to assess the association of motorcycle traffic injuries with motorcycle riding behavior and subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) while controlling for individual correlates of motorcycle traffic injuries. A case-control study was carried out in 298 patients with motorcycle trauma along with 151 control patients admitted to the Shohada and Imam Reza university hospitals as the two referral specialty centers in the East Azarbyjan Province of Iran in 2013. The Persian version of the Motorcycle Riding Behavior Questionnaire and the Persian version of Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scales (the self-report short version) were used to assess riding behavior and screen for adult ADHD, respectively. The scale has four subscales, comprising subscale A (inattention), subscale B (hyperactivity, impulsivity), subscale C (A + C), and subscale D (ADHD index). The statistical analysis was done using Stata version 11. All subjects were male and aged ...
ABSTRACT Background: Postpartum women are a population at risk for sedentary living. Physical act... more ABSTRACT Background: Postpartum women are a population at risk for sedentary living. Physical activity (PA) prior to pregnancy may be effective in predicting similar behaviour in the postpartum period. Objective: To test a composite version of the extended transtheoretical model (TTM) by adding ‘past behaviour’ in order to predict PA behaviour among postpartum Iranian women. Methods: Participants were 300 primiparous postpartum women from health clinics in Arak, Iran who completed the Iranian versions of the TTM, past behaviour and PA behaviour questionnaires. The mean age of the participants was 24.85 years (SD = 4.4, range = 15–41). Data were analysed using bivariate correlation and path analysis. Results: The first revised model accounted for 43% of the variance in current PA and represented a good data fit (χ² = 7.45, df = 4, p = 0.114). There were significant direct pathways between PA and stage of change (β = 0.51), pros (β = 0.30), and cons (β = −0.31), and significant indirect effects of self-efficacy (β = .39) and processes of change (β = 0.34). The final model, which included the direct effects of past behaviour (β = 0.28), explained 50% of the variance in PA and represented a good data fit (χ² = 8.30, df = 5, p = 0.14). Additionally, in this model pros (β = 0.25) and cons (β = −0.26) are directly related to PA, and self-efficacy (β = 0.39) and processes of change (β = 0.34) are indirectly related to PA. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the application of TTM to PA behaviour change among Iranian postpartum women. However, adding past behaviour to the model increases our understanding of the population’s PA and may help the planning of more efficient interventions for promoting PA. Keywords Physical activity, determinants, past behaviour, transtheoretical model, Iran
Use of helmet by motorcyclists decreases the incidence and severity of an injury and its related ... more Use of helmet by motorcyclists decreases the incidence and severity of an injury and its related death. Unfortunately, the helmet use rate is not in an acceptable level in Iran. This study aimed to systematically identify the determinants and barriers of helmet use among Iranian motorcyclists. A systematic search of literature was done using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of knowledge databases for English literature and SID for Persian articles by specified keywords. Manual searching and reference of references were used to improve the articles identification. Articles published before 1995 and those which did not report the barriers and determinants of helmet use were excluded. Data were extracted using an extraction table. Out of 49 retrieved articles, 13 articles were included in the study. Most of them (70%) had a cross-sectional design. Personal factors (such as older age, marital status and education) and motorcyclist's attitude and beliefs about the helmet effect...
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