<p><b>(A-A′′)</b> Combined <i>Fezf-Gbx</i> expression defines a gap... more <p><b>(A-A′′)</b> Combined <i>Fezf-Gbx</i> expression defines a gap of expression in the caudal archencephalic prototagma (ARCH), identified as the DiMes (as per <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001573#pbio.2001573.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3K and 3L</a>, for reference). <b>(B-E′′)</b> Whole-mount chromogenic in situ hybridization of <i>Pax4/6</i> <b>(B-B′′)</b> or <i>Six3/6</i> <b>(D-D′′)</b> alone or each one combined with <i>Gbx</i> in a double in situ hybridization <b>(C-C′′</b> and <b>E′-E′′</b>, respectively) reveal that both genes are expressed in the DiMes domain. The two arrowheads in <b>(D)</b> indicate the expression of <i>Six3/6</i> in Rostral-hypothalamo–prethalamic primordium (Rostral-HyPTh). (<b>F-F′′</b>) <i>Pou3f</i> is highly expressed in DiMes but with a decreased signal in the Rostral-HyPTh and Intermediate-HyPTh primordia and in some areas of the deuteroencephalic prototagma (DEU). (<b>G-G′′)</b> <i>Ebf</i> mRNA was detected in the DiMes and DEU domains. (<b>H-H′′)</b> <i>Sim</i> neural expression was observed exclusively in the DiMes domain at the analyzed stage. Expression patterns correspond to lateral <b>(A-H)</b> or dorsal views <b>(A′-H′)</b> at the 21 h post fertilization (hpf) embryonic stage and are represented in schematics dorsal views <b>(A′′-H′′)</b>. Somites (dotted lines) were used as main landmarks to localize the position of the patterns analyzed in the late neural plate. Scale bar: 50 μm.</p
<p><b>(A-A′′)</b> Combined <i>Fezf-Gbx</i> expression defines a <... more <p><b>(A-A′′)</b> Combined <i>Fezf-Gbx</i> expression defines a <i>Fezf</i>-positive rostral archencephalic prototagma (ARCH) territory identified as HyPTh (as per <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001573#pbio.2001573.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3K and 3L</a>, for reference). (<b>B-B′′</b>) <i>Rx</i> is specifically expressed throughout the entire HyPTh primordium. (<b>C-C′′</b>) Neural expression of <i>FoxD</i> was detected only in the basal and floor plates of HyPTh. (<b>D-E′′</b>) <i>Nkx2</i>.<i>2</i> is expressed in the Rostral-HyPTh and Interm-HyPTh domains but not in Caudal-HyPTh (D-D′′), as observed by a large gap in a double in situ hybridization for <i>Nkx2</i>.<i>2</i> and <i>Gbx</i> <b>(E-E′′). (F-G′′)</b> Similarly, <i>Meis</i> mRNA is only detected in the basal plate of the Rostral and Intermediate domains of HyPTh <b>(F-F′′)</b>, leaving a gap of expression when combined with <i>IrxC</i> <b>(G-G′′).</b> Further expression of <i>Meis</i> is also detected in specific deuteroencephalic prototagma (DEU) areas <b>(F-F′′)</b>. (<b>H-H′′)</b> <i>Lef</i> is expressed in the basal plate of Rostral-HyPTh and Interm-HyPTh. Expression patterns correspond to lateral <b>(A-H)</b> or dorsal views <b>(A′-H′)</b> at the 21 h post fertilization (hpf) embryonic stage and are represented in schematics dorsal views <b>(A′′-H′′)</b>. Somites (dotted lines) were used as main landmarks to localize the position of the patterns analyzed in the late neural plate. Scale bar: 50 μm.</p
The pretectum has a distinct nuclear arrangement and complex neurochemical anatomy. While previou... more The pretectum has a distinct nuclear arrangement and complex neurochemical anatomy. While previous genoarchitectural studies have described rostrocaudal and dorsoventral progenitor domains and subdomains in different species, the relationship between these early partitions and its later derivatives in the mature anatomy is less understood. The signals and transcription factors that control the establishment of pretectal anatomy are practically unknown. We investigated the possibility that some aspects of the development of pretectal divisions are controlled by Wnt signaling, focusing on the transitional stage between neurogenesis and histogenesis in zebrafish. Using several molecular markers and following the prosomeric model, we identified derivatives from each rostrocaudal pretectal progenitor domain and described the localization of gad1b-positive GABAergic and vglut2.2-positive glutamatergic cell clusters. We also attempted to relate these clusters to pretectal nuclei in the mat...
DEVELOPMENT OF A FORCED EXERCISE PROGRAM IN RATS FOR THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVIT... more DEVELOPMENT OF A FORCED EXERCISE PROGRAM IN RATS FOR THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE BRAIN A. Toval, R. Baños E. De la Cruz-Sánchez, J.G. Pallares, N. MoralesDelgado, A. Ayad, L. Puelles, J. L. Ferran. . Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. joseangel.toval@um.es . Functional Genoarchitecture group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. . Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia – IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital. University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
The pallium of birds and reptiles is analyzed in detail with regard to the classification of its ... more The pallium of birds and reptiles is analyzed in detail with regard to the classification of its natural subdivisions on the basis of the tetrapartite pallium model proposed in 2014 by the first author. The possibility to use genoarchitectural data for this task is connected with the fundamental criteria of homology, namely conserved topological position within a Bauplan and conserved developmental makeup. It is argued that systematic employment of a model facilitates the production of homology hypothesis. The case of the sauropsidian claustrum and insula is detailed. Finally, comments are offered about how models should be improved and on some recent publications discussed in this context. Informative figures accompany the text step by step.
We present here a thorough and complete analysis of mouse P0‐P140 prethalamic histogenetic subdiv... more We present here a thorough and complete analysis of mouse P0‐P140 prethalamic histogenetic subdivisions and corresponding nuclear derivatives, in the context of local tract landmarks. The study used as fundamental material brains from a transgenic mouse line that expresses LacZ under the control of an intragenic enhancer of Dlx5 and Dlx6 (Dlx5/6‐LacZ). Subtle shadings of LacZ signal, jointly with pan‐DLX immunoreaction, and several other ancillary protein or RNA markers, including Calb2 and Nkx2.2 ISH (for the prethalamic eminence, and derivatives of the rostral zona limitans shell domain, respectively) were mapped across the prethalamus. The resulting model of the prethalamic region postulates tetrapartite rostrocaudal and dorsoventral subdivisions, as well as a tripartite radial stratification, each cell population showing a characteristic molecular profile. Some novel nuclei are proposed, and some instances of potential tangential cell migration were noted.
Background One of the most unusual sources of phylogenetically restricted genes is the molecular ... more Background One of the most unusual sources of phylogenetically restricted genes is the molecular domestication of transposable elements into a host genome as functional genes. Although these kinds of events are sometimes at the core of key macroevolutionary changes, their origin and organismal function are generally poorly understood. Results Here, we identify several previously unreported transposable element domestication events in the human and mouse genomes. Among them, we find a remarkable molecular domestication that gave rise to a multigenic family in placental mammals, the Bex/Tceal gene cluster. These genes, which act as hub proteins within diverse signaling pathways, have been associated with neurological features of human patients carrying genomic microdeletions in chromosome X. The Bex/Tceal genes display neural-enriched patterns and are differentially expressed in human neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. Two different murine alleles of the cluster...
The human claustrum, a major hub of widespread neocortical connections, is a thin, bilateral shee... more The human claustrum, a major hub of widespread neocortical connections, is a thin, bilateral sheet of gray matter located between the insular cortex and the striatum. The subplate is a largely transient cortical structure that contains some of the earliest generated neurons of the cerebral cortex and has important developmental functions to establish intra‐ and extracortical connections. In human and macaque some subplate cells undergo regulated cell death, but some remain as interstitial white matter cells. In mouse and rat brains a compact layer is formed, Layer 6b, and it remains underneath the cortex, adjacent to the white matter. Whether Layer 6b in rodents is homologous to primate subplate or interstitial white matter cells is still debated. Gene expression patterns, such as those of Nurr1/Nr4a2, have suggested that the rodent subplate and the persistent subplate cells in Layer 6b and the claustrum might have similar origins. Moreover, the birthdates of the claustrum and Layer...
ABSTRACTThe transcription factor Nr4a2 was recently revealed as a very early developmental marker... more ABSTRACTThe transcription factor Nr4a2 was recently revealed as a very early developmental marker of the claustrum (CL) proper in the mouse. The earliest claustral primordium was identified superficially, dorsal to the olfactory cortex, and was subsequently covered by the Nr4a2‐negative cells of the insular cortex. Some tangentially migrating claustral derivatives (subplate cells and some endopiriform elements) also expressed this marker. The present study employs the same genetic marker to explore the presence of a comparable pallial division in chicken in which, in principle, the same pallial sectors exist as in mammals. We were indeed able to delineate an early‐developing Nr4a2‐positive mantle domain at the expected topologic position within the developing chicken lateral pallium. In the chicken as well as in the turtle (from data in the literature), the earliest postmitotic lateropallial cells likewise express Nr4a2 and occupy a corticoid superficial stratum of the mesopallium, ...
Maternal thyroid hormones (THs) are important in early brain development long before the onset of... more Maternal thyroid hormones (THs) are important in early brain development long before the onset of embryonic TH secretion, but information about the regulation of TH availability in the brain at these early stages is still limited. We therefore investigated in detail the mRNA distribution pattern of the TH activating type 2 and inactivating type 3 deiodinases (D2 and D3) and the TH transporters, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 (Oatp1c1) and monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8), in chicken embryonic brain as well as in retina and inner ear from day 3 to day 10 of development. Oatp1c1, Mct8 and D3 are expressed in the choroid plexus and its precursors allowing selective uptake of THs at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier with subsequent inactivation of excess hormone. In contrast, the developing blood-brain-barrier does not express Oatp1c1 or Mct8 but appears to be a site for TH activation by D2. Expression of D3 in several sensory brain centers may serve as protection against premature TH action. Expression of D2 and Mct8 but not D3 in the developing pituitary gland allows accumulation of active THs even at early stages. Mct8 is widely expressed in gray matter throughout the brain. This is the first comprehensive study on the dynamic distribution pattern of TH-transporters and deiodinases at stages of embryonic brain development when only maternal THs are available. It provides the essential background for further research aimed at understanding early developmental processes depending on maternal THs.
Neurons can change their classical neurotransmitters during ontogeny, sometimes going through sta... more Neurons can change their classical neurotransmitters during ontogeny, sometimes going through stages of dual release. Here, we explored the development of the neurotransmitter identity of neurons of the avian nucleus isthmi parvocellularis (Ipc), whose axon terminals are retinotopically arranged in the optic tectum (TeO) and exert a focal gating effect upon the ascending transmission of retinal inputs. Although cholinergic and glutamatergic markers are both found in Ipc neurons and terminals of adult pigeons and chicks, the mRNA expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, VAChT, is weak or absent. To explore how the Ipc neurotransmitter identity is established during ontogeny, we analyzed the expression of mRNAs coding for cholinergic (ChAT, VAChT, and CHT) and glutamatergic (VGluT2 and VGluT3) markers in chick embryos at different developmental stages. We found that between E12 and E18, Ipc neurons expressed all cholinergic mRNAs and also VGluT2 mRNA; however, from E16 t...
<p><b>(A</b>) Summary of all identified anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (... more <p><b>(A</b>) Summary of all identified anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) partitions of the neural plate of amphioxus. (<b>B-B′′</b>) Topological comparison of major molecular subdivisions between cephalochordates and vertebrates. (<b>C,C′</b>) Neural plate model highlighting the basal and alar plates of Rostral-hypothalamo–prethalamic primordium (Rostral-HyPTh) (orange) and the whole floor plate domain (gray) and its correspondence in a late larval stage (adapted from [<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001573#pbio.2001573.ref090" target="_blank">90</a>]). (<b>C′′</b>) Vertebrate neural tube highlighting the Terminal-Hypothalamic prosomere (orange) and the whole floor plate (grey).</p
<p><b>(A-A′′)</b> Combined <i>Fezf-Gbx</i> expression defines a gap... more <p><b>(A-A′′)</b> Combined <i>Fezf-Gbx</i> expression defines a gap of expression in the caudal archencephalic prototagma (ARCH), identified as the DiMes (as per <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001573#pbio.2001573.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3K and 3L</a>, for reference). <b>(B-E′′)</b> Whole-mount chromogenic in situ hybridization of <i>Pax4/6</i> <b>(B-B′′)</b> or <i>Six3/6</i> <b>(D-D′′)</b> alone or each one combined with <i>Gbx</i> in a double in situ hybridization <b>(C-C′′</b> and <b>E′-E′′</b>, respectively) reveal that both genes are expressed in the DiMes domain. The two arrowheads in <b>(D)</b> indicate the expression of <i>Six3/6</i> in Rostral-hypothalamo–prethalamic primordium (Rostral-HyPTh). (<b>F-F′′</b>) <i>Pou3f</i> is highly expressed in DiMes but with a decreased signal in the Rostral-HyPTh and Intermediate-HyPTh primordia and in some areas of the deuteroencephalic prototagma (DEU). (<b>G-G′′)</b> <i>Ebf</i> mRNA was detected in the DiMes and DEU domains. (<b>H-H′′)</b> <i>Sim</i> neural expression was observed exclusively in the DiMes domain at the analyzed stage. Expression patterns correspond to lateral <b>(A-H)</b> or dorsal views <b>(A′-H′)</b> at the 21 h post fertilization (hpf) embryonic stage and are represented in schematics dorsal views <b>(A′′-H′′)</b>. Somites (dotted lines) were used as main landmarks to localize the position of the patterns analyzed in the late neural plate. Scale bar: 50 μm.</p
<p><b>(A-A′′)</b> Combined <i>Fezf-Gbx</i> expression defines a <... more <p><b>(A-A′′)</b> Combined <i>Fezf-Gbx</i> expression defines a <i>Fezf</i>-positive rostral archencephalic prototagma (ARCH) territory identified as HyPTh (as per <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001573#pbio.2001573.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3K and 3L</a>, for reference). (<b>B-B′′</b>) <i>Rx</i> is specifically expressed throughout the entire HyPTh primordium. (<b>C-C′′</b>) Neural expression of <i>FoxD</i> was detected only in the basal and floor plates of HyPTh. (<b>D-E′′</b>) <i>Nkx2</i>.<i>2</i> is expressed in the Rostral-HyPTh and Interm-HyPTh domains but not in Caudal-HyPTh (D-D′′), as observed by a large gap in a double in situ hybridization for <i>Nkx2</i>.<i>2</i> and <i>Gbx</i> <b>(E-E′′). (F-G′′)</b> Similarly, <i>Meis</i> mRNA is only detected in the basal plate of the Rostral and Intermediate domains of HyPTh <b>(F-F′′)</b>, leaving a gap of expression when combined with <i>IrxC</i> <b>(G-G′′).</b> Further expression of <i>Meis</i> is also detected in specific deuteroencephalic prototagma (DEU) areas <b>(F-F′′)</b>. (<b>H-H′′)</b> <i>Lef</i> is expressed in the basal plate of Rostral-HyPTh and Interm-HyPTh. Expression patterns correspond to lateral <b>(A-H)</b> or dorsal views <b>(A′-H′)</b> at the 21 h post fertilization (hpf) embryonic stage and are represented in schematics dorsal views <b>(A′′-H′′)</b>. Somites (dotted lines) were used as main landmarks to localize the position of the patterns analyzed in the late neural plate. Scale bar: 50 μm.</p
The pretectum has a distinct nuclear arrangement and complex neurochemical anatomy. While previou... more The pretectum has a distinct nuclear arrangement and complex neurochemical anatomy. While previous genoarchitectural studies have described rostrocaudal and dorsoventral progenitor domains and subdomains in different species, the relationship between these early partitions and its later derivatives in the mature anatomy is less understood. The signals and transcription factors that control the establishment of pretectal anatomy are practically unknown. We investigated the possibility that some aspects of the development of pretectal divisions are controlled by Wnt signaling, focusing on the transitional stage between neurogenesis and histogenesis in zebrafish. Using several molecular markers and following the prosomeric model, we identified derivatives from each rostrocaudal pretectal progenitor domain and described the localization of gad1b-positive GABAergic and vglut2.2-positive glutamatergic cell clusters. We also attempted to relate these clusters to pretectal nuclei in the mat...
DEVELOPMENT OF A FORCED EXERCISE PROGRAM IN RATS FOR THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVIT... more DEVELOPMENT OF A FORCED EXERCISE PROGRAM IN RATS FOR THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE BRAIN A. Toval, R. Baños E. De la Cruz-Sánchez, J.G. Pallares, N. MoralesDelgado, A. Ayad, L. Puelles, J. L. Ferran. . Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. joseangel.toval@um.es . Functional Genoarchitecture group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. . Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia – IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital. University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
The pallium of birds and reptiles is analyzed in detail with regard to the classification of its ... more The pallium of birds and reptiles is analyzed in detail with regard to the classification of its natural subdivisions on the basis of the tetrapartite pallium model proposed in 2014 by the first author. The possibility to use genoarchitectural data for this task is connected with the fundamental criteria of homology, namely conserved topological position within a Bauplan and conserved developmental makeup. It is argued that systematic employment of a model facilitates the production of homology hypothesis. The case of the sauropsidian claustrum and insula is detailed. Finally, comments are offered about how models should be improved and on some recent publications discussed in this context. Informative figures accompany the text step by step.
We present here a thorough and complete analysis of mouse P0‐P140 prethalamic histogenetic subdiv... more We present here a thorough and complete analysis of mouse P0‐P140 prethalamic histogenetic subdivisions and corresponding nuclear derivatives, in the context of local tract landmarks. The study used as fundamental material brains from a transgenic mouse line that expresses LacZ under the control of an intragenic enhancer of Dlx5 and Dlx6 (Dlx5/6‐LacZ). Subtle shadings of LacZ signal, jointly with pan‐DLX immunoreaction, and several other ancillary protein or RNA markers, including Calb2 and Nkx2.2 ISH (for the prethalamic eminence, and derivatives of the rostral zona limitans shell domain, respectively) were mapped across the prethalamus. The resulting model of the prethalamic region postulates tetrapartite rostrocaudal and dorsoventral subdivisions, as well as a tripartite radial stratification, each cell population showing a characteristic molecular profile. Some novel nuclei are proposed, and some instances of potential tangential cell migration were noted.
Background One of the most unusual sources of phylogenetically restricted genes is the molecular ... more Background One of the most unusual sources of phylogenetically restricted genes is the molecular domestication of transposable elements into a host genome as functional genes. Although these kinds of events are sometimes at the core of key macroevolutionary changes, their origin and organismal function are generally poorly understood. Results Here, we identify several previously unreported transposable element domestication events in the human and mouse genomes. Among them, we find a remarkable molecular domestication that gave rise to a multigenic family in placental mammals, the Bex/Tceal gene cluster. These genes, which act as hub proteins within diverse signaling pathways, have been associated with neurological features of human patients carrying genomic microdeletions in chromosome X. The Bex/Tceal genes display neural-enriched patterns and are differentially expressed in human neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. Two different murine alleles of the cluster...
The human claustrum, a major hub of widespread neocortical connections, is a thin, bilateral shee... more The human claustrum, a major hub of widespread neocortical connections, is a thin, bilateral sheet of gray matter located between the insular cortex and the striatum. The subplate is a largely transient cortical structure that contains some of the earliest generated neurons of the cerebral cortex and has important developmental functions to establish intra‐ and extracortical connections. In human and macaque some subplate cells undergo regulated cell death, but some remain as interstitial white matter cells. In mouse and rat brains a compact layer is formed, Layer 6b, and it remains underneath the cortex, adjacent to the white matter. Whether Layer 6b in rodents is homologous to primate subplate or interstitial white matter cells is still debated. Gene expression patterns, such as those of Nurr1/Nr4a2, have suggested that the rodent subplate and the persistent subplate cells in Layer 6b and the claustrum might have similar origins. Moreover, the birthdates of the claustrum and Layer...
ABSTRACTThe transcription factor Nr4a2 was recently revealed as a very early developmental marker... more ABSTRACTThe transcription factor Nr4a2 was recently revealed as a very early developmental marker of the claustrum (CL) proper in the mouse. The earliest claustral primordium was identified superficially, dorsal to the olfactory cortex, and was subsequently covered by the Nr4a2‐negative cells of the insular cortex. Some tangentially migrating claustral derivatives (subplate cells and some endopiriform elements) also expressed this marker. The present study employs the same genetic marker to explore the presence of a comparable pallial division in chicken in which, in principle, the same pallial sectors exist as in mammals. We were indeed able to delineate an early‐developing Nr4a2‐positive mantle domain at the expected topologic position within the developing chicken lateral pallium. In the chicken as well as in the turtle (from data in the literature), the earliest postmitotic lateropallial cells likewise express Nr4a2 and occupy a corticoid superficial stratum of the mesopallium, ...
Maternal thyroid hormones (THs) are important in early brain development long before the onset of... more Maternal thyroid hormones (THs) are important in early brain development long before the onset of embryonic TH secretion, but information about the regulation of TH availability in the brain at these early stages is still limited. We therefore investigated in detail the mRNA distribution pattern of the TH activating type 2 and inactivating type 3 deiodinases (D2 and D3) and the TH transporters, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 (Oatp1c1) and monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8), in chicken embryonic brain as well as in retina and inner ear from day 3 to day 10 of development. Oatp1c1, Mct8 and D3 are expressed in the choroid plexus and its precursors allowing selective uptake of THs at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier with subsequent inactivation of excess hormone. In contrast, the developing blood-brain-barrier does not express Oatp1c1 or Mct8 but appears to be a site for TH activation by D2. Expression of D3 in several sensory brain centers may serve as protection against premature TH action. Expression of D2 and Mct8 but not D3 in the developing pituitary gland allows accumulation of active THs even at early stages. Mct8 is widely expressed in gray matter throughout the brain. This is the first comprehensive study on the dynamic distribution pattern of TH-transporters and deiodinases at stages of embryonic brain development when only maternal THs are available. It provides the essential background for further research aimed at understanding early developmental processes depending on maternal THs.
Neurons can change their classical neurotransmitters during ontogeny, sometimes going through sta... more Neurons can change their classical neurotransmitters during ontogeny, sometimes going through stages of dual release. Here, we explored the development of the neurotransmitter identity of neurons of the avian nucleus isthmi parvocellularis (Ipc), whose axon terminals are retinotopically arranged in the optic tectum (TeO) and exert a focal gating effect upon the ascending transmission of retinal inputs. Although cholinergic and glutamatergic markers are both found in Ipc neurons and terminals of adult pigeons and chicks, the mRNA expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, VAChT, is weak or absent. To explore how the Ipc neurotransmitter identity is established during ontogeny, we analyzed the expression of mRNAs coding for cholinergic (ChAT, VAChT, and CHT) and glutamatergic (VGluT2 and VGluT3) markers in chick embryos at different developmental stages. We found that between E12 and E18, Ipc neurons expressed all cholinergic mRNAs and also VGluT2 mRNA; however, from E16 t...
<p><b>(A</b>) Summary of all identified anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (... more <p><b>(A</b>) Summary of all identified anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) partitions of the neural plate of amphioxus. (<b>B-B′′</b>) Topological comparison of major molecular subdivisions between cephalochordates and vertebrates. (<b>C,C′</b>) Neural plate model highlighting the basal and alar plates of Rostral-hypothalamo–prethalamic primordium (Rostral-HyPTh) (orange) and the whole floor plate domain (gray) and its correspondence in a late larval stage (adapted from [<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001573#pbio.2001573.ref090" target="_blank">90</a>]). (<b>C′′</b>) Vertebrate neural tube highlighting the Terminal-Hypothalamic prosomere (orange) and the whole floor plate (grey).</p
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Papers by Jose Ferran