Faculty member of the Faculty of History, Nankai University. (2024-) Visiting Ph.D student of Department of West-Asian History, Kyoto University. (2022-2023) Ph.D of School of Chinese Classics, Renmin University of China. (2024) Research interests are history and languages of China's borderland during Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, especially the history of Xinjiang and Central Asia from 14-18CE. Manuscript and document of Persian, Chaghatay, Mongolian and Manchu languages. Dunhuang&Turfan Studies. History of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Supervisors: Oyunbilig Borjigidai and Isogai Kenichi
Journal of Minzu University of China (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition) 中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) , 2023
Two widespread smallpox epidemics occurred in the northwest China before and after the collapse o... more Two widespread smallpox epidemics occurred in the northwest China before and after the collapse of the Dzungar Khanate. The smallpox epidemic from 1743 to 1744 occurred in Yili, Urumqi and Yarkand, which resulted in the deaths of more than ten Jaisang of the Dzungar Khanate. The smallpox epidemic that accompanied the collapse of the Dzungar Khanate from 1755 to 1758 spreading across the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains led to the rise of exiles and population deaths in large numbers. By reviewing documents, claims by some scholars that the Qing army brought smallpox to the Junggar is proved to unsubstantiated. Smallpox indeed had long existed inside Junggar and neighboring places around Dzungar society and there were once many outbreaks. During the fall of Dzungar Khanate, internal strife, war and famine disintergrated the social order of the Dzungar. The smallpox which had always existed encountered the conditions of a large outbreak. The social disorder made the spread of the virus more unscrupulous, which in turn aggravated the social disorder, and accompanied by famine and war. These situations had made the Dzungar society fall into the abyss.
准噶尔汗国覆灭前后,西北地区发生了两次大规模天花疫情。乾隆八年(1743)到九年(1744)的天花疫情发生在伊犁、乌鲁木齐、叶尔羌等地,导致了准噶尔汗国十余名宰桑身亡。乾隆二十年(1755)到二十三年(1758)的天花疫情伴随着准噶尔汗国的灭亡,遍布天山南北,导致流民四起,人口大量死亡。通过档案文书的解读可以发现,一些学者声称的清军给准噶尔带来天花的观点缺乏依据,天花在准噶尔社会及周边早已存在,并多次暴发。准噶尔汗国覆灭之际,内讧、战乱、饥荒使得准噶尔社会秩序瓦解,本就一直存在的天花有了大暴发的条件,社会的失序使得病毒的传播更加肆无忌惮,又反过来加剧社会的失序,并伴随着饥荒、战火将准噶尔社会拉入深渊。
Yearbook of Studies on Manchu History and Linguistics 滿學歷史語言研究集刊 , 2022
The mausoleum map “Lingqin weizhi gongcheng moxing liyangtushi”(TMA 2748 /3443) collected in the ... more The mausoleum map “Lingqin weizhi gongcheng moxing liyangtushi”(TMA 2748 /3443) collected in the Harvard-Yenching Library is an early design Yang shi Lei map of Chongling Feiyuanqin during the Xuantong period. Through the study of the mausoleum map, it can be found that the design of Chongling Feiyuanqin is based on the Huiling Feiyuanqin and reconstructed according to local conditions. The Manchu mileage book is a compilation of mileage lists for emperors’visits to mausoleums and tours of inspection during the Daoguang period. It may be the files retained at the Xiangdaochu. By referring to historical materials such as documents and archives, we can make a detailed study of the complex process of mausoleum’s building in the Daoguang period and the system of emperor’s parade and mausoleum worship in the Qing Dynasty. 哈佛大學燕京圖書館所藏“陵寢位置工程模形立樣圖式”(TMA2748/3443) 中的陵寢圖是宣統年間崇陵妃園寢的早期設計圖樣,屬於樣式雷圖。通過對陵寢圖的研究可以發現崇陵妃園寢的設計是在模仿惠陵妃園寢的基礎上參考實地條件進行調整的產物。滿文里程冊是道光一朝皇帝謁陵、出巡的里程單彙編,有可能是嚮導處留存的檔簿。以里程冊參照文獻、檔案等史料,可以對道光一朝複雜的建陵過程和清朝皇帝巡遊、謁陵制度進行細緻研究。
China's Borderland History and Geography Studies 中国边疆史地研究, 2021
The political changes in Turfan area during the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty were ver... more The political changes in Turfan area during the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty were very complicated, and the previous studies have not made a clear discussion. According to the Uighur and Mongolian language documents unearthed in Turfan and other places and referring to the Chinese and Persian historical books, it can be seen that after the Chagatai Khanate controlled Turfan, “Qočo Iduqud” was set up to manage the area. Turfan once broke away from the control of Khanate after the death of Tughlugh Temur. After that, several Khans occupied Turfan again, strengthened the control over Turfan in different forms, expelled Turfan's local forces, and changed Turfan's political structure. At the same time, Islam rose and Buddhism declined. Through the efforts of several generations of rulers, Turfan gradually became the eastern political center of Eastern Chagatai Khanate. 元末明初察合台汗国控制吐鲁番后,另立了“高昌亦都护”。东察合台汗国大汗秃黑鲁帖木儿死后,吐鲁番一度脱离汗国的控制。此后的几位大汗重新占领吐鲁番,并以不同形式加强对吐鲁番的管辖,驱逐了吐鲁番的本土势力,改变了吐鲁番的政治架构。与此同时,伊斯兰教崛起,佛教走向凋零。通过几代统治者的努力,吐鲁番逐渐成为东察合台汗国东部的政治中心。
Turfan Bek Manggalik was a ruler of Turfan area with the support of the Zunghars. When the Qing a... more Turfan Bek Manggalik was a ruler of Turfan area with the support of the Zunghars. When the Qing army attacked Dawaci, he surrendered to the Qing Empire and ended the long-term history of Turfan’s freedom from the rule of Dynasties on the Central Plains. The submission of Manggalik provided the Qing army with an important military and logistics base in the western regions and accelerated the process of defeating the Zunghars and the control of the Uyghur regions. After that, the Qing Empire began to adjust the local ruling order that had formed during the long-term following of Zunghar and moved Emin Khwaja back to Turfan to contain Manggalik’s power. The political pattern of dividing the East and West was formed in Turfan. After Manggalik was involved in a rebellion and was killed, his followers were temporarily put under the control of Emin Khwaja. In order to control the Emin Khwaja families’ power, the Qing Empire adjusted the political structure of Turfan many times, and set up the Grand Minister Superintendent of Pichan and the Leading Grand Minister of Turfan to separate powers, which reflected the Qing Empire’s extremely flexible and pragmatic border governance strategy.
吐鲁番伯克莽噶里克是准噶尔任命的吐鲁番地区统治者,于清军征讨达瓦齐之际归附清朝, 结束了吐鲁番地区长期游离于中原王朝统治之外的历史。莽噶里克的归附使清军在西域有了重要的军事和 后勤基地,加速了准噶尔的灭亡和控制回部的进程。莽噶里克归附后,清朝着手调整当地在长期追随准噶 尔期间形成的统治秩序,将额敏和卓迁回吐鲁番,牵制莽噶里克的势力。又为其编设旗佐,将扎萨克制度 引入,吐鲁番形成了东西分治的政治格局。莽噶里克卷入叛乱被杀后,其部众暂时被交由额敏和卓管束。 为了防止额敏和卓家族在吐鲁番一家独大,清朝又多次调整吐鲁番政治格局,设置辟展办事大臣、吐鲁番 领队大臣等予以分权,反映出清朝极为灵活务实的边疆统治策略。
Historical and Philological Studies of China's Western Regions 西域歷史語言研究集刊, 2019
As a significant classic, Four Books and Five Classics (Sishu Wujing) influences the politics, et... more As a significant classic, Four Books and Five Classics (Sishu Wujing) influences the politics, ethics and culture of ancient Chinese society. It was translated from Chinese to Manchu language in Qing dynasty. After being amended several times, it was finished in Qianlong Period eventually and be a part of Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature (Siku Quanshu) with the name of Qinding Sishu Wujing. There are lots of political proper nouns such as names of ancient emperors and the names of Huaxia-Siyi which do not exist in Manchu language. By analyzing the translation method of political proper nouns in Four Books and Five Classics, and contrasting the discrepancies between old version and new version, the official ideology’s changes of Qing dynasty can be found. 四書五經作為影響中國古代社會政治、倫理、文化的重要經典,在清初被翻譯為滿文,並經過多次厘定,最終於乾隆時期定型,以《欽定四書五經》之名收入《四庫全書》之中。四書五經中有大量的帝王稱謂、華夏四夷名稱等政治類詞彙,這些都為滿文化所無。通過分析四書五經中政治類詞彙的譯法,並對照舊譯、新譯之差異,可以看出等級觀、天下觀、華夷觀等清朝官方意識形態的變遷。
Journal of Sun Yat-sen University (social science edition) 中山大学学报(社会科学版), 2019
The Liuyanzhai Biji (Notes from Liuyan Studio) written by Li Rihua who lived in the late Ming Dyn... more The Liuyanzhai Biji (Notes from Liuyan Studio) written by Li Rihua who lived in the late Ming Dynasty recorded the Bsod nams rnam rgyal’s experiences from East India to the Ming Empire detailedly. But there are many mistakes and confusion in the text. The records of his life were vague even contradictory. The route was extremely chaotic. And the local customs especially the development of Buddhism were not in accordance with historical facts. Many details were similar to the records of Xuanzang. It can be concluded that most of the experiences of him were out of fabrication. And the motivation should be to raise his status, attract attention of court and get preferential treatment by taking advantage of the court’s attention to monk from India or Tibet and the strangeness to the Western Regions. Through the textual research on the history, geography and relevant contents of the western region, we can prove the falseness of the text. In addition, this artical emphasizes the importance of the study of historical materials in allusion to some scholars’ credulity to this text.
明末李日华所著《六研斋笔记》,详细记载了“梵僧”锁喃嚷结东来大明的缘由与经历,然而其中错乱甚多:关于锁喃嚷结身世的记载模糊不清甚至自相矛盾;经行路线极度混乱,不合常理;所记沿途风土人情,特别是佛教发展状况不符合史实;许多细节与《大唐西域记》《大慈恩寺三藏法师传》雷同。由此可以断定:锁喃嚷结的经历大多出于拼凑与杜撰,其动机应当是利用明廷优待番僧的惯例以及明人对于西域状况的陌生,通过编造经历来提高身价,从而获得朝廷优宠。通过对锁喃嚷结行记涉及的西域历史地理及相关内容的考证,可以证明该行记内容的虚假性,并对前人对锁喃嚷结行记无批判的简单利用加以检讨。
At the time of the Qing Empire's pacification of Dzungar, Turfan was in the gap between the Qing ... more At the time of the Qing Empire's pacification of Dzungar, Turfan was in the gap between the Qing Empire and Dzungar, and it was the focus of intense competition between the two sides. Manggalik, the ruler of Turfan, was the descendant of Turfan bek. After the Qing army withdrew from Turfan in 1725, it was in fact beyond the control of the Qing Empire. Manggalik was awarded the title of Erke Darhan by Galdan Tseren and dominated Turfan with the support of Dzungar. In 1754, when the Qing army was attacking Dawaci, Manggalik judged the situation and led the people to surrender to the Qing Empire. He provided a large amount of military food for the Qing army, which was very popular with the emperor and ministers of the Qing Empire. In order to strengthen the management of Turfan area, the Qing government transferred Emin Hojo, who had moved to Guazhou for decades, back to divide the land with Manggalik. And then they were formed into the Banners and set up assistant, which made the Qing army further stand firm in the northwest battlefield. Manggalik was awarded the title of Jasak gung. Not long after that, Manggalik was involved in an anti Qing movement launched by some Jaisang and Taiji of Dzungar. The Qing government accused him of participating in the rebellion. Although the accusations against Manggalik were full of loopholes, the Qing government still firmly believed that he participated in the rebellion and ordered Emin Hojo, Fukui and others to deal with relevant issues. Manggalik went to the Qing army camp to prove his innocence but was killed by Fu Kui and his family members were also slaughtered. The so-called fact of Manggalik's rebellion is a case of injustice. It is an action of Emin Hojo, with the support of the Qing government, to eliminate the political forces once attached to Dzungar. However, the historical writing about the rebellion of Manggalik was formed, and became the political legitimacy source of Emin Hojo's ruling. After Manggalik's death, his territory was temporarily managed by Emin Hojo families, and the east-west division of Turfan ended. After putting down the rebellion of Burhan al-Din and Khwaja Jinan, the Qing government, in order to restrict the power of Emin Hojo family, separated the territory of former Manggalik from the jurisdiction of Emin Hojo family. Manggalik Bek was between the two political forces of Qing Empire and Dzungar, and had a close relationship with the two sides. Therefore, he fell into the game between the two sides and became a political victim. Manggalik is an excellent sample to study the complex relationship between Turfan, Dzungar and Qing Empire. This paper takes the rise and fall of Darhan Bek/Jasak Gung Manggalik as the main line, a large number of Chinese-Manchu documents were used to study the relationship between Manggalik and Dzungar, the governing strategy of Dzungar for Uyghur area and the social situation of Uyghur area at that time. This paper analyzes the specific and targeted ruling strategies adopted after the Qing Empire extended the power network into Turfan, and the repercussions caused by them. Through the study of documents, the historical writing of the rebellion of Manggalik was overthrown, and the gains and losses of the northwest strategy of the Qing Empire were reviewed.
Journal of Minzu University of China (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition) 中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) , 2023
Two widespread smallpox epidemics occurred in the northwest China before and after the collapse o... more Two widespread smallpox epidemics occurred in the northwest China before and after the collapse of the Dzungar Khanate. The smallpox epidemic from 1743 to 1744 occurred in Yili, Urumqi and Yarkand, which resulted in the deaths of more than ten Jaisang of the Dzungar Khanate. The smallpox epidemic that accompanied the collapse of the Dzungar Khanate from 1755 to 1758 spreading across the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains led to the rise of exiles and population deaths in large numbers. By reviewing documents, claims by some scholars that the Qing army brought smallpox to the Junggar is proved to unsubstantiated. Smallpox indeed had long existed inside Junggar and neighboring places around Dzungar society and there were once many outbreaks. During the fall of Dzungar Khanate, internal strife, war and famine disintergrated the social order of the Dzungar. The smallpox which had always existed encountered the conditions of a large outbreak. The social disorder made the spread of the virus more unscrupulous, which in turn aggravated the social disorder, and accompanied by famine and war. These situations had made the Dzungar society fall into the abyss.
准噶尔汗国覆灭前后,西北地区发生了两次大规模天花疫情。乾隆八年(1743)到九年(1744)的天花疫情发生在伊犁、乌鲁木齐、叶尔羌等地,导致了准噶尔汗国十余名宰桑身亡。乾隆二十年(1755)到二十三年(1758)的天花疫情伴随着准噶尔汗国的灭亡,遍布天山南北,导致流民四起,人口大量死亡。通过档案文书的解读可以发现,一些学者声称的清军给准噶尔带来天花的观点缺乏依据,天花在准噶尔社会及周边早已存在,并多次暴发。准噶尔汗国覆灭之际,内讧、战乱、饥荒使得准噶尔社会秩序瓦解,本就一直存在的天花有了大暴发的条件,社会的失序使得病毒的传播更加肆无忌惮,又反过来加剧社会的失序,并伴随着饥荒、战火将准噶尔社会拉入深渊。
Yearbook of Studies on Manchu History and Linguistics 滿學歷史語言研究集刊 , 2022
The mausoleum map “Lingqin weizhi gongcheng moxing liyangtushi”(TMA 2748 /3443) collected in the ... more The mausoleum map “Lingqin weizhi gongcheng moxing liyangtushi”(TMA 2748 /3443) collected in the Harvard-Yenching Library is an early design Yang shi Lei map of Chongling Feiyuanqin during the Xuantong period. Through the study of the mausoleum map, it can be found that the design of Chongling Feiyuanqin is based on the Huiling Feiyuanqin and reconstructed according to local conditions. The Manchu mileage book is a compilation of mileage lists for emperors’visits to mausoleums and tours of inspection during the Daoguang period. It may be the files retained at the Xiangdaochu. By referring to historical materials such as documents and archives, we can make a detailed study of the complex process of mausoleum’s building in the Daoguang period and the system of emperor’s parade and mausoleum worship in the Qing Dynasty. 哈佛大學燕京圖書館所藏“陵寢位置工程模形立樣圖式”(TMA2748/3443) 中的陵寢圖是宣統年間崇陵妃園寢的早期設計圖樣,屬於樣式雷圖。通過對陵寢圖的研究可以發現崇陵妃園寢的設計是在模仿惠陵妃園寢的基礎上參考實地條件進行調整的產物。滿文里程冊是道光一朝皇帝謁陵、出巡的里程單彙編,有可能是嚮導處留存的檔簿。以里程冊參照文獻、檔案等史料,可以對道光一朝複雜的建陵過程和清朝皇帝巡遊、謁陵制度進行細緻研究。
China's Borderland History and Geography Studies 中国边疆史地研究, 2021
The political changes in Turfan area during the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty were ver... more The political changes in Turfan area during the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty were very complicated, and the previous studies have not made a clear discussion. According to the Uighur and Mongolian language documents unearthed in Turfan and other places and referring to the Chinese and Persian historical books, it can be seen that after the Chagatai Khanate controlled Turfan, “Qočo Iduqud” was set up to manage the area. Turfan once broke away from the control of Khanate after the death of Tughlugh Temur. After that, several Khans occupied Turfan again, strengthened the control over Turfan in different forms, expelled Turfan's local forces, and changed Turfan's political structure. At the same time, Islam rose and Buddhism declined. Through the efforts of several generations of rulers, Turfan gradually became the eastern political center of Eastern Chagatai Khanate. 元末明初察合台汗国控制吐鲁番后,另立了“高昌亦都护”。东察合台汗国大汗秃黑鲁帖木儿死后,吐鲁番一度脱离汗国的控制。此后的几位大汗重新占领吐鲁番,并以不同形式加强对吐鲁番的管辖,驱逐了吐鲁番的本土势力,改变了吐鲁番的政治架构。与此同时,伊斯兰教崛起,佛教走向凋零。通过几代统治者的努力,吐鲁番逐渐成为东察合台汗国东部的政治中心。
Turfan Bek Manggalik was a ruler of Turfan area with the support of the Zunghars. When the Qing a... more Turfan Bek Manggalik was a ruler of Turfan area with the support of the Zunghars. When the Qing army attacked Dawaci, he surrendered to the Qing Empire and ended the long-term history of Turfan’s freedom from the rule of Dynasties on the Central Plains. The submission of Manggalik provided the Qing army with an important military and logistics base in the western regions and accelerated the process of defeating the Zunghars and the control of the Uyghur regions. After that, the Qing Empire began to adjust the local ruling order that had formed during the long-term following of Zunghar and moved Emin Khwaja back to Turfan to contain Manggalik’s power. The political pattern of dividing the East and West was formed in Turfan. After Manggalik was involved in a rebellion and was killed, his followers were temporarily put under the control of Emin Khwaja. In order to control the Emin Khwaja families’ power, the Qing Empire adjusted the political structure of Turfan many times, and set up the Grand Minister Superintendent of Pichan and the Leading Grand Minister of Turfan to separate powers, which reflected the Qing Empire’s extremely flexible and pragmatic border governance strategy.
吐鲁番伯克莽噶里克是准噶尔任命的吐鲁番地区统治者,于清军征讨达瓦齐之际归附清朝, 结束了吐鲁番地区长期游离于中原王朝统治之外的历史。莽噶里克的归附使清军在西域有了重要的军事和 后勤基地,加速了准噶尔的灭亡和控制回部的进程。莽噶里克归附后,清朝着手调整当地在长期追随准噶 尔期间形成的统治秩序,将额敏和卓迁回吐鲁番,牵制莽噶里克的势力。又为其编设旗佐,将扎萨克制度 引入,吐鲁番形成了东西分治的政治格局。莽噶里克卷入叛乱被杀后,其部众暂时被交由额敏和卓管束。 为了防止额敏和卓家族在吐鲁番一家独大,清朝又多次调整吐鲁番政治格局,设置辟展办事大臣、吐鲁番 领队大臣等予以分权,反映出清朝极为灵活务实的边疆统治策略。
Historical and Philological Studies of China's Western Regions 西域歷史語言研究集刊, 2019
As a significant classic, Four Books and Five Classics (Sishu Wujing) influences the politics, et... more As a significant classic, Four Books and Five Classics (Sishu Wujing) influences the politics, ethics and culture of ancient Chinese society. It was translated from Chinese to Manchu language in Qing dynasty. After being amended several times, it was finished in Qianlong Period eventually and be a part of Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature (Siku Quanshu) with the name of Qinding Sishu Wujing. There are lots of political proper nouns such as names of ancient emperors and the names of Huaxia-Siyi which do not exist in Manchu language. By analyzing the translation method of political proper nouns in Four Books and Five Classics, and contrasting the discrepancies between old version and new version, the official ideology’s changes of Qing dynasty can be found. 四書五經作為影響中國古代社會政治、倫理、文化的重要經典,在清初被翻譯為滿文,並經過多次厘定,最終於乾隆時期定型,以《欽定四書五經》之名收入《四庫全書》之中。四書五經中有大量的帝王稱謂、華夏四夷名稱等政治類詞彙,這些都為滿文化所無。通過分析四書五經中政治類詞彙的譯法,並對照舊譯、新譯之差異,可以看出等級觀、天下觀、華夷觀等清朝官方意識形態的變遷。
Journal of Sun Yat-sen University (social science edition) 中山大学学报(社会科学版), 2019
The Liuyanzhai Biji (Notes from Liuyan Studio) written by Li Rihua who lived in the late Ming Dyn... more The Liuyanzhai Biji (Notes from Liuyan Studio) written by Li Rihua who lived in the late Ming Dynasty recorded the Bsod nams rnam rgyal’s experiences from East India to the Ming Empire detailedly. But there are many mistakes and confusion in the text. The records of his life were vague even contradictory. The route was extremely chaotic. And the local customs especially the development of Buddhism were not in accordance with historical facts. Many details were similar to the records of Xuanzang. It can be concluded that most of the experiences of him were out of fabrication. And the motivation should be to raise his status, attract attention of court and get preferential treatment by taking advantage of the court’s attention to monk from India or Tibet and the strangeness to the Western Regions. Through the textual research on the history, geography and relevant contents of the western region, we can prove the falseness of the text. In addition, this artical emphasizes the importance of the study of historical materials in allusion to some scholars’ credulity to this text.
明末李日华所著《六研斋笔记》,详细记载了“梵僧”锁喃嚷结东来大明的缘由与经历,然而其中错乱甚多:关于锁喃嚷结身世的记载模糊不清甚至自相矛盾;经行路线极度混乱,不合常理;所记沿途风土人情,特别是佛教发展状况不符合史实;许多细节与《大唐西域记》《大慈恩寺三藏法师传》雷同。由此可以断定:锁喃嚷结的经历大多出于拼凑与杜撰,其动机应当是利用明廷优待番僧的惯例以及明人对于西域状况的陌生,通过编造经历来提高身价,从而获得朝廷优宠。通过对锁喃嚷结行记涉及的西域历史地理及相关内容的考证,可以证明该行记内容的虚假性,并对前人对锁喃嚷结行记无批判的简单利用加以检讨。
At the time of the Qing Empire's pacification of Dzungar, Turfan was in the gap between the Qing ... more At the time of the Qing Empire's pacification of Dzungar, Turfan was in the gap between the Qing Empire and Dzungar, and it was the focus of intense competition between the two sides. Manggalik, the ruler of Turfan, was the descendant of Turfan bek. After the Qing army withdrew from Turfan in 1725, it was in fact beyond the control of the Qing Empire. Manggalik was awarded the title of Erke Darhan by Galdan Tseren and dominated Turfan with the support of Dzungar. In 1754, when the Qing army was attacking Dawaci, Manggalik judged the situation and led the people to surrender to the Qing Empire. He provided a large amount of military food for the Qing army, which was very popular with the emperor and ministers of the Qing Empire. In order to strengthen the management of Turfan area, the Qing government transferred Emin Hojo, who had moved to Guazhou for decades, back to divide the land with Manggalik. And then they were formed into the Banners and set up assistant, which made the Qing army further stand firm in the northwest battlefield. Manggalik was awarded the title of Jasak gung. Not long after that, Manggalik was involved in an anti Qing movement launched by some Jaisang and Taiji of Dzungar. The Qing government accused him of participating in the rebellion. Although the accusations against Manggalik were full of loopholes, the Qing government still firmly believed that he participated in the rebellion and ordered Emin Hojo, Fukui and others to deal with relevant issues. Manggalik went to the Qing army camp to prove his innocence but was killed by Fu Kui and his family members were also slaughtered. The so-called fact of Manggalik's rebellion is a case of injustice. It is an action of Emin Hojo, with the support of the Qing government, to eliminate the political forces once attached to Dzungar. However, the historical writing about the rebellion of Manggalik was formed, and became the political legitimacy source of Emin Hojo's ruling. After Manggalik's death, his territory was temporarily managed by Emin Hojo families, and the east-west division of Turfan ended. After putting down the rebellion of Burhan al-Din and Khwaja Jinan, the Qing government, in order to restrict the power of Emin Hojo family, separated the territory of former Manggalik from the jurisdiction of Emin Hojo family. Manggalik Bek was between the two political forces of Qing Empire and Dzungar, and had a close relationship with the two sides. Therefore, he fell into the game between the two sides and became a political victim. Manggalik is an excellent sample to study the complex relationship between Turfan, Dzungar and Qing Empire. This paper takes the rise and fall of Darhan Bek/Jasak Gung Manggalik as the main line, a large number of Chinese-Manchu documents were used to study the relationship between Manggalik and Dzungar, the governing strategy of Dzungar for Uyghur area and the social situation of Uyghur area at that time. This paper analyzes the specific and targeted ruling strategies adopted after the Qing Empire extended the power network into Turfan, and the repercussions caused by them. Through the study of documents, the historical writing of the rebellion of Manggalik was overthrown, and the gains and losses of the northwest strategy of the Qing Empire were reviewed.
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准噶尔汗国覆灭前后,西北地区发生了两次大规模天花疫情。乾隆八年(1743)到九年(1744)的天花疫情发生在伊犁、乌鲁木齐、叶尔羌等地,导致了准噶尔汗国十余名宰桑身亡。乾隆二十年(1755)到二十三年(1758)的天花疫情伴随着准噶尔汗国的灭亡,遍布天山南北,导致流民四起,人口大量死亡。通过档案文书的解读可以发现,一些学者声称的清军给准噶尔带来天花的观点缺乏依据,天花在准噶尔社会及周边早已存在,并多次暴发。准噶尔汗国覆灭之际,内讧、战乱、饥荒使得准噶尔社会秩序瓦解,本就一直存在的天花有了大暴发的条件,社会的失序使得病毒的传播更加肆无忌惮,又反过来加剧社会的失序,并伴随着饥荒、战火将准噶尔社会拉入深渊。
哈佛大學燕京圖書館所藏“陵寢位置工程模形立樣圖式”(TMA2748/3443) 中的陵寢圖是宣統年間崇陵妃園寢的早期設計圖樣,屬於樣式雷圖。通過對陵寢圖的研究可以發現崇陵妃園寢的設計是在模仿惠陵妃園寢的基礎上參考實地條件進行調整的產物。滿文里程冊是道光一朝皇帝謁陵、出巡的里程單彙編,有可能是嚮導處留存的檔簿。以里程冊參照文獻、檔案等史料,可以對道光一朝複雜的建陵過程和清朝皇帝巡遊、謁陵制度進行細緻研究。
吐鲁番伯克莽噶里克是准噶尔任命的吐鲁番地区统治者,于清军征讨达瓦齐之际归附清朝, 结束了吐鲁番地区长期游离于中原王朝统治之外的历史。莽噶里克的归附使清军在西域有了重要的军事和 后勤基地,加速了准噶尔的灭亡和控制回部的进程。莽噶里克归附后,清朝着手调整当地在长期追随准噶 尔期间形成的统治秩序,将额敏和卓迁回吐鲁番,牵制莽噶里克的势力。又为其编设旗佐,将扎萨克制度 引入,吐鲁番形成了东西分治的政治格局。莽噶里克卷入叛乱被杀后,其部众暂时被交由额敏和卓管束。 为了防止额敏和卓家族在吐鲁番一家独大,清朝又多次调整吐鲁番政治格局,设置辟展办事大臣、吐鲁番 领队大臣等予以分权,反映出清朝极为灵活务实的边疆统治策略。
四書五經作為影響中國古代社會政治、倫理、文化的重要經典,在清初被翻譯為滿文,並經過多次厘定,最終於乾隆時期定型,以《欽定四書五經》之名收入《四庫全書》之中。四書五經中有大量的帝王稱謂、華夏四夷名稱等政治類詞彙,這些都為滿文化所無。通過分析四書五經中政治類詞彙的譯法,並對照舊譯、新譯之差異,可以看出等級觀、天下觀、華夷觀等清朝官方意識形態的變遷。
明末李日华所著《六研斋笔记》,详细记载了“梵僧”锁喃嚷结东来大明的缘由与经历,然而其中错乱甚多:关于锁喃嚷结身世的记载模糊不清甚至自相矛盾;经行路线极度混乱,不合常理;所记沿途风土人情,特别是佛教发展状况不符合史实;许多细节与《大唐西域记》《大慈恩寺三藏法师传》雷同。由此可以断定:锁喃嚷结的经历大多出于拼凑与杜撰,其动机应当是利用明廷优待番僧的惯例以及明人对于西域状况的陌生,通过编造经历来提高身价,从而获得朝廷优宠。通过对锁喃嚷结行记涉及的西域历史地理及相关内容的考证,可以证明该行记内容的虚假性,并对前人对锁喃嚷结行记无批判的简单利用加以检讨。
Not long after that, Manggalik was involved in an anti Qing movement launched by some Jaisang and Taiji of Dzungar. The Qing government accused him of participating in the rebellion. Although the accusations against Manggalik were full of loopholes, the Qing government still firmly believed that he participated in the rebellion and ordered Emin Hojo, Fukui and others to deal with relevant issues. Manggalik went to the Qing army camp to prove his innocence but was killed by Fu Kui and his family members were also slaughtered. The so-called fact of Manggalik's rebellion is a case of injustice. It is an action of Emin Hojo, with the support of the Qing government, to eliminate the political forces once attached to Dzungar. However, the historical writing about the rebellion of Manggalik was formed, and became the political legitimacy source of Emin Hojo's ruling. After Manggalik's death, his territory was temporarily managed by Emin Hojo families, and the east-west division of Turfan ended. After putting down the rebellion of Burhan al-Din and Khwaja Jinan, the Qing government, in order to restrict the power of Emin Hojo family, separated the territory of former Manggalik from the jurisdiction of Emin Hojo family.
Manggalik Bek was between the two political forces of Qing Empire and Dzungar, and had a close relationship with the two sides. Therefore, he fell into the game between the two sides and became a political victim. Manggalik is an excellent sample to study the complex relationship between Turfan, Dzungar and Qing Empire. This paper takes the rise and fall of Darhan Bek/Jasak Gung Manggalik as the main line, a large number of Chinese-Manchu documents were used to study the relationship between Manggalik and Dzungar, the governing strategy of Dzungar for Uyghur area and the social situation of Uyghur area at that time. This paper analyzes the specific and targeted ruling strategies adopted after the Qing Empire extended the power network into Turfan, and the repercussions caused by them. Through the study of documents, the historical writing of the rebellion of Manggalik was overthrown, and the gains and losses of the northwest strategy of the Qing Empire were reviewed.
准噶尔汗国覆灭前后,西北地区发生了两次大规模天花疫情。乾隆八年(1743)到九年(1744)的天花疫情发生在伊犁、乌鲁木齐、叶尔羌等地,导致了准噶尔汗国十余名宰桑身亡。乾隆二十年(1755)到二十三年(1758)的天花疫情伴随着准噶尔汗国的灭亡,遍布天山南北,导致流民四起,人口大量死亡。通过档案文书的解读可以发现,一些学者声称的清军给准噶尔带来天花的观点缺乏依据,天花在准噶尔社会及周边早已存在,并多次暴发。准噶尔汗国覆灭之际,内讧、战乱、饥荒使得准噶尔社会秩序瓦解,本就一直存在的天花有了大暴发的条件,社会的失序使得病毒的传播更加肆无忌惮,又反过来加剧社会的失序,并伴随着饥荒、战火将准噶尔社会拉入深渊。
哈佛大學燕京圖書館所藏“陵寢位置工程模形立樣圖式”(TMA2748/3443) 中的陵寢圖是宣統年間崇陵妃園寢的早期設計圖樣,屬於樣式雷圖。通過對陵寢圖的研究可以發現崇陵妃園寢的設計是在模仿惠陵妃園寢的基礎上參考實地條件進行調整的產物。滿文里程冊是道光一朝皇帝謁陵、出巡的里程單彙編,有可能是嚮導處留存的檔簿。以里程冊參照文獻、檔案等史料,可以對道光一朝複雜的建陵過程和清朝皇帝巡遊、謁陵制度進行細緻研究。
吐鲁番伯克莽噶里克是准噶尔任命的吐鲁番地区统治者,于清军征讨达瓦齐之际归附清朝, 结束了吐鲁番地区长期游离于中原王朝统治之外的历史。莽噶里克的归附使清军在西域有了重要的军事和 后勤基地,加速了准噶尔的灭亡和控制回部的进程。莽噶里克归附后,清朝着手调整当地在长期追随准噶 尔期间形成的统治秩序,将额敏和卓迁回吐鲁番,牵制莽噶里克的势力。又为其编设旗佐,将扎萨克制度 引入,吐鲁番形成了东西分治的政治格局。莽噶里克卷入叛乱被杀后,其部众暂时被交由额敏和卓管束。 为了防止额敏和卓家族在吐鲁番一家独大,清朝又多次调整吐鲁番政治格局,设置辟展办事大臣、吐鲁番 领队大臣等予以分权,反映出清朝极为灵活务实的边疆统治策略。
四書五經作為影響中國古代社會政治、倫理、文化的重要經典,在清初被翻譯為滿文,並經過多次厘定,最終於乾隆時期定型,以《欽定四書五經》之名收入《四庫全書》之中。四書五經中有大量的帝王稱謂、華夏四夷名稱等政治類詞彙,這些都為滿文化所無。通過分析四書五經中政治類詞彙的譯法,並對照舊譯、新譯之差異,可以看出等級觀、天下觀、華夷觀等清朝官方意識形態的變遷。
明末李日华所著《六研斋笔记》,详细记载了“梵僧”锁喃嚷结东来大明的缘由与经历,然而其中错乱甚多:关于锁喃嚷结身世的记载模糊不清甚至自相矛盾;经行路线极度混乱,不合常理;所记沿途风土人情,特别是佛教发展状况不符合史实;许多细节与《大唐西域记》《大慈恩寺三藏法师传》雷同。由此可以断定:锁喃嚷结的经历大多出于拼凑与杜撰,其动机应当是利用明廷优待番僧的惯例以及明人对于西域状况的陌生,通过编造经历来提高身价,从而获得朝廷优宠。通过对锁喃嚷结行记涉及的西域历史地理及相关内容的考证,可以证明该行记内容的虚假性,并对前人对锁喃嚷结行记无批判的简单利用加以检讨。
Not long after that, Manggalik was involved in an anti Qing movement launched by some Jaisang and Taiji of Dzungar. The Qing government accused him of participating in the rebellion. Although the accusations against Manggalik were full of loopholes, the Qing government still firmly believed that he participated in the rebellion and ordered Emin Hojo, Fukui and others to deal with relevant issues. Manggalik went to the Qing army camp to prove his innocence but was killed by Fu Kui and his family members were also slaughtered. The so-called fact of Manggalik's rebellion is a case of injustice. It is an action of Emin Hojo, with the support of the Qing government, to eliminate the political forces once attached to Dzungar. However, the historical writing about the rebellion of Manggalik was formed, and became the political legitimacy source of Emin Hojo's ruling. After Manggalik's death, his territory was temporarily managed by Emin Hojo families, and the east-west division of Turfan ended. After putting down the rebellion of Burhan al-Din and Khwaja Jinan, the Qing government, in order to restrict the power of Emin Hojo family, separated the territory of former Manggalik from the jurisdiction of Emin Hojo family.
Manggalik Bek was between the two political forces of Qing Empire and Dzungar, and had a close relationship with the two sides. Therefore, he fell into the game between the two sides and became a political victim. Manggalik is an excellent sample to study the complex relationship between Turfan, Dzungar and Qing Empire. This paper takes the rise and fall of Darhan Bek/Jasak Gung Manggalik as the main line, a large number of Chinese-Manchu documents were used to study the relationship between Manggalik and Dzungar, the governing strategy of Dzungar for Uyghur area and the social situation of Uyghur area at that time. This paper analyzes the specific and targeted ruling strategies adopted after the Qing Empire extended the power network into Turfan, and the repercussions caused by them. Through the study of documents, the historical writing of the rebellion of Manggalik was overthrown, and the gains and losses of the northwest strategy of the Qing Empire were reviewed.