Assoc. Prof. Peipei Setoh is a developmental psychologist. Her research goal is to see children thrive and achieve their potential. To achieve this, her research examines parenting and children’s developmental outcomes. Address: Singapore
The present data are reported in the article "Parents With Greater Religiosity Lie Less to T... more The present data are reported in the article "Parents With Greater Religiosity Lie Less to Their Children" (Setoh et al., 2020). The dataset contains self-reported responses from 52 Singaporean parents. Parents completed the Singapore Parental Lying Scale, the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL), and reported their demographic information. For the Singapore Parental Lying Scale, parents indicated their likelihood of telling various lies using a confidence scale. The lie items belong to four categories - instrumental, white, cheating, and superstitious lies. We found that in contrast to Chinese and American parents, greater religiosity among Singaporean parents is related to less lying to children, with the exception of white lies. This pattern of findings suggests that the effect of religiosity on parental lying may be cultural- and religion-specific.
Much of the research on object individuation in infancy has used a task in which two different ob... more Much of the research on object individuation in infancy has used a task in which two different objects emerge in alternation from behind a large screen, which is then removed to reveal either one or two objects. In their seminal work, Xu and Carey (1996) found that it is typically not until the end of the first year that infants detect a violation when a single object is revealed. Since then, a large number of investigations have modified the standard task in various ways and found that young infants succeed with some but not with other modifications, yielding a complex and unwieldy picture. In this article, we argue that this confusing picture can be better understood by bringing to bear insights from a related subfield of infancy research, physical reasoning. By considering how infants reason about object information within and across physical events, we can make sense of apparently inconsistent findings from different object-individuation tasks. In turn, object-individuation findings deepen our understanding of how physical reasoning develops in infancy. Integrating the insights from physical-reasoning and object-individuation investigations thus enriches both subfields and brings about a clearer account of how infants represent objects and events.
BackgroundNeed for cognition (NFC) represents interindividual differences in tendencies to engage... more BackgroundNeed for cognition (NFC) represents interindividual differences in tendencies to engage and enjoy cognitive endeavors. Exploratory information seeking (EIS) refers to individual tendencies to attain cognitive stimulation through acquiring information related to consumer products or services out of curiosity.MethodsThe current study aims to provide an in‐depth investigation of the relationship between NFC and EIS and extend this relation to determine neuroanatomical correlates of NFC and EIS. This study proposed two central hypotheses: (1) NFC and EIS scores are positively correlated and (2) the gray matter volume (GMV) of brain regions implicated in motivation, valuation, and reward systems are positively associated with both NFC and EIS. Self‐report and structural MRI data of 91 Singaporean Chinese participants were utilized for the study.ResultsNo statistically significant correlation was revealed between NFC and EIS scores. Neuroanatomical associations of the GMV of brain regions implicated in visuospatial, attentional, and reward processing with individual constructs of interest were explored. When examining NFC and EIS scores, larger GMV in the right pallidum and left fusiform gyrus was found in participants that reported higher levels of NFC (vs. lower NFC levels), larger GMV in the left precuneus in those with greater tendencies to engage in EIS (vs. lower EIS levels), and larger GMV of the left fusiform gyrus associated with greater endorsement of both NFC and EIS. When investigating the exploratory factor analysis–generated factors of NFC and EIS, similar patterns of associations were found between self‐reported levels of agreement against factors and GMV of brain regions implicated.ConclusionsCorrelational analysis and exploratory factor analysis indicated the absence of a relationship between NFC and EIS. Additionally, voxel‐based morphometry whole‐brain analysis revealed neuroanatomical correlates of the GMV of brain regions implicated in visuospatial, attentional, and reward processing with NFC and EIS.
The other-race face recognition deficit is a robust finding in the literature on facial processin... more The other-race face recognition deficit is a robust finding in the literature on facial processing in humans. Although previous models of the other-race effect have proposed the role of experience and interracial contact, genetics have not been examined in the context of other-race face recognition. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene-environment interaction between early caregiving experience and with other-race face recognition in adults. Eighty-nine Singaporean adults were recruited and information on their early caregiving experiences was collected. Genotyping of the rs53576 oxytocin receptor gene in participants was also conducted. Participants completed a visual categorization task where they had to identify the race of face stimuli (Chinese or Javanese) and the time taken for participants to categorise the faces was measured. A significant main effect of early caregiving experience was found where reaction time was significantly slower in individuals with no other-race caregiving experience than individuals with who had other-race caregiving experience. In addition, only non-G carriers of rs53576 with no caregiving experience had a significantly slower reaction time compared to non-G carriers with other-race caregivers. This was not observed in G carriers, indicating a gene-environment interaction. These results highlight the role of early interracial contact on other-race face recognition and its interaction with genetics. Future studies can employ a longitudinal design for further insight into this gene-environment across development.
Background The cultural normativeness theory posits that specific parenting behaviors can be inte... more Background The cultural normativeness theory posits that specific parenting behaviors can be interpreted as displays of appropriate parenting in contexts where they are deemed normative. Previous studies suggest high acceptance of physical discipline in Singapore, where strict parenting could be interpreted as care for the child. However, there is a lack of studies on the local prevalence and implications of physical discipline. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Singaporean children experiencing parental physical discipline, longitudinal changes in this prevalence, and how exposure to physical discipline relates to children’s evaluation of their parents’ parenting. Methods Participants were 710 children with parental reports of physical discipline at one or more assessments at ages 4.5, 6, 9, and 11 years in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes birth cohort study. Parental reports of physical discipline were obtained using the Parenting Styles and Dim...
Criticism is commonly perceived as hurtful and individuals may respond differently to criticism o... more Criticism is commonly perceived as hurtful and individuals may respond differently to criticism originating from different sources. However, the influence of an individual’s perception of criticism in their social relationships on negative emotional reactions to criticism has not been examined across different relational contexts. The present study investigated the influence of perceived criticism and relational contexts–mother, father, romantic partner, and workplace supervisor–on the feelings of hurt and relational distancing experienced upon receiving criticism. Participants (N = 178) completed the Perceived Criticism Measure and read vignettes describing scenarios of personally directed criticism in the four relational contexts. Significant main effects of perceived criticism and source were found on levels of relational distancing. Participants who perceived their relational partner to be more critical experienced greater distancing upon receiving criticism from them. Greater r...
This article describes data collected from 130 two- to six-year-olds who participated in two expe... more This article describes data collected from 130 two- to six-year-olds who participated in two experimental studies conducted in Singapore preschools. The data presented herein are related to the research article entitled "Young Children's Intergroup Resource Allocation in Conventional and Moral Transgressions" [1]. Two datasets with accompanying program code for analyses are provided, corresponding to Experiment 1 (N = 66) and Experiment 2 (N = 64), which feature a conventional transgression and a moral transgression respectively. Each dataset includes information about basic demographics (age, gender, ethnicity), experimental conditions (where recipients' group membership and moral attributes were manipulated: ingroup transgressor/outgroup non-transgressor, or ingroup non-transgressor/outgroup transgressor), counterbalanced variables such as the left-right positions of recipients, as well as each participant's resource allocation decisions on four allocation tr...
Beyond practices and values: toward a physio-bioecological analysis of sleeping arrangements in e... more Beyond practices and values: toward a physio-bioecological analysis of sleeping arrangements in early infancy
The present data are reported in the article "Parents With Greater Religiosity Lie Less to T... more The present data are reported in the article "Parents With Greater Religiosity Lie Less to Their Children" (Setoh et al., 2020). The dataset contains self-reported responses from 52 Singaporean parents. Parents completed the Singapore Parental Lying Scale, the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL), and reported their demographic information. For the Singapore Parental Lying Scale, parents indicated their likelihood of telling various lies using a confidence scale. The lie items belong to four categories - instrumental, white, cheating, and superstitious lies. We found that in contrast to Chinese and American parents, greater religiosity among Singaporean parents is related to less lying to children, with the exception of white lies. This pattern of findings suggests that the effect of religiosity on parental lying may be cultural- and religion-specific.
Much of the research on object individuation in infancy has used a task in which two different ob... more Much of the research on object individuation in infancy has used a task in which two different objects emerge in alternation from behind a large screen, which is then removed to reveal either one or two objects. In their seminal work, Xu and Carey (1996) found that it is typically not until the end of the first year that infants detect a violation when a single object is revealed. Since then, a large number of investigations have modified the standard task in various ways and found that young infants succeed with some but not with other modifications, yielding a complex and unwieldy picture. In this article, we argue that this confusing picture can be better understood by bringing to bear insights from a related subfield of infancy research, physical reasoning. By considering how infants reason about object information within and across physical events, we can make sense of apparently inconsistent findings from different object-individuation tasks. In turn, object-individuation findings deepen our understanding of how physical reasoning develops in infancy. Integrating the insights from physical-reasoning and object-individuation investigations thus enriches both subfields and brings about a clearer account of how infants represent objects and events.
BackgroundNeed for cognition (NFC) represents interindividual differences in tendencies to engage... more BackgroundNeed for cognition (NFC) represents interindividual differences in tendencies to engage and enjoy cognitive endeavors. Exploratory information seeking (EIS) refers to individual tendencies to attain cognitive stimulation through acquiring information related to consumer products or services out of curiosity.MethodsThe current study aims to provide an in‐depth investigation of the relationship between NFC and EIS and extend this relation to determine neuroanatomical correlates of NFC and EIS. This study proposed two central hypotheses: (1) NFC and EIS scores are positively correlated and (2) the gray matter volume (GMV) of brain regions implicated in motivation, valuation, and reward systems are positively associated with both NFC and EIS. Self‐report and structural MRI data of 91 Singaporean Chinese participants were utilized for the study.ResultsNo statistically significant correlation was revealed between NFC and EIS scores. Neuroanatomical associations of the GMV of brain regions implicated in visuospatial, attentional, and reward processing with individual constructs of interest were explored. When examining NFC and EIS scores, larger GMV in the right pallidum and left fusiform gyrus was found in participants that reported higher levels of NFC (vs. lower NFC levels), larger GMV in the left precuneus in those with greater tendencies to engage in EIS (vs. lower EIS levels), and larger GMV of the left fusiform gyrus associated with greater endorsement of both NFC and EIS. When investigating the exploratory factor analysis–generated factors of NFC and EIS, similar patterns of associations were found between self‐reported levels of agreement against factors and GMV of brain regions implicated.ConclusionsCorrelational analysis and exploratory factor analysis indicated the absence of a relationship between NFC and EIS. Additionally, voxel‐based morphometry whole‐brain analysis revealed neuroanatomical correlates of the GMV of brain regions implicated in visuospatial, attentional, and reward processing with NFC and EIS.
The other-race face recognition deficit is a robust finding in the literature on facial processin... more The other-race face recognition deficit is a robust finding in the literature on facial processing in humans. Although previous models of the other-race effect have proposed the role of experience and interracial contact, genetics have not been examined in the context of other-race face recognition. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene-environment interaction between early caregiving experience and with other-race face recognition in adults. Eighty-nine Singaporean adults were recruited and information on their early caregiving experiences was collected. Genotyping of the rs53576 oxytocin receptor gene in participants was also conducted. Participants completed a visual categorization task where they had to identify the race of face stimuli (Chinese or Javanese) and the time taken for participants to categorise the faces was measured. A significant main effect of early caregiving experience was found where reaction time was significantly slower in individuals with no other-race caregiving experience than individuals with who had other-race caregiving experience. In addition, only non-G carriers of rs53576 with no caregiving experience had a significantly slower reaction time compared to non-G carriers with other-race caregivers. This was not observed in G carriers, indicating a gene-environment interaction. These results highlight the role of early interracial contact on other-race face recognition and its interaction with genetics. Future studies can employ a longitudinal design for further insight into this gene-environment across development.
Background The cultural normativeness theory posits that specific parenting behaviors can be inte... more Background The cultural normativeness theory posits that specific parenting behaviors can be interpreted as displays of appropriate parenting in contexts where they are deemed normative. Previous studies suggest high acceptance of physical discipline in Singapore, where strict parenting could be interpreted as care for the child. However, there is a lack of studies on the local prevalence and implications of physical discipline. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Singaporean children experiencing parental physical discipline, longitudinal changes in this prevalence, and how exposure to physical discipline relates to children’s evaluation of their parents’ parenting. Methods Participants were 710 children with parental reports of physical discipline at one or more assessments at ages 4.5, 6, 9, and 11 years in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes birth cohort study. Parental reports of physical discipline were obtained using the Parenting Styles and Dim...
Criticism is commonly perceived as hurtful and individuals may respond differently to criticism o... more Criticism is commonly perceived as hurtful and individuals may respond differently to criticism originating from different sources. However, the influence of an individual’s perception of criticism in their social relationships on negative emotional reactions to criticism has not been examined across different relational contexts. The present study investigated the influence of perceived criticism and relational contexts–mother, father, romantic partner, and workplace supervisor–on the feelings of hurt and relational distancing experienced upon receiving criticism. Participants (N = 178) completed the Perceived Criticism Measure and read vignettes describing scenarios of personally directed criticism in the four relational contexts. Significant main effects of perceived criticism and source were found on levels of relational distancing. Participants who perceived their relational partner to be more critical experienced greater distancing upon receiving criticism from them. Greater r...
This article describes data collected from 130 two- to six-year-olds who participated in two expe... more This article describes data collected from 130 two- to six-year-olds who participated in two experimental studies conducted in Singapore preschools. The data presented herein are related to the research article entitled "Young Children's Intergroup Resource Allocation in Conventional and Moral Transgressions" [1]. Two datasets with accompanying program code for analyses are provided, corresponding to Experiment 1 (N = 66) and Experiment 2 (N = 64), which feature a conventional transgression and a moral transgression respectively. Each dataset includes information about basic demographics (age, gender, ethnicity), experimental conditions (where recipients' group membership and moral attributes were manipulated: ingroup transgressor/outgroup non-transgressor, or ingroup non-transgressor/outgroup transgressor), counterbalanced variables such as the left-right positions of recipients, as well as each participant's resource allocation decisions on four allocation tr...
Beyond practices and values: toward a physio-bioecological analysis of sleeping arrangements in e... more Beyond practices and values: toward a physio-bioecological analysis of sleeping arrangements in early infancy
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