This paper examines the pregnant female body in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Zikora. The protagonis... more This paper examines the pregnant female body in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Zikora. The protagonist's experiences of loneliness, abandonment and struggle during her pregnancy are situated within diverse socio-political relations, including patriarchy, sexuality, immigrant status, romance, transnational background and generation gaps. Drawing on critical insights from body politics, especially Elaine Scarry's concept of conscious body, Michel Foucault's notion of body discipline and Elizabeth Grosz's phenomenological reading of lived bodies, the analysis explores how the protagonist Adichie challenges the traditional understanding of the female body as a mere biological object. The paper argues that through her bodily experiences, the protagonist gains agency to critique and reassess gender relations and stereotypes. The journey of selfdiscovery and subjectivity emerges as the protagonist's aching body becomes a window to perceive existing relationships and meanings, resulting in a revitalized understanding of her own body and its significance.
Intended to explore the status and potential areas of improvement of argumentative writing skills... more Intended to explore the status and potential areas of improvement of argumentative writing skills among graduate students of Nepal, this study assessed forty-seven argumentative essays written by graduate students majoring in English. Those essays were selected purposively, evaluated by multiple instructors, and analyzed by the researchers after developing inclusive and comprehensive rubrics that included both higherorder concerns (HOCs) and lower-order concerns (LOCs) visa -vis academic writing. The results revealed that the students' writing skills in demonstrating the essay's core elements were better than those of linguistics and technical aspects. It also showed that the students performed above the median score in all rubrics; however, it showed a significant performance gap among the students with regard to some of the parameters. Similarly, as per the qualitative findings, the students often conventionally used the core elements in terms of their placement and orders and relied more on the templates, although the study identified variations in expressions. The study concluded that although students performed well in major aspects of argumentation, they need more continuous support and formative feedback during the writing process to strengthen their argumentative writing skills. It also provided insights among the instructors about teaching writing skills to graduate students whose first language is not English.
Deuda songs, originating from the mid-and far-western regions of Nepal, represent a rich musical ... more Deuda songs, originating from the mid-and far-western regions of Nepal, represent a rich musical folk genre deeply rooted in the culture and lifestyle of the performing communities. This paper explores the Deuda songs as potential environment-oriented texts, aiming to unravel the environmental concerns and naturecentric devotion encapsulated within these melodies. By employing the lenses of cultural ecology and ecocritical perspective, this analysis sheds light on the intricate relationship between these folk songs and the natural world. Examining the Deuda songs reveals a profound emphasis on the coexistence and interdependence of human society and nature. The study finds that the lyrical content critiques anthropocentric activities and demonstrates a heightened ecological consciousness among the performers. These findings underscore the critical role played by the Deuda songs in fostering environmental awareness and their potential as powerful tools for environmental advocacy. Furthermore, this paper advocates for additional research to uncover the broader significance of the Deuda songs as integral components of the region's cultural heritage. It also proposes their incorporation into educational and environmental policies to enhance ecological consciousness on a wider scale. Recognizing the educational potential of the Deuda songs, this study encourages their inclusion in curricula to promote a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate connection between culture, nature, and sustainable living. Overall, the exploration of the Deuda songs serves as a gateway to a deeper understanding of environmental concerns within the cultural fabric of the mid-and far-western regions of Nepal.
This study investigates the learning content of government school textbooks in Nepal, analyzing t... more This study investigates the learning content of government school textbooks in Nepal, analyzing their political implications and their role in cultivating a national character. By considering the textbooks as cultural products, the research examines the learning content to explore how they contribute to the formation of national character. The content of the textbooks was purposefully selected and subjected to analysis using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The findings of the study reveal that the prescribed textbooks were crafted to promote the state's vision of national character by either emphasizing or downplaying specific values, ideologies, and belief systems, rather than fostering critical thinking and cognitive skills among learners. Three main trajectories were identified: the notion of being Gorkhali (synonymous with "Nepali"), reverence for the past, and the concept of national indivisibility. It is argued that the development of the learning content is not merely a pedagogical endeavor but also a political one, reflecting the state's adherence to dominant narratives. The study focused on analyzing the themes of civic learning and national character, without considering the perspectives of teachers and students regarding the content.
This paper examines a saga of the brave history of Nepal which has often been part and parcel of ... more This paper examines a saga of the brave history of Nepal which has often been part and parcel of school education in Nepal. The brave history in the textbooks has been treated as a means of enlightenment and a catalyst to cultivate national character. On close inspection, however, teaching history embarks a political enterprisean articulation of interest to shape the idea of the citizenry. Using the method of critical discourse analysis and post-historicist ideas, this paper takes historical accounts attributed to three pillars of the national narrative of brave history-Bhimsen Thapa, Balbhadra Kunwar, and Prithvi Narayan Shah, as depicted in the government school textbooks for analysis. The paper examines how the history of bravery has been negotiated and maintained as a comfortable and simplistic narrative at the cost of teaching history more critically in order to inform students and examine emerging questions about the national heroes by excluding the other side of historical narratives. Finally, this paper proposes education at any level cannot be taken as value-neutral, and history should be studied historically.
This article analyzes Margaret Atwood's The Penelopiad, a rewriting of Homeric epic, The Odyssey.... more This article analyzes Margaret Atwood's The Penelopiad, a rewriting of Homeric epic, The Odyssey. Atwood rewrites the storythe saga of gallantry and triumphalism of Odysseus, with narrative shift that brings postmodern irony and parody, self-reflexivity and metafiction, and intertextuality and paratextuality into play. The article tries explore if Atwood's shifting of narrative orientation of the Homeric epic yields any different and substantial reception and interpretation of the epic in the recent context.Moreover, I demonstrate how Atwood's reconstruction and subsequently the empowerment of the minor characters unfolds the incompatibilities and discrepancies the official version of Homer's epic, and brings the marginal voice to the front by granting a variety of narrative access.I argue, giving subject positions to silent agents and using various genres of expression, for instance, history and myth, Atwood, through the deployment of an autodiegetic narrative, brings together gender, genre and language in such a way that results in a decisive shift in conceptualizing the narrative structure for the marginal voice and agency female characters. The article concludes that why rereading of classical and canonical text is crucial to bring the marginals' claim to a subject position, and produce a different language and literature that allows space for expression subjectivity of characters on the margins.
This paper critiques the notion of the American Dream in the film, the pursuit of Happyness by de... more This paper critiques the notion of the American Dream in the film, the pursuit of Happyness by deploying critical race theory. Chris Gardner, the protagonist is after a dream: the pursuit of happiness. Despite his painstaking efforts, the film exposes the racial and market forces that shape and structure his journey of the pursuit of happiness. Compounding his struggling and the painful situation he faces up and challenges in order to sustain his life, with the concept of the American Dream, the research exposes the failure of the American Dream, by drawing contrasts to the promises it distributed, and documents the racial issues while critiquing the American Dream. The official ideals of the American Dream: equality and notion like "all men are created equal" in the film, at least, seem illusory to certain groups of people. The reality is paradoxical. Still, in American society the influence of past racial prejudice is palpable.
This paper offers a critical and political reading of the excerpts of myths included in governmen... more This paper offers a critical and political reading of the excerpts of myths included in government-sponsored school-level language textbooks of Nepal, and looks at how the content is more prone to instilling particular values than to teaching skills of language competence. Drawing on insights and postulations from Critical Discourse Analysis in general, and dispositive analysis in particular, it examines values embedded in the excerpts as a discursive site for the practice of knowledge-making and power. Given that textbooks are a cultural production at large, and therefore textual, the paper explores how the reproduction of mythical content has given rise to the pedagogy that serves the teleological purpose of producing the desired type of possible citizenry by keeping the essentialities of modern education such as critical engagement, linguistic and cognitive skills, the questioning attitude and critical thinking at the disposal. The paper concludes that the particular way of designation of the content is likely to halt the basic aim of producing the learners as active and critical social agents for the broader social transformation and calls for a revisit to mitigate the gap between the professed objectives and their materialization in language textbooks and make the learning content more goal oriented.
Recent literary revisions of the history of the Partition of the Indian subcontinent have tried t... more Recent literary revisions of the history of the Partition of the Indian subcontinent have tried to explore the reverse side of official historiography of independence. One of the rich sites of exploration dwells on retrieving the testimonies of women who survived and suffered the trauma of ethnic carnage, rape and violence. This is particularly evident in Bapsi Sidhwa's Cracking India, which has been a representative novel of Partition written in English; it has been a great site for feminist explorations. The female body which was used as national imagery for independence also invited a collision of voices. This novel offers an insight into the complexity of position dedicated to female figure; the novel provides an occasion to redefine the masculine logic of national independence. Using post-feminist discourse, which is critical and not consent with the preliminary formulation of traditional feminist scholarship and perspective, this article argues Sidhwa in this novel tries to deal with a paradox-iconizing the female figure before and during the independence and ignorance and disregard to the female bodies that were cracking after the independence is achieved. Cracking India can be read not just as devastation brought by ethnic bloodshed or a Hindu woman sullied by a Muslim horde, but as an occasion to probe into official historiography of Indian independence. The putative narrative-which lacks the objectivity, of an innocence, Lenny, corresponds to the inadequacy in the nationalist discourse of Indian Partition.
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 2020
Textbooks have always been a major means of standardizing the curriculum and the activities of th... more Textbooks have always been a major means of standardizing the curriculum and the activities of the students. The standardization happens through teaching the values. However, the values are transformed as discoursethe means through which the reality is known or made to be known. Informed by the insights basically founded in Critical Discourse Analysis, this paper tries to explore the valuesbeliefs about certain aspect such as family, society and nation, in school-level textbooks, especially of Nepali and Social Studies, of government schools of Nepal, and attempts to argue that the textbooks prescribed by the current curriculum are cultural production at large therefore textual. Specifically, it argues how the inculcation of critical attitude in the school children has been undermined giving rise to the pedagogy that largely emphasizes on mere knowing some values that mar the development of critical attitude in the students. As a qualitative inquiry, the article critically draws upon the ideological interpretation of the moral values, and concludes the total patterning of the content of the textbooks clearly keeps the essentialities of modern education such as critical engagement, linguistic and cognitive skills, the questioning attitude and critical thinking on the part of the students at bay.
Though the versions are different, there is an " everyperson " story of immigrants about the expe... more Though the versions are different, there is an " everyperson " story of immigrants about the experience of living in the America. However, the versions give reader the uncomfortable perspective of harsh discrimination because of racial and economic status. This present paper takes into account the Filipino-American experiences of the protagonist, Allos, in Carlos Bulosan's book, America is in the Heart: A Personal History, and tries to seek an answer to the question why America is in the Heart. The book is a conglomerate portrait of Filipino-American life in the early twentieth century, and looks into the consequences brought about by the Filipino mimicry of implanted American ideals of prosperity, progress and freedom set forth to rid individuals from rustic existence. The character is torn between the desire to own an American self and non-American "other." The protagonist's fixation with the ideals of American life meets a conflicting nature of what America is supposed to be, a land of wealth, freedom, justice and acceptance, consequently trapping him into a state of a discombobulated "other."
Who I am? This question has been a very disquieting, crucial aspect of living in the circumstance... more Who I am? This question has been a very disquieting, crucial aspect of living in the circumstances of " late modernity ". In modern societies, in other words, modernity and realization of self have become consanguineous entities— the disparate discussion seems implausible. Those citizens saying they have never given any thought to questions or anxieties about their own identity will predictably have been compelled to make significant choices throughout their lives about their everyday questions ranging from less important such as clothing, appearance to high-impact decisions about relationship and issues of identity. The identification and realization of self of an individual is both encountered and dismantled and determined by the social and political movements and realities. This paper tries to bring out an example of transformation brought about by political and social movements. Focusing on the major character of story " The Course of Life " , it attempts to shed some lights on the formation of new identity as well as dissolution of it in post-democratic state. "I couldn't stand it anymore, and so I revolted today." While going through this line in Dev Kumari Thapa's story, I also "could not stand" perceiving this sentence merely a linguistic entity but as something reconnoitering; it was hinting at something profound. The word "revolt" actually dragged my attention; it was pregnant with political meanings. Someone does not revolt against in normal circumstances. The word hints at something political and historical in context of Nepal – the political and historical change. It also invokes the consciousness of change that the speaker has come to comprehend. Current literary scholarship defines the modernity in terms of the role of consciousness. In the twentieth century, especially in literature, the role of consciousness is seen by becoming more of a focus in the composition of the stories and images of individuals. This change, the realization of political consciousness brought about in national thinking and historical progress, especially and explicitly after 1990s, thanks to various phases of political demonstrations, that dubbed the traditional thinking about the national thinking and identity, has been carefully and shrewdly shaped in Dev Kumari Thapa's short story.
This paper examines the pregnant female body in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Zikora. The protagonis... more This paper examines the pregnant female body in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Zikora. The protagonist's experiences of loneliness, abandonment and struggle during her pregnancy are situated within diverse socio-political relations, including patriarchy, sexuality, immigrant status, romance, transnational background and generation gaps. Drawing on critical insights from body politics, especially Elaine Scarry's concept of conscious body, Michel Foucault's notion of body discipline and Elizabeth Grosz's phenomenological reading of lived bodies, the analysis explores how the protagonist Adichie challenges the traditional understanding of the female body as a mere biological object. The paper argues that through her bodily experiences, the protagonist gains agency to critique and reassess gender relations and stereotypes. The journey of selfdiscovery and subjectivity emerges as the protagonist's aching body becomes a window to perceive existing relationships and meanings, resulting in a revitalized understanding of her own body and its significance.
Intended to explore the status and potential areas of improvement of argumentative writing skills... more Intended to explore the status and potential areas of improvement of argumentative writing skills among graduate students of Nepal, this study assessed forty-seven argumentative essays written by graduate students majoring in English. Those essays were selected purposively, evaluated by multiple instructors, and analyzed by the researchers after developing inclusive and comprehensive rubrics that included both higherorder concerns (HOCs) and lower-order concerns (LOCs) visa -vis academic writing. The results revealed that the students' writing skills in demonstrating the essay's core elements were better than those of linguistics and technical aspects. It also showed that the students performed above the median score in all rubrics; however, it showed a significant performance gap among the students with regard to some of the parameters. Similarly, as per the qualitative findings, the students often conventionally used the core elements in terms of their placement and orders and relied more on the templates, although the study identified variations in expressions. The study concluded that although students performed well in major aspects of argumentation, they need more continuous support and formative feedback during the writing process to strengthen their argumentative writing skills. It also provided insights among the instructors about teaching writing skills to graduate students whose first language is not English.
Deuda songs, originating from the mid-and far-western regions of Nepal, represent a rich musical ... more Deuda songs, originating from the mid-and far-western regions of Nepal, represent a rich musical folk genre deeply rooted in the culture and lifestyle of the performing communities. This paper explores the Deuda songs as potential environment-oriented texts, aiming to unravel the environmental concerns and naturecentric devotion encapsulated within these melodies. By employing the lenses of cultural ecology and ecocritical perspective, this analysis sheds light on the intricate relationship between these folk songs and the natural world. Examining the Deuda songs reveals a profound emphasis on the coexistence and interdependence of human society and nature. The study finds that the lyrical content critiques anthropocentric activities and demonstrates a heightened ecological consciousness among the performers. These findings underscore the critical role played by the Deuda songs in fostering environmental awareness and their potential as powerful tools for environmental advocacy. Furthermore, this paper advocates for additional research to uncover the broader significance of the Deuda songs as integral components of the region's cultural heritage. It also proposes their incorporation into educational and environmental policies to enhance ecological consciousness on a wider scale. Recognizing the educational potential of the Deuda songs, this study encourages their inclusion in curricula to promote a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate connection between culture, nature, and sustainable living. Overall, the exploration of the Deuda songs serves as a gateway to a deeper understanding of environmental concerns within the cultural fabric of the mid-and far-western regions of Nepal.
This study investigates the learning content of government school textbooks in Nepal, analyzing t... more This study investigates the learning content of government school textbooks in Nepal, analyzing their political implications and their role in cultivating a national character. By considering the textbooks as cultural products, the research examines the learning content to explore how they contribute to the formation of national character. The content of the textbooks was purposefully selected and subjected to analysis using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The findings of the study reveal that the prescribed textbooks were crafted to promote the state's vision of national character by either emphasizing or downplaying specific values, ideologies, and belief systems, rather than fostering critical thinking and cognitive skills among learners. Three main trajectories were identified: the notion of being Gorkhali (synonymous with "Nepali"), reverence for the past, and the concept of national indivisibility. It is argued that the development of the learning content is not merely a pedagogical endeavor but also a political one, reflecting the state's adherence to dominant narratives. The study focused on analyzing the themes of civic learning and national character, without considering the perspectives of teachers and students regarding the content.
This paper examines a saga of the brave history of Nepal which has often been part and parcel of ... more This paper examines a saga of the brave history of Nepal which has often been part and parcel of school education in Nepal. The brave history in the textbooks has been treated as a means of enlightenment and a catalyst to cultivate national character. On close inspection, however, teaching history embarks a political enterprisean articulation of interest to shape the idea of the citizenry. Using the method of critical discourse analysis and post-historicist ideas, this paper takes historical accounts attributed to three pillars of the national narrative of brave history-Bhimsen Thapa, Balbhadra Kunwar, and Prithvi Narayan Shah, as depicted in the government school textbooks for analysis. The paper examines how the history of bravery has been negotiated and maintained as a comfortable and simplistic narrative at the cost of teaching history more critically in order to inform students and examine emerging questions about the national heroes by excluding the other side of historical narratives. Finally, this paper proposes education at any level cannot be taken as value-neutral, and history should be studied historically.
This article analyzes Margaret Atwood's The Penelopiad, a rewriting of Homeric epic, The Odyssey.... more This article analyzes Margaret Atwood's The Penelopiad, a rewriting of Homeric epic, The Odyssey. Atwood rewrites the storythe saga of gallantry and triumphalism of Odysseus, with narrative shift that brings postmodern irony and parody, self-reflexivity and metafiction, and intertextuality and paratextuality into play. The article tries explore if Atwood's shifting of narrative orientation of the Homeric epic yields any different and substantial reception and interpretation of the epic in the recent context.Moreover, I demonstrate how Atwood's reconstruction and subsequently the empowerment of the minor characters unfolds the incompatibilities and discrepancies the official version of Homer's epic, and brings the marginal voice to the front by granting a variety of narrative access.I argue, giving subject positions to silent agents and using various genres of expression, for instance, history and myth, Atwood, through the deployment of an autodiegetic narrative, brings together gender, genre and language in such a way that results in a decisive shift in conceptualizing the narrative structure for the marginal voice and agency female characters. The article concludes that why rereading of classical and canonical text is crucial to bring the marginals' claim to a subject position, and produce a different language and literature that allows space for expression subjectivity of characters on the margins.
This paper critiques the notion of the American Dream in the film, the pursuit of Happyness by de... more This paper critiques the notion of the American Dream in the film, the pursuit of Happyness by deploying critical race theory. Chris Gardner, the protagonist is after a dream: the pursuit of happiness. Despite his painstaking efforts, the film exposes the racial and market forces that shape and structure his journey of the pursuit of happiness. Compounding his struggling and the painful situation he faces up and challenges in order to sustain his life, with the concept of the American Dream, the research exposes the failure of the American Dream, by drawing contrasts to the promises it distributed, and documents the racial issues while critiquing the American Dream. The official ideals of the American Dream: equality and notion like "all men are created equal" in the film, at least, seem illusory to certain groups of people. The reality is paradoxical. Still, in American society the influence of past racial prejudice is palpable.
This paper offers a critical and political reading of the excerpts of myths included in governmen... more This paper offers a critical and political reading of the excerpts of myths included in government-sponsored school-level language textbooks of Nepal, and looks at how the content is more prone to instilling particular values than to teaching skills of language competence. Drawing on insights and postulations from Critical Discourse Analysis in general, and dispositive analysis in particular, it examines values embedded in the excerpts as a discursive site for the practice of knowledge-making and power. Given that textbooks are a cultural production at large, and therefore textual, the paper explores how the reproduction of mythical content has given rise to the pedagogy that serves the teleological purpose of producing the desired type of possible citizenry by keeping the essentialities of modern education such as critical engagement, linguistic and cognitive skills, the questioning attitude and critical thinking at the disposal. The paper concludes that the particular way of designation of the content is likely to halt the basic aim of producing the learners as active and critical social agents for the broader social transformation and calls for a revisit to mitigate the gap between the professed objectives and their materialization in language textbooks and make the learning content more goal oriented.
Recent literary revisions of the history of the Partition of the Indian subcontinent have tried t... more Recent literary revisions of the history of the Partition of the Indian subcontinent have tried to explore the reverse side of official historiography of independence. One of the rich sites of exploration dwells on retrieving the testimonies of women who survived and suffered the trauma of ethnic carnage, rape and violence. This is particularly evident in Bapsi Sidhwa's Cracking India, which has been a representative novel of Partition written in English; it has been a great site for feminist explorations. The female body which was used as national imagery for independence also invited a collision of voices. This novel offers an insight into the complexity of position dedicated to female figure; the novel provides an occasion to redefine the masculine logic of national independence. Using post-feminist discourse, which is critical and not consent with the preliminary formulation of traditional feminist scholarship and perspective, this article argues Sidhwa in this novel tries to deal with a paradox-iconizing the female figure before and during the independence and ignorance and disregard to the female bodies that were cracking after the independence is achieved. Cracking India can be read not just as devastation brought by ethnic bloodshed or a Hindu woman sullied by a Muslim horde, but as an occasion to probe into official historiography of Indian independence. The putative narrative-which lacks the objectivity, of an innocence, Lenny, corresponds to the inadequacy in the nationalist discourse of Indian Partition.
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 2020
Textbooks have always been a major means of standardizing the curriculum and the activities of th... more Textbooks have always been a major means of standardizing the curriculum and the activities of the students. The standardization happens through teaching the values. However, the values are transformed as discoursethe means through which the reality is known or made to be known. Informed by the insights basically founded in Critical Discourse Analysis, this paper tries to explore the valuesbeliefs about certain aspect such as family, society and nation, in school-level textbooks, especially of Nepali and Social Studies, of government schools of Nepal, and attempts to argue that the textbooks prescribed by the current curriculum are cultural production at large therefore textual. Specifically, it argues how the inculcation of critical attitude in the school children has been undermined giving rise to the pedagogy that largely emphasizes on mere knowing some values that mar the development of critical attitude in the students. As a qualitative inquiry, the article critically draws upon the ideological interpretation of the moral values, and concludes the total patterning of the content of the textbooks clearly keeps the essentialities of modern education such as critical engagement, linguistic and cognitive skills, the questioning attitude and critical thinking on the part of the students at bay.
Though the versions are different, there is an " everyperson " story of immigrants about the expe... more Though the versions are different, there is an " everyperson " story of immigrants about the experience of living in the America. However, the versions give reader the uncomfortable perspective of harsh discrimination because of racial and economic status. This present paper takes into account the Filipino-American experiences of the protagonist, Allos, in Carlos Bulosan's book, America is in the Heart: A Personal History, and tries to seek an answer to the question why America is in the Heart. The book is a conglomerate portrait of Filipino-American life in the early twentieth century, and looks into the consequences brought about by the Filipino mimicry of implanted American ideals of prosperity, progress and freedom set forth to rid individuals from rustic existence. The character is torn between the desire to own an American self and non-American "other." The protagonist's fixation with the ideals of American life meets a conflicting nature of what America is supposed to be, a land of wealth, freedom, justice and acceptance, consequently trapping him into a state of a discombobulated "other."
Who I am? This question has been a very disquieting, crucial aspect of living in the circumstance... more Who I am? This question has been a very disquieting, crucial aspect of living in the circumstances of " late modernity ". In modern societies, in other words, modernity and realization of self have become consanguineous entities— the disparate discussion seems implausible. Those citizens saying they have never given any thought to questions or anxieties about their own identity will predictably have been compelled to make significant choices throughout their lives about their everyday questions ranging from less important such as clothing, appearance to high-impact decisions about relationship and issues of identity. The identification and realization of self of an individual is both encountered and dismantled and determined by the social and political movements and realities. This paper tries to bring out an example of transformation brought about by political and social movements. Focusing on the major character of story " The Course of Life " , it attempts to shed some lights on the formation of new identity as well as dissolution of it in post-democratic state. "I couldn't stand it anymore, and so I revolted today." While going through this line in Dev Kumari Thapa's story, I also "could not stand" perceiving this sentence merely a linguistic entity but as something reconnoitering; it was hinting at something profound. The word "revolt" actually dragged my attention; it was pregnant with political meanings. Someone does not revolt against in normal circumstances. The word hints at something political and historical in context of Nepal – the political and historical change. It also invokes the consciousness of change that the speaker has come to comprehend. Current literary scholarship defines the modernity in terms of the role of consciousness. In the twentieth century, especially in literature, the role of consciousness is seen by becoming more of a focus in the composition of the stories and images of individuals. This change, the realization of political consciousness brought about in national thinking and historical progress, especially and explicitly after 1990s, thanks to various phases of political demonstrations, that dubbed the traditional thinking about the national thinking and identity, has been carefully and shrewdly shaped in Dev Kumari Thapa's short story.
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