The oppression of mother tongues in Taiwan had always been accompanied by her colonial experience... more The oppression of mother tongues in Taiwan had always been accompanied by her colonial experiences since the Japanese era, and extended over the last fifty years of the 20th century, when Kuomintang imposed martial law in Taiwan. During this lengthy period, political and economic structures detrimental to mother tongues were constructed and the use of mother tongues in Taiwan was pushed from public areas to private domains. The revitalization of the mother tongues of different ethnic groups was one of the most important social movements after 1987 and is related to how the Taiwanese people reconstructed their cultural boundaries and self-identities. Many people tried hard to revive mother tongues, and they accomplished some positive outcomes in the past 20 years. However, the achievements have been very limited and people who can speak mother tongues fluently are still declining in number. In this article, definitions of mother tongues and alien languages are given. Important histor...
Photoreceptor and cone cells in the Drosophila eye are recruited following activation of the epid... more Photoreceptor and cone cells in the Drosophila eye are recruited following activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. We have identified echinoid (ed) as a novel putative cell adhesion molecule that negatively regulates EGFR signaling. The ed mutant phenotype is associated with extra photoreceptor and cone cells. Conversely, ectopic expression of ed in the eye leads to a reduction in the number of photoreceptor cells. ed expression is independent of EGFR signaling and ED is localized to the plasma membrane of every cells throughout the eye disc. We present evidence that ed acts nonautonomously to generate extra R7 cells by a mechanism that is sina-independent but upstream of Tramtrack (TTK88). Together, our results support a model whereby ED defines an independent pathway that antagonizes EGFR signaling by regulating the activity, but not the level, of the TTK88 transcriptional repressor.
echinoid (ed) encodes an immunoglobulin domain-containing cell adhesion molecule that negatively ... more echinoid (ed) encodes an immunoglobulin domain-containing cell adhesion molecule that negatively regulates the Egfr signaling pathway during Drosophila photoreceptor development. We show a novel function of Ed, i.e. the restriction of the number of notum bristles that arise from a proneural cluster. Thus, loss-of-function conditions for ed give rise to the development of extra macrochaetae near the extant ones and increase the density of microchaetae. Analysis of ed mosaics indicates that extra sensory organ precursors (SOPs) arise from proneural clusters of achaete-scute expression in a cell-autonomous way. edembryos also exhibit a neurogenic phenotype. These phenotypes suggest a functional relation between ed and the Notch (N) pathway. Indeed,loss-of-function of ed reduces the expression of the N pathway effector E(spl)m8 in proneural clusters. Moreover, combinations of moderate loss-of-function conditions for ed and for different components of the N pathway show clear synergistic...
echinoid (ed) encodes an cell-adhesion molecule (CAM)that contains immunoglobulin domains and reg... more echinoid (ed) encodes an cell-adhesion molecule (CAM)that contains immunoglobulin domains and regulates the EGFR signaling pathway during Drosophila eye development. Based on our previous genetic mosaic and epistatic analysis, we proposed that Ed, via homotypic interactions, activates a novel, as yet unknown pathway that antagonizes EGFR signaling. In this report, we demonstrate that Ed functions as a homophilic adhesion molecule and also engages in a heterophilic trans-interaction with Drosophila Neuroglian (Nrg), an L1-type CAM. Co-expression of ed and nrg in the eye exhibits a strong genetic synergy in inhibiting EGFR signaling. This synergistic effect requires the intracellular domain of Ed, but not that of Nrg. In addition, Ed and Nrg colocalize in the Drosophila eye and are efficiently co-immunoprecipitated. Together,our results suggest a model in which Nrg acts as a heterophilic ligand and activator of Ed, which in turn antagonizes EGFR signaling.
The colonial experiences in Taiwan were not restricted to the Japanese rule, but also extended ov... more The colonial experiences in Taiwan were not restricted to the Japanese rule, but also extended over the last fifty years of the 20th century, when Kuomintang imposed martial law in Taiwan. During such a long time, detrimentally political and economic structures were constructed and reconstructed and the use of mother tongues in Taiwan was pressed from public areas to private domains. Taiwan was lifting of martial law in 1987 and varied social movements were carried out after that time. Revitalization of mother tongues of different ethnic groups was one of the most important social movements and entailed how Taiwan people reconstructed their cultural boundaries and self-identities. Many people were trying hard in educations to revive mother tongues and some positive outcomes were accomplished in the past 20 years. However, the achievements were very limited and people who can speak fluent mother tongues are still declining in number. Here, I start to give definitions of mother tongues and alien languages, which were introduced by the Japanese and Kuomintang governments. Important historical events, most were about language policies that are prejudicial to the use of mother tongues, are then reviewed. Further, an ecological model is introduced to clarify the relationships between mother tongues and alien languages. This model assumes that both kinds of languages have the same niche and vie for the same resource in the social environment and intelligibly reveal the difficulties of mother tongue revitalization. Based on this model, some examples of new social movements are given. These social movements are performed in alternative ways, which try to be less confrontational and more appealing. Future tactics and actions are recommended in the final part of the article.
這个研究是採用相依語法(dependency grammar)ê 理論框來對台語語料進行分析;欲探討 ê 問題 是台語動詞「ū(有)」ê 結合力款式;結合力款式是一个詞彙佇句中欲滿足語義所需要而... more 這个研究是採用相依語法(dependency grammar)ê 理論框來對台語語料進行分析;欲探討 ê 問題 是台語動詞「ū(有)」ê 結合力款式;結合力款式是一个詞彙佇句中欲滿足語義所需要而且袂當 無 ê 相依成份。Chia 所採用 ê 研究方法是語料分析(corpus analysis);分析 ê 對象是家己用 1945- 1969 ê 台語白話字書面文本建構 ê 微形語料庫。語料分析 ê 方法是利用電腦工具來進行,所以會使 一擺扭掠數量較大 ê 語料。過去有袂少論文採用詞組做基礎 ê 理論來分析台語 ê 高頻詞「ū (有)」,對伊 ê 語法、語義佮功能 lóng 已經有基本 ê 理解。這个研究支持前人 ê 看法,認為「存 在」是「ū(有)」ê 基本語義。掠外,這个研究發現,「ū(有)」有十一種結合力款式,𪜶會使 簡單分做兩群:有主語補添佮無主語補添參與--ê;無仝結合力款式佇語料內底呈現 ê 使用比率無 仝,主語是「ū(有)」結合力 ê 操作子,伊是毋是有參與佇結合力款式內底,受語義決定;這个 研究 koh 發現,參與佇「ū(有)」結合力款式內底 ê 詞彙,有時是長距離 ê 相依關係。Lán ùi 無 仝款 ê 理論角度分析帶「ū(有)」ê 台語句,斟酌著前人無發現 ê 鋩角,mā 提出對台語語法分析 ê 全新理路;佇論文 ê 最後,lán koh 建議 kā 結合力款式 ê 分析結果應用佇台語教學頂懸 ê 法度。
The oppression of mother tongues in Taiwan had always been accompanied by her colonial experience... more The oppression of mother tongues in Taiwan had always been accompanied by her colonial experiences since the Japanese era, and extended over the last fifty years of the 20th century, when Kuomintang imposed martial law in Taiwan. During this lengthy period, political and economic structures detrimental to mother tongues were constructed and the use of mother tongues in Taiwan was pushed from public areas to private domains. The revitalization of the mother tongues of different ethnic groups was one of the most important social movements after 1987 and is related to how the Taiwanese people reconstructed their cultural boundaries and self-identities. Many people tried hard to revive mother tongues, and they accomplished some positive outcomes in the past 20 years. However, the achievements have been very limited and people who can speak mother tongues fluently are still declining in number. In this article, definitions of mother tongues and alien languages are given. Important histor...
Photoreceptor and cone cells in the Drosophila eye are recruited following activation of the epid... more Photoreceptor and cone cells in the Drosophila eye are recruited following activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. We have identified echinoid (ed) as a novel putative cell adhesion molecule that negatively regulates EGFR signaling. The ed mutant phenotype is associated with extra photoreceptor and cone cells. Conversely, ectopic expression of ed in the eye leads to a reduction in the number of photoreceptor cells. ed expression is independent of EGFR signaling and ED is localized to the plasma membrane of every cells throughout the eye disc. We present evidence that ed acts nonautonomously to generate extra R7 cells by a mechanism that is sina-independent but upstream of Tramtrack (TTK88). Together, our results support a model whereby ED defines an independent pathway that antagonizes EGFR signaling by regulating the activity, but not the level, of the TTK88 transcriptional repressor.
echinoid (ed) encodes an immunoglobulin domain-containing cell adhesion molecule that negatively ... more echinoid (ed) encodes an immunoglobulin domain-containing cell adhesion molecule that negatively regulates the Egfr signaling pathway during Drosophila photoreceptor development. We show a novel function of Ed, i.e. the restriction of the number of notum bristles that arise from a proneural cluster. Thus, loss-of-function conditions for ed give rise to the development of extra macrochaetae near the extant ones and increase the density of microchaetae. Analysis of ed mosaics indicates that extra sensory organ precursors (SOPs) arise from proneural clusters of achaete-scute expression in a cell-autonomous way. edembryos also exhibit a neurogenic phenotype. These phenotypes suggest a functional relation between ed and the Notch (N) pathway. Indeed,loss-of-function of ed reduces the expression of the N pathway effector E(spl)m8 in proneural clusters. Moreover, combinations of moderate loss-of-function conditions for ed and for different components of the N pathway show clear synergistic...
echinoid (ed) encodes an cell-adhesion molecule (CAM)that contains immunoglobulin domains and reg... more echinoid (ed) encodes an cell-adhesion molecule (CAM)that contains immunoglobulin domains and regulates the EGFR signaling pathway during Drosophila eye development. Based on our previous genetic mosaic and epistatic analysis, we proposed that Ed, via homotypic interactions, activates a novel, as yet unknown pathway that antagonizes EGFR signaling. In this report, we demonstrate that Ed functions as a homophilic adhesion molecule and also engages in a heterophilic trans-interaction with Drosophila Neuroglian (Nrg), an L1-type CAM. Co-expression of ed and nrg in the eye exhibits a strong genetic synergy in inhibiting EGFR signaling. This synergistic effect requires the intracellular domain of Ed, but not that of Nrg. In addition, Ed and Nrg colocalize in the Drosophila eye and are efficiently co-immunoprecipitated. Together,our results suggest a model in which Nrg acts as a heterophilic ligand and activator of Ed, which in turn antagonizes EGFR signaling.
The colonial experiences in Taiwan were not restricted to the Japanese rule, but also extended ov... more The colonial experiences in Taiwan were not restricted to the Japanese rule, but also extended over the last fifty years of the 20th century, when Kuomintang imposed martial law in Taiwan. During such a long time, detrimentally political and economic structures were constructed and reconstructed and the use of mother tongues in Taiwan was pressed from public areas to private domains. Taiwan was lifting of martial law in 1987 and varied social movements were carried out after that time. Revitalization of mother tongues of different ethnic groups was one of the most important social movements and entailed how Taiwan people reconstructed their cultural boundaries and self-identities. Many people were trying hard in educations to revive mother tongues and some positive outcomes were accomplished in the past 20 years. However, the achievements were very limited and people who can speak fluent mother tongues are still declining in number. Here, I start to give definitions of mother tongues and alien languages, which were introduced by the Japanese and Kuomintang governments. Important historical events, most were about language policies that are prejudicial to the use of mother tongues, are then reviewed. Further, an ecological model is introduced to clarify the relationships between mother tongues and alien languages. This model assumes that both kinds of languages have the same niche and vie for the same resource in the social environment and intelligibly reveal the difficulties of mother tongue revitalization. Based on this model, some examples of new social movements are given. These social movements are performed in alternative ways, which try to be less confrontational and more appealing. Future tactics and actions are recommended in the final part of the article.
這个研究是採用相依語法(dependency grammar)ê 理論框來對台語語料進行分析;欲探討 ê 問題 是台語動詞「ū(有)」ê 結合力款式;結合力款式是一个詞彙佇句中欲滿足語義所需要而... more 這个研究是採用相依語法(dependency grammar)ê 理論框來對台語語料進行分析;欲探討 ê 問題 是台語動詞「ū(有)」ê 結合力款式;結合力款式是一个詞彙佇句中欲滿足語義所需要而且袂當 無 ê 相依成份。Chia 所採用 ê 研究方法是語料分析(corpus analysis);分析 ê 對象是家己用 1945- 1969 ê 台語白話字書面文本建構 ê 微形語料庫。語料分析 ê 方法是利用電腦工具來進行,所以會使 一擺扭掠數量較大 ê 語料。過去有袂少論文採用詞組做基礎 ê 理論來分析台語 ê 高頻詞「ū (有)」,對伊 ê 語法、語義佮功能 lóng 已經有基本 ê 理解。這个研究支持前人 ê 看法,認為「存 在」是「ū(有)」ê 基本語義。掠外,這个研究發現,「ū(有)」有十一種結合力款式,𪜶會使 簡單分做兩群:有主語補添佮無主語補添參與--ê;無仝結合力款式佇語料內底呈現 ê 使用比率無 仝,主語是「ū(有)」結合力 ê 操作子,伊是毋是有參與佇結合力款式內底,受語義決定;這个 研究 koh 發現,參與佇「ū(有)」結合力款式內底 ê 詞彙,有時是長距離 ê 相依關係。Lán ùi 無 仝款 ê 理論角度分析帶「ū(有)」ê 台語句,斟酌著前人無發現 ê 鋩角,mā 提出對台語語法分析 ê 全新理路;佇論文 ê 最後,lán koh 建議 kā 結合力款式 ê 分析結果應用佇台語教學頂懸 ê 法度。
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透過這項研究 ,可將目前已知且常見的台語單詞正確讀音、台語華語 差 異 規 則 完 整 保 存 ,作 為 教 學 應 用 的 有 利 工 具 ,使 伴 隨 台 灣 五 百 年 歷 史 的台語 文化不至沒入時間的沙塵中。
透過這項研究 ,可將目前已知且常見的台語單詞正確讀音、台語華語 差 異 規 則 完 整 保 存 ,作 為 教 學 應 用 的 有 利 工 具 ,使 伴 隨 台 灣 五 百 年 歷 史 的台語 文化不至沒入時間的沙塵中。