Any textiles intended for outdoor usage, particularly in a hot climate with intense sunlight, mus... more Any textiles intended for outdoor usage, particularly in a hot climate with intense sunlight, must be designed and engineered to provide cooling comfort to the wearer. In the case of apparel, clothing creates a microclimate that helps the body maintain its regular thermoregulatory and physiological activities while offering protection against outdoor exposure to UV rays. It is well known that fabrics that absorb significant amounts of solar radiation become inherently hot and feel uncomfortable. This article presents a review of the fundamental radiation interaction mechanisms of fabrics and discusses the key role that fabric structure plays in fabric radiation absorption to determine how cool or hot a fabric will become when exposed to sunlight. A new parameter called the Solar Absorption Index (SAI) is introduced and can be used to characterise the level of coolness (or hotness) of a fabric exposed to solar radiation. The SAI is calculated directly from the fabric’s temperature, ultimately the main factor in determining fabric ability to stay cool. The discussion presented in this article focuses solely on the interaction between solar radiation and fabrics without considering the effects of convection, conduction or any interdependency with the moisture level in the environment.
In this comprehensive review, a general introduction, an explanation of the technique physics, s... more In this comprehensive review, a general introduction, an explanation of the technique physics, several specific examples of applications on polymers and sample preparation requirements of Raman spectroscopy are included. In addition, the local availability of Raman facilities at N.C. State as well as availability in the current market was investigated.
Raman spectroscopy is a structural characterization technique that relies on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light, which is known as Raman scattering. The wave number position indicates the vibrational states in the material while the width describes the molecular structure. Also, the intensities can be compared in the polarized and perpendicular directions to determine the orientation and symmetry of a material. In order to understand how Raman spectroscopy works, the physics of technique are discussed. Analysis methods were discussed with examples in the corresponding sections. A commercial analysis of Raman instrument features and price, as well as operating costs at local and regional labs were also discussed. Finally, a comparison of Raman spectroscopy to infrared spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are discussed.
Polyester polymer has for many years maintained its number one position as the polymer of choice ... more Polyester polymer has for many years maintained its number one position as the polymer of choice for multiple applications. Recently the recycling of polyester has become very popular and even though recycling polyester is not a new technology subject being able to successfully recycle bottles into fiber and get attention from consumers to support the idea by buying it in large scale quantities is unheard of until now. Given the current reality this article attempts to introduce recycling giving an idea of the magnitude of the business worldwide, short description on methods available, followed by focusing on the mechanical recycled process (re-melting through extrusion), main testing procedures and its implications, discussing state of the art mechanical recycling technology, its different stand point from field researchers, when appropriate some criticism is listed, and finally point out some need for further research or improvements.
With the strength of the green movement increasing daily, fiber
manufacturers had to adapt and b... more With the strength of the green movement increasing daily, fiber
manufacturers had to adapt and become more creative, developing ways to save and improve the environment. This article will review the current state of the art of recycling polyamide, its implications and opportunities that exist covering more ground of scientific exploration in this field. Brief
discussion on testing is made and focus is given for the mechanical properties where multiples researchers’ results are compared. Finally recommendations are made for future works in the field.
After the wave of ISO 9000 certification, a large number of enterprises started to accumulate a g... more After the wave of ISO 9000 certification, a large number of enterprises started to accumulate a great amount of data regarding their processes. False-twist texturing plants used these data to set up a process and improve their operations. This article shows that data mining, partial least squares modelling and genetic algorithm optimisation can provide further use for these data to benefit the company in many areas, such as setting up adequate process parameters without requiring an expert to do so, providing the customer with the requirements that will fulfill his needs, simplifying machine changes, and reducing lot changes. The results show that the model and optimisation structure put together can find multiple solutions for machine parameters by providing the multiple product properties or quality levels desired. The prediction of yarn properties, such as linear density (Dtex), elongation, tenacity and boiled water shrinkage were made with R2 between 0.80 and 0.99.
Protective clothing for law enforcement normally evolves around body armor, uniforms, undergarmen... more Protective clothing for law enforcement normally evolves around body armor, uniforms, undergarments, gloves and boots this article will mostly focus on body armor due to its wide interest among law enforcement personal, and discusses applications, standards, raw materials, current state of the art and the need for research.
With the advance of electronic liquid crystals displays and non-linear optical systems, the polym... more With the advance of electronic liquid crystals displays and non-linear optical systems, the polymeric field was able to incorporate liquid crystal units on its materials leading to an area of high performance fibers and unique properties polymeric materials. This review will attempt to concisely comment on its discovery, material properties, material types and phases, discuss about testing and characterization, and also present the up-to-date application of such high performance polymeric material.
This article attempts to compile a short literature review on hydroentangled nonwoven, a common b... more This article attempts to compile a short literature review on hydroentangled nonwoven, a common bonding process in the industry of nonwovens. The review will characterize hydroentangling, discourse about recent experimental work on nozzles and water flow with some of the Author’s comments. All the information is not necessarily original from the Author, but comes mainly from research on articles published at Textile Research Journal, Websites of machine and spare parts manufacturers, textile magazines and unrestricted Thesis published at NCSU. The work will serve as complementary material to the student of TT505.
Since the 40’s nonwovens are part of the fabric market, but it has only been recently that the vo... more Since the 40’s nonwovens are part of the fabric market, but it has only been recently that the volume in the garment and apparel business has become somewhat significant. Primarily, cost and the strength of nonwovens, were at the same time a barrier to its development into the business of fashion. Secondarily the technology of both fiber and machinery limited its growth. With recent developments, companies like Freudenberg and PGI (Polymer Group Inc) have changed the game establishing products like Evolon® and Miratec® respectively. This article will review works from the 60’s until now that are related to this topic and will serve as complementary material to the student of TT504.
The melt-blowing process is a one step process in which high-velocity air blows a molten thermopl... more The melt-blowing process is a one step process in which high-velocity air blows a molten thermoplastic resin from an extruder die tip onto a conveyor or take-up screen to form a fine fibered self-bonding web. Research in patents issued showed high concentration of developments between 1992 and 2001. This process is unique because it is used almost exclusively to produce micro-fibers rather than fibers the size of normal textile fibers. Melt-blown micro-fibers generally have diameters in the range of 2 to 4 µm, although they may be as small as 0.1 µm and as large as 10 to 15 µm.
Dupont developed and commercialized the melt spinning technique for man-made fiber production in ... more Dupont developed and commercialized the melt spinning technique for man-made fiber production in 1958. In the 1960s, Dupont (U.S.A.) and Freudenberg (Germany) adopted this technique into spunbond technology. The spunbond technology, among other nonwoven technologies, has shown outstanding records in terms of the annual growth rate. The spunbond manufacturing is very similar to the fiber producing process. The primary difference between these two systems is
in the filament drawing mechanism. Rather than mechanical take-up rolls used in the fiber producing process, the air drawing device is used in the spunbonding process. In this paper processes, parameters, fibers and applications are discussed.
Keywords: Nonwovens; Spubond process; Melt spinning process
The importance of the Brazilian textile chain demands continuous analyses and studies in search o... more The importance of the Brazilian textile chain demands continuous analyses and studies in search of the opportunities for continuous process improvements, providing more benefits for the society. In this work an overall description of the current situation in the textile industry is done focusing on synthetic materials of polyester, more specifically, textured yarns. The work presents and discusses some aspects of the product development in textile industry. During the work was verified that some phases of the processes require better utilization of the scientific knowledge, thus minimizing the frequency of empirical knowledge. A study was conducted based on a historical database and a proposal was made for the modeling and optimization of the texturing process, the methodology though can be applied in any industry or any other field of the textile industry. Three techniques (multiple linear regression, principal component regression, partial least squares or projected latent structure) were studied and applied to the data where better results were obtained with Partial Least Squares. For the parametric optimization task was chosen the Genetic Algorithm due to the degree of nonlinearity of the objective function. The modeling results were considered extremely adequate for predicting the desired variables and the optimization gives excelent results based on imposed constraints. Therefore, it was confirmed the opportunity that exists for the implementation of the PLS-GA based approach to manufacturing processes of textile enterprises and many others industries.
Air-jet texturing is one of the most versatile methods known to convert flat synthetic filament y... more Air-jet texturing is one of the most versatile methods known to convert flat synthetic filament yarns to textured yarns. Over the years, developments in air jet texturing have been related to the developments in nozzle design. With this developement yarns from finer denier to extremely coarse denier can be textured. Researchs has been conducted in the past on various aspects of the air-jet texturing porcess. There have been a number of claims in the literature about various aspects of the process such as the impact of process variables on the strength and structure of the air-jet textured yarn, mechanism of loop formation, role of water in texturing etc. This current research is aimed to study one such aspect namely the effect of process variables and nozzle design on the tensile properties of the air-jet textured yarns. This research provides a parametrical analysis of the effect of a single process parameter on the tenacity, modulus and elongation of the yarn. This type of analysis is carried out for five such parameters namely overfeed, air pressure, speed, draw zone temperature and post-texturing stretch. Two series of preliminary trials are reported and are aimed at understanding the various aspects of the process and the significance of process parameters on the tensile properties of the yarn. Subsequent experiments are conducted for studying the influence of each of the above mentioned parameters and nozzle type on the properties of the yarn. The research concludes by comparing the results of the various experiments with different nozzles to provide a broad base on the selection of jet nozzle for the desired quality of the textured yarn.
For decades, polyester polymer has maintained its position as the polymer of choice for multiple ... more For decades, polyester polymer has maintained its position as the polymer of choice for multiple applications. Recently, recycling of polyester has become very popular. Given the challenge of process control, this dissertation suggests Raman spectroscopy as a viable soft, non-destructive analysis tool for discrimination and potential characterization of the melt stream. This research found that Raman can be applied to recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) to ameliorate the production off-quality materials by predicting melt viscosity and detecting polymer contaminants. It was found that melt temperature and melt pressure could be predicted using Chemometrics tools, such as OPLS, when spectra were collected from a Raman probe facing the melt in a polyester extruder. This work opens the door to the usage of spectrometer in the extrusion field more often than it is today; most of the Raman work published in polyester is regarding crystallinity. This thesis will list some of those, but none of the existing literature spends time showing how to predict melt viscosity, for example. This dissertation will show how to calculate it from the melt pressure. In the future a lot more important information can be extracted from the same system described here due to the system proposed: spectrometer, probe, statistical method for pre and post processing the data and predictive model.
Any textiles intended for outdoor usage, particularly in a hot climate with intense sunlight, mus... more Any textiles intended for outdoor usage, particularly in a hot climate with intense sunlight, must be designed and engineered to provide cooling comfort to the wearer. In the case of apparel, clothing creates a microclimate that helps the body maintain its regular thermoregulatory and physiological activities while offering protection against outdoor exposure to UV rays. It is well known that fabrics that absorb significant amounts of solar radiation become inherently hot and feel uncomfortable. This article presents a review of the fundamental radiation interaction mechanisms of fabrics and discusses the key role that fabric structure plays in fabric radiation absorption to determine how cool or hot a fabric will become when exposed to sunlight. A new parameter called the Solar Absorption Index (SAI) is introduced and can be used to characterise the level of coolness (or hotness) of a fabric exposed to solar radiation. The SAI is calculated directly from the fabric’s temperature, ultimately the main factor in determining fabric ability to stay cool. The discussion presented in this article focuses solely on the interaction between solar radiation and fabrics without considering the effects of convection, conduction or any interdependency with the moisture level in the environment.
In this comprehensive review, a general introduction, an explanation of the technique physics, s... more In this comprehensive review, a general introduction, an explanation of the technique physics, several specific examples of applications on polymers and sample preparation requirements of Raman spectroscopy are included. In addition, the local availability of Raman facilities at N.C. State as well as availability in the current market was investigated.
Raman spectroscopy is a structural characterization technique that relies on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light, which is known as Raman scattering. The wave number position indicates the vibrational states in the material while the width describes the molecular structure. Also, the intensities can be compared in the polarized and perpendicular directions to determine the orientation and symmetry of a material. In order to understand how Raman spectroscopy works, the physics of technique are discussed. Analysis methods were discussed with examples in the corresponding sections. A commercial analysis of Raman instrument features and price, as well as operating costs at local and regional labs were also discussed. Finally, a comparison of Raman spectroscopy to infrared spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are discussed.
Polyester polymer has for many years maintained its number one position as the polymer of choice ... more Polyester polymer has for many years maintained its number one position as the polymer of choice for multiple applications. Recently the recycling of polyester has become very popular and even though recycling polyester is not a new technology subject being able to successfully recycle bottles into fiber and get attention from consumers to support the idea by buying it in large scale quantities is unheard of until now. Given the current reality this article attempts to introduce recycling giving an idea of the magnitude of the business worldwide, short description on methods available, followed by focusing on the mechanical recycled process (re-melting through extrusion), main testing procedures and its implications, discussing state of the art mechanical recycling technology, its different stand point from field researchers, when appropriate some criticism is listed, and finally point out some need for further research or improvements.
With the strength of the green movement increasing daily, fiber
manufacturers had to adapt and b... more With the strength of the green movement increasing daily, fiber
manufacturers had to adapt and become more creative, developing ways to save and improve the environment. This article will review the current state of the art of recycling polyamide, its implications and opportunities that exist covering more ground of scientific exploration in this field. Brief
discussion on testing is made and focus is given for the mechanical properties where multiples researchers’ results are compared. Finally recommendations are made for future works in the field.
After the wave of ISO 9000 certification, a large number of enterprises started to accumulate a g... more After the wave of ISO 9000 certification, a large number of enterprises started to accumulate a great amount of data regarding their processes. False-twist texturing plants used these data to set up a process and improve their operations. This article shows that data mining, partial least squares modelling and genetic algorithm optimisation can provide further use for these data to benefit the company in many areas, such as setting up adequate process parameters without requiring an expert to do so, providing the customer with the requirements that will fulfill his needs, simplifying machine changes, and reducing lot changes. The results show that the model and optimisation structure put together can find multiple solutions for machine parameters by providing the multiple product properties or quality levels desired. The prediction of yarn properties, such as linear density (Dtex), elongation, tenacity and boiled water shrinkage were made with R2 between 0.80 and 0.99.
Protective clothing for law enforcement normally evolves around body armor, uniforms, undergarmen... more Protective clothing for law enforcement normally evolves around body armor, uniforms, undergarments, gloves and boots this article will mostly focus on body armor due to its wide interest among law enforcement personal, and discusses applications, standards, raw materials, current state of the art and the need for research.
With the advance of electronic liquid crystals displays and non-linear optical systems, the polym... more With the advance of electronic liquid crystals displays and non-linear optical systems, the polymeric field was able to incorporate liquid crystal units on its materials leading to an area of high performance fibers and unique properties polymeric materials. This review will attempt to concisely comment on its discovery, material properties, material types and phases, discuss about testing and characterization, and also present the up-to-date application of such high performance polymeric material.
This article attempts to compile a short literature review on hydroentangled nonwoven, a common b... more This article attempts to compile a short literature review on hydroentangled nonwoven, a common bonding process in the industry of nonwovens. The review will characterize hydroentangling, discourse about recent experimental work on nozzles and water flow with some of the Author’s comments. All the information is not necessarily original from the Author, but comes mainly from research on articles published at Textile Research Journal, Websites of machine and spare parts manufacturers, textile magazines and unrestricted Thesis published at NCSU. The work will serve as complementary material to the student of TT505.
Since the 40’s nonwovens are part of the fabric market, but it has only been recently that the vo... more Since the 40’s nonwovens are part of the fabric market, but it has only been recently that the volume in the garment and apparel business has become somewhat significant. Primarily, cost and the strength of nonwovens, were at the same time a barrier to its development into the business of fashion. Secondarily the technology of both fiber and machinery limited its growth. With recent developments, companies like Freudenberg and PGI (Polymer Group Inc) have changed the game establishing products like Evolon® and Miratec® respectively. This article will review works from the 60’s until now that are related to this topic and will serve as complementary material to the student of TT504.
The melt-blowing process is a one step process in which high-velocity air blows a molten thermopl... more The melt-blowing process is a one step process in which high-velocity air blows a molten thermoplastic resin from an extruder die tip onto a conveyor or take-up screen to form a fine fibered self-bonding web. Research in patents issued showed high concentration of developments between 1992 and 2001. This process is unique because it is used almost exclusively to produce micro-fibers rather than fibers the size of normal textile fibers. Melt-blown micro-fibers generally have diameters in the range of 2 to 4 µm, although they may be as small as 0.1 µm and as large as 10 to 15 µm.
Dupont developed and commercialized the melt spinning technique for man-made fiber production in ... more Dupont developed and commercialized the melt spinning technique for man-made fiber production in 1958. In the 1960s, Dupont (U.S.A.) and Freudenberg (Germany) adopted this technique into spunbond technology. The spunbond technology, among other nonwoven technologies, has shown outstanding records in terms of the annual growth rate. The spunbond manufacturing is very similar to the fiber producing process. The primary difference between these two systems is
in the filament drawing mechanism. Rather than mechanical take-up rolls used in the fiber producing process, the air drawing device is used in the spunbonding process. In this paper processes, parameters, fibers and applications are discussed.
Keywords: Nonwovens; Spubond process; Melt spinning process
The importance of the Brazilian textile chain demands continuous analyses and studies in search o... more The importance of the Brazilian textile chain demands continuous analyses and studies in search of the opportunities for continuous process improvements, providing more benefits for the society. In this work an overall description of the current situation in the textile industry is done focusing on synthetic materials of polyester, more specifically, textured yarns. The work presents and discusses some aspects of the product development in textile industry. During the work was verified that some phases of the processes require better utilization of the scientific knowledge, thus minimizing the frequency of empirical knowledge. A study was conducted based on a historical database and a proposal was made for the modeling and optimization of the texturing process, the methodology though can be applied in any industry or any other field of the textile industry. Three techniques (multiple linear regression, principal component regression, partial least squares or projected latent structure) were studied and applied to the data where better results were obtained with Partial Least Squares. For the parametric optimization task was chosen the Genetic Algorithm due to the degree of nonlinearity of the objective function. The modeling results were considered extremely adequate for predicting the desired variables and the optimization gives excelent results based on imposed constraints. Therefore, it was confirmed the opportunity that exists for the implementation of the PLS-GA based approach to manufacturing processes of textile enterprises and many others industries.
Air-jet texturing is one of the most versatile methods known to convert flat synthetic filament y... more Air-jet texturing is one of the most versatile methods known to convert flat synthetic filament yarns to textured yarns. Over the years, developments in air jet texturing have been related to the developments in nozzle design. With this developement yarns from finer denier to extremely coarse denier can be textured. Researchs has been conducted in the past on various aspects of the air-jet texturing porcess. There have been a number of claims in the literature about various aspects of the process such as the impact of process variables on the strength and structure of the air-jet textured yarn, mechanism of loop formation, role of water in texturing etc. This current research is aimed to study one such aspect namely the effect of process variables and nozzle design on the tensile properties of the air-jet textured yarns. This research provides a parametrical analysis of the effect of a single process parameter on the tenacity, modulus and elongation of the yarn. This type of analysis is carried out for five such parameters namely overfeed, air pressure, speed, draw zone temperature and post-texturing stretch. Two series of preliminary trials are reported and are aimed at understanding the various aspects of the process and the significance of process parameters on the tensile properties of the yarn. Subsequent experiments are conducted for studying the influence of each of the above mentioned parameters and nozzle type on the properties of the yarn. The research concludes by comparing the results of the various experiments with different nozzles to provide a broad base on the selection of jet nozzle for the desired quality of the textured yarn.
For decades, polyester polymer has maintained its position as the polymer of choice for multiple ... more For decades, polyester polymer has maintained its position as the polymer of choice for multiple applications. Recently, recycling of polyester has become very popular. Given the challenge of process control, this dissertation suggests Raman spectroscopy as a viable soft, non-destructive analysis tool for discrimination and potential characterization of the melt stream. This research found that Raman can be applied to recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) to ameliorate the production off-quality materials by predicting melt viscosity and detecting polymer contaminants. It was found that melt temperature and melt pressure could be predicted using Chemometrics tools, such as OPLS, when spectra were collected from a Raman probe facing the melt in a polyester extruder. This work opens the door to the usage of spectrometer in the extrusion field more often than it is today; most of the Raman work published in polyester is regarding crystallinity. This thesis will list some of those, but none of the existing literature spends time showing how to predict melt viscosity, for example. This dissertation will show how to calculate it from the melt pressure. In the future a lot more important information can be extracted from the same system described here due to the system proposed: spectrometer, probe, statistical method for pre and post processing the data and predictive model.
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Papers by Edmir Silva
and physiological activities while offering protection against outdoor exposure to UV rays. It is well known that fabrics that absorb significant amounts of solar radiation become inherently hot and feel uncomfortable. This article presents a review of the fundamental
radiation interaction mechanisms of fabrics and discusses the key role that fabric structure plays in fabric radiation absorption to determine how cool or hot a fabric will become when exposed to sunlight. A new parameter called the Solar Absorption Index (SAI) is introduced and can be used to characterise the level of coolness (or hotness) of a fabric
exposed to solar radiation. The SAI is calculated directly from the fabric’s temperature, ultimately the main factor in determining fabric ability to stay cool. The discussion presented in this article focuses solely on the interaction between solar radiation and fabrics without
considering the effects of convection, conduction or any interdependency with the moisture level in the environment.
https://www.oerlikon.com/manmade-fibers/en/about-us/downloadarea/?tab=manmade_fibers#45746-2
Raman spectroscopy is a structural characterization technique that relies on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light, which is known as Raman scattering. The wave number position indicates the vibrational states in the material while the width describes the molecular structure. Also, the intensities can be compared in the polarized and perpendicular directions to determine the orientation and symmetry of a material. In order to understand how Raman spectroscopy works, the physics of technique are discussed. Analysis methods were discussed with examples in the corresponding sections. A commercial analysis of Raman instrument features and price, as well as operating costs at local and regional labs were also discussed. Finally, a comparison of Raman spectroscopy to infrared spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are discussed.
manufacturers had to adapt and become more creative, developing ways to save and improve the environment. This article will review the current state of the art of recycling polyamide, its implications and opportunities that exist covering more ground of scientific exploration in this field. Brief
discussion on testing is made and focus is given for the mechanical properties where multiples researchers’ results are compared. Finally recommendations are made for future works in the field.
in the filament drawing mechanism. Rather than mechanical take-up rolls used in the fiber producing process, the air drawing device is used in the spunbonding process. In this paper processes, parameters, fibers and applications are discussed.
Keywords: Nonwovens; Spubond process; Melt spinning process
aspects of the process and the significance of process parameters on the tensile properties of the yarn. Subsequent experiments are conducted for studying the influence of each of the above mentioned parameters and nozzle type on the properties of the yarn. The research concludes by comparing the results of the various experiments with different nozzles to provide a broad base on the selection of jet nozzle for the desired quality of the textured yarn.
Thesis Chapters by Edmir Silva
and physiological activities while offering protection against outdoor exposure to UV rays. It is well known that fabrics that absorb significant amounts of solar radiation become inherently hot and feel uncomfortable. This article presents a review of the fundamental
radiation interaction mechanisms of fabrics and discusses the key role that fabric structure plays in fabric radiation absorption to determine how cool or hot a fabric will become when exposed to sunlight. A new parameter called the Solar Absorption Index (SAI) is introduced and can be used to characterise the level of coolness (or hotness) of a fabric
exposed to solar radiation. The SAI is calculated directly from the fabric’s temperature, ultimately the main factor in determining fabric ability to stay cool. The discussion presented in this article focuses solely on the interaction between solar radiation and fabrics without
considering the effects of convection, conduction or any interdependency with the moisture level in the environment.
https://www.oerlikon.com/manmade-fibers/en/about-us/downloadarea/?tab=manmade_fibers#45746-2
Raman spectroscopy is a structural characterization technique that relies on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light, which is known as Raman scattering. The wave number position indicates the vibrational states in the material while the width describes the molecular structure. Also, the intensities can be compared in the polarized and perpendicular directions to determine the orientation and symmetry of a material. In order to understand how Raman spectroscopy works, the physics of technique are discussed. Analysis methods were discussed with examples in the corresponding sections. A commercial analysis of Raman instrument features and price, as well as operating costs at local and regional labs were also discussed. Finally, a comparison of Raman spectroscopy to infrared spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are discussed.
manufacturers had to adapt and become more creative, developing ways to save and improve the environment. This article will review the current state of the art of recycling polyamide, its implications and opportunities that exist covering more ground of scientific exploration in this field. Brief
discussion on testing is made and focus is given for the mechanical properties where multiples researchers’ results are compared. Finally recommendations are made for future works in the field.
in the filament drawing mechanism. Rather than mechanical take-up rolls used in the fiber producing process, the air drawing device is used in the spunbonding process. In this paper processes, parameters, fibers and applications are discussed.
Keywords: Nonwovens; Spubond process; Melt spinning process
aspects of the process and the significance of process parameters on the tensile properties of the yarn. Subsequent experiments are conducted for studying the influence of each of the above mentioned parameters and nozzle type on the properties of the yarn. The research concludes by comparing the results of the various experiments with different nozzles to provide a broad base on the selection of jet nozzle for the desired quality of the textured yarn.