This article presents findings from an evaluation of an entrepreneurship and community economic d... more This article presents findings from an evaluation of an entrepreneurship and community economic development initiative implemented in three Chicago public high schools. Assistance in program implementation was provided by a nationally based education advocacy organization and several community organizations. Although two of the three schools were quite satisfied with the program’s implementation, it was difficult to document improvements in student outcomes. The author discusses difficulties in evaluating such projects, including reasons for noncooperation with data collection efforts, and the value of individual student outcome measures in the face of serious barriers to success.
This chapter begins with a range of actions cities can pursue to deprioritize cars while making r... more This chapter begins with a range of actions cities can pursue to deprioritize cars while making room on their streets for transit, cyclists, and walkers. It then describes how these strategies work in greenovating cities. The chapter presents the case of Oslo, which is moving toward a car-free downtown. It then looks at three American cases that illuminate the technical, political, and cultural barriers to deprioritizing cars. Efforts in Seattle illustrate that even in a liberal city committed to climate action, deprioritizing cars is painful and politically charged. Nashville’s two failed ballot initiatives to fund transit infrastructure reveal the challenges many cities will face in trying to introduce public transit. Finally, Salt Lake City has been successful in implementing transit. With broad public support and constraints caused by mountains and lakes, Salt Lake City has been able to forge new transit links to reduce congestion.
While the policy needed to expand renewable energy mostly lies at the federal and state level, ci... more While the policy needed to expand renewable energy mostly lies at the federal and state level, cities have a role to play. Cities can require or promote renewable energy adoption, aggregate demand, and facilitate expansion that is ongoing through state and federal policies. This chapter starts by examining the role of cities in developing renewable resources. It then discusses various cities that have committed to obtaining 100 percent of their electricity from renewable energy, with particular emphasis on solar. For instance, cities that own their own utilities, such as Austin, Texas, can require them to adopt renewables in the same way states can. A pathway some cities are taking, particularly in Europe, is remunicipalizing their utilities. In Hamburg, Germany, there is a citizen-led campaign to buy back its utility. This has put the city on a pathway to 100 percent renewable energy.
With the decline and demise of manufacturing industries in many areas across the US, city planner... more With the decline and demise of manufacturing industries in many areas across the US, city planners now have an opportunity to introduce policies to make cities more sustainable. Joan Fitzgerald looks at lessons in sustainability from the Swedish city of Malmo which used its industrial decline in the 1990s as an opportunity to create an eco-district. She writes that through a participatory planning process city planners were able to test the effectiveness of green technologies while building the social infrastructure of neighborhoods. She argues that much of the city’s success is a story of effective urban planning and these lessons can be applied anywhere.
^UMjJMljAIA REUITALIZATION and Sirategied City and Suburb W/ Joan Fitzgerald Nancey Green Leigh .... more ^UMjJMljAIA REUITALIZATION and Sirategied City and Suburb W/ Joan Fitzgerald Nancey Green Leigh ... TO OUR PARENTS LaVerne Schroeder Hufnagel IN MEMORY OF Waiter Frederick Hufnagel Thomas Watkins Leigh Henrianne Leigh Miles ... - BEVITALIZATION and ( ...
This chapter explains the technology behind district heating and cooling, which has the potential... more This chapter explains the technology behind district heating and cooling, which has the potential to be used throughout the world, and examines how it can be more widely deployed in North America. It explores the different approaches to district energy employed in Copenhagen, London, and Vancouver. It then examines the ice-cooled system in Austin, Texas, and Toronto’s deep-lake cooling. The cases illustrate different regulatory barriers, funding and ownership models (municipal vs. private utilities), and technologies. It is shown that district energy, at its best, is integrated with land use, transportation, community development, and energy planning. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy needed at the regional, national, and local levels for broader implementation of both technologies.
The green economy is booming and many cities are connecting climate action with economic developm... more The green economy is booming and many cities are connecting climate action with economic development. Although cities making this link are not necessarily topping the most sustainable city charts, the strong economic link can pave the way for more aggressive climate action. This chapter begins by examining how solar and wind technology production has shifted internationally, and how China has become the dominant player in solar and a leader in wind. It then moves to three historically industrial cities that are seeking to transition to different green economy sectors: New York State is paying $750 million of the $900 million cost to build the nation’s biggest new solar production facility in Buffalo; Cleveland has continued its efforts to develop offshore wind on Lake Erie; and Los Angeles is linking electrification of its buses and development of subways to manufacturing.
This chapter focuses on the “success factors” that define greenovation. Underpinning all of them ... more This chapter focuses on the “success factors” that define greenovation. Underpinning all of them is a power struggle that will ultimately determine whether the battle to save the planet is winnable. Will the fossil-fuel companies determine whether we move to renewable energy, or will an energy democracy movement embedded in cities win? Will for-profit utilities determine whether we have district heating and distributed energy, or will the remunicipalization movement expand? Will China become the world’s leader in producing most of the green technology? Some of the answers will be determined by which side mobilizes public opinion. Some will be determined purely by economics. The chapter discusses these questions in the context of the success factors of greenovating cities.
Collectively, cities take up a relatively tiny amount of land on the earth, yet emit 72 percent o... more Collectively, cities take up a relatively tiny amount of land on the earth, yet emit 72 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Clearly, cities need to be at the center of any broad effort to reduce climate change. This book argues that too many cities are only implementing random acts of greenness that will do little to address the climate crisis. It instead calls for “greenovation”—using the city as a test bed for adopting and perfecting green technologies for more energy-efficient buildings, transportation, and infrastructure more broadly. Further, the text contends that while many city mayors cite income inequality as a pressing problem, few cities are connecting climate action and social justice—another aspect of greenovation. Focusing on the biggest producers of greenhouse gases in cities, buildings, energy, and transportation, the book examines how greenovating cities are reducing emissions overall and lays out an agenda for fostering and implementing urban innovations that can ...
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2012
The President&amp... more The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has spurred unprecedented progress in saving lives from AIDS, while also improving a broad range of health outcomes by strengthening country platforms for the delivery of basic health services. Now, a new endpoint is in sight--an AIDS-free generation--together with the opportunity to change the trajectory of global health through the investments made and lessons learned in doing this work. Less than a decade ago, many experts counseled against scaling up antiretroviral treatment in the developing world. They feared that patients would be unable to adhere to their regimens, that resistant strains of the virus would evolve and prevail, and that the need to sustain daily treatment for millions of people in poor settings would overwhelm fragile health systems. Today, over 6.6 million men, women, and children are on treatment, and incidence is dropping in many of the hardest-hit countries. By adopting a targeted approach to address one of the most complex global health issues in modern history, and then taking it to scale with urgency and commitment, PEPFAR has both forged new models and challenged the conventional wisdom on what is possible. In this article, PEPFAR and its partners are examined through new and evolving models of country ownership and shared responsibility that hold promise of transforming the future landscape of global health.
In the early 2000s, as part of an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many US states and c... more In the early 2000s, as part of an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many US states and cities expanded subsidies for solar power manufacturers, which led to a growing industry. But by the early 2010s, many previously successful companies had gone bankrupt. Joan Fitzgerald writes that these companies were largely undercut by China’s solar industry which dumped its products on the world market at below-cost prices. Rather than providing subsidies, she argues, cities and states should promote solar adoption through power purchase agreements, renewable energy zones and community generation.
The city of the future, we are told, is the smart city. By seamlessly integrating information and... more The city of the future, we are told, is the smart city. By seamlessly integrating information and communication technologies into the provision and management of public services, such cities will enhance opportunity and bolster civic engagement. Smarter cities will bring in new revenue while saving money. They will be more of everything that a twenty-first century urban planner, citizen, and elected official wants: more efficient, more sustainable, and more inclusive. Is this true? In Uneven Innovation, Jennifer Clark considers the potential of these emerging technologies as well as their capacity to exacerbate existing inequalities and even produce new ones. She reframes the smart city concept within the trajectory of uneven development of cities and regions, as well as the long history of technocratic solutions to urban policy challenges. Clark argues that urban change driven by the technology sector is following the patterns that have previously led to imbalanced access, opportunities, and outcomes. The tech sector needs the city, yet it exploits and maintains unequal arrangements, embedding labor flexibility and precarity in the built environment. Technology development, Uneven Innovation contends, is the easy part; understanding the city and its governance, regulation, access, participation, and representation—all of which are complex and highly localized—is the real challenge. Clark’s critique leads to policy prescriptions that present a path toward an alternative future in which smart cities result in more equitable communities. Table or Contents List of Illustrations Preface 1. Uneven Innovation: The Evolution of the Urban Technology Project 2. Smart Cities as Solutions 3. Smart Cities as Emerging Markets 4. Smart Cities as the New Urban Entrepreneurship 5. Smart Cities as Urban Innovation Networks 6. Smart Cities as Participatory Planning 7. Smart Cities as the New Uneven Development 8. Conclusions: The Local Is (Not) the Enemy Epilogue: The View from Inside the Urban Innovation Project Notes Bibliography Index
This chapter presents a continuum of building-level actions cities are taking in light of the pol... more This chapter presents a continuum of building-level actions cities are taking in light of the political and economic constraints they face. It begins by explaining the continuum of building-efficiency standards cities are using as well as a continuum of action that runs from individual buildings to all buildings in a defined district. It examines two categories of standards: those for constructing new buildings and those for retrofitting existing buildings. The chapter also considers the question of who gets to occupy green buildings—with the reduced energy costs they make possible—highlighting how some cities are building green low-income housing using methods that are then taken statewide. Finally, it examines how cities, in collaboration with the private and nonprofit sectors, are serving as test beds for technical, financing, and equity greenovations that can be scaled for policy in larger political geographies and for private market participation.
This article presents findings from an evaluation of an entrepreneurship and community economic d... more This article presents findings from an evaluation of an entrepreneurship and community economic development initiative implemented in three Chicago public high schools. Assistance in program implementation was provided by a nationally based education advocacy organization and several community organizations. Although two of the three schools were quite satisfied with the program’s implementation, it was difficult to document improvements in student outcomes. The author discusses difficulties in evaluating such projects, including reasons for noncooperation with data collection efforts, and the value of individual student outcome measures in the face of serious barriers to success.
This chapter begins with a range of actions cities can pursue to deprioritize cars while making r... more This chapter begins with a range of actions cities can pursue to deprioritize cars while making room on their streets for transit, cyclists, and walkers. It then describes how these strategies work in greenovating cities. The chapter presents the case of Oslo, which is moving toward a car-free downtown. It then looks at three American cases that illuminate the technical, political, and cultural barriers to deprioritizing cars. Efforts in Seattle illustrate that even in a liberal city committed to climate action, deprioritizing cars is painful and politically charged. Nashville’s two failed ballot initiatives to fund transit infrastructure reveal the challenges many cities will face in trying to introduce public transit. Finally, Salt Lake City has been successful in implementing transit. With broad public support and constraints caused by mountains and lakes, Salt Lake City has been able to forge new transit links to reduce congestion.
While the policy needed to expand renewable energy mostly lies at the federal and state level, ci... more While the policy needed to expand renewable energy mostly lies at the federal and state level, cities have a role to play. Cities can require or promote renewable energy adoption, aggregate demand, and facilitate expansion that is ongoing through state and federal policies. This chapter starts by examining the role of cities in developing renewable resources. It then discusses various cities that have committed to obtaining 100 percent of their electricity from renewable energy, with particular emphasis on solar. For instance, cities that own their own utilities, such as Austin, Texas, can require them to adopt renewables in the same way states can. A pathway some cities are taking, particularly in Europe, is remunicipalizing their utilities. In Hamburg, Germany, there is a citizen-led campaign to buy back its utility. This has put the city on a pathway to 100 percent renewable energy.
With the decline and demise of manufacturing industries in many areas across the US, city planner... more With the decline and demise of manufacturing industries in many areas across the US, city planners now have an opportunity to introduce policies to make cities more sustainable. Joan Fitzgerald looks at lessons in sustainability from the Swedish city of Malmo which used its industrial decline in the 1990s as an opportunity to create an eco-district. She writes that through a participatory planning process city planners were able to test the effectiveness of green technologies while building the social infrastructure of neighborhoods. She argues that much of the city’s success is a story of effective urban planning and these lessons can be applied anywhere.
^UMjJMljAIA REUITALIZATION and Sirategied City and Suburb W/ Joan Fitzgerald Nancey Green Leigh .... more ^UMjJMljAIA REUITALIZATION and Sirategied City and Suburb W/ Joan Fitzgerald Nancey Green Leigh ... TO OUR PARENTS LaVerne Schroeder Hufnagel IN MEMORY OF Waiter Frederick Hufnagel Thomas Watkins Leigh Henrianne Leigh Miles ... - BEVITALIZATION and ( ...
This chapter explains the technology behind district heating and cooling, which has the potential... more This chapter explains the technology behind district heating and cooling, which has the potential to be used throughout the world, and examines how it can be more widely deployed in North America. It explores the different approaches to district energy employed in Copenhagen, London, and Vancouver. It then examines the ice-cooled system in Austin, Texas, and Toronto’s deep-lake cooling. The cases illustrate different regulatory barriers, funding and ownership models (municipal vs. private utilities), and technologies. It is shown that district energy, at its best, is integrated with land use, transportation, community development, and energy planning. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy needed at the regional, national, and local levels for broader implementation of both technologies.
The green economy is booming and many cities are connecting climate action with economic developm... more The green economy is booming and many cities are connecting climate action with economic development. Although cities making this link are not necessarily topping the most sustainable city charts, the strong economic link can pave the way for more aggressive climate action. This chapter begins by examining how solar and wind technology production has shifted internationally, and how China has become the dominant player in solar and a leader in wind. It then moves to three historically industrial cities that are seeking to transition to different green economy sectors: New York State is paying $750 million of the $900 million cost to build the nation’s biggest new solar production facility in Buffalo; Cleveland has continued its efforts to develop offshore wind on Lake Erie; and Los Angeles is linking electrification of its buses and development of subways to manufacturing.
This chapter focuses on the “success factors” that define greenovation. Underpinning all of them ... more This chapter focuses on the “success factors” that define greenovation. Underpinning all of them is a power struggle that will ultimately determine whether the battle to save the planet is winnable. Will the fossil-fuel companies determine whether we move to renewable energy, or will an energy democracy movement embedded in cities win? Will for-profit utilities determine whether we have district heating and distributed energy, or will the remunicipalization movement expand? Will China become the world’s leader in producing most of the green technology? Some of the answers will be determined by which side mobilizes public opinion. Some will be determined purely by economics. The chapter discusses these questions in the context of the success factors of greenovating cities.
Collectively, cities take up a relatively tiny amount of land on the earth, yet emit 72 percent o... more Collectively, cities take up a relatively tiny amount of land on the earth, yet emit 72 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Clearly, cities need to be at the center of any broad effort to reduce climate change. This book argues that too many cities are only implementing random acts of greenness that will do little to address the climate crisis. It instead calls for “greenovation”—using the city as a test bed for adopting and perfecting green technologies for more energy-efficient buildings, transportation, and infrastructure more broadly. Further, the text contends that while many city mayors cite income inequality as a pressing problem, few cities are connecting climate action and social justice—another aspect of greenovation. Focusing on the biggest producers of greenhouse gases in cities, buildings, energy, and transportation, the book examines how greenovating cities are reducing emissions overall and lays out an agenda for fostering and implementing urban innovations that can ...
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2012
The President&amp... more The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has spurred unprecedented progress in saving lives from AIDS, while also improving a broad range of health outcomes by strengthening country platforms for the delivery of basic health services. Now, a new endpoint is in sight--an AIDS-free generation--together with the opportunity to change the trajectory of global health through the investments made and lessons learned in doing this work. Less than a decade ago, many experts counseled against scaling up antiretroviral treatment in the developing world. They feared that patients would be unable to adhere to their regimens, that resistant strains of the virus would evolve and prevail, and that the need to sustain daily treatment for millions of people in poor settings would overwhelm fragile health systems. Today, over 6.6 million men, women, and children are on treatment, and incidence is dropping in many of the hardest-hit countries. By adopting a targeted approach to address one of the most complex global health issues in modern history, and then taking it to scale with urgency and commitment, PEPFAR has both forged new models and challenged the conventional wisdom on what is possible. In this article, PEPFAR and its partners are examined through new and evolving models of country ownership and shared responsibility that hold promise of transforming the future landscape of global health.
In the early 2000s, as part of an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many US states and c... more In the early 2000s, as part of an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many US states and cities expanded subsidies for solar power manufacturers, which led to a growing industry. But by the early 2010s, many previously successful companies had gone bankrupt. Joan Fitzgerald writes that these companies were largely undercut by China’s solar industry which dumped its products on the world market at below-cost prices. Rather than providing subsidies, she argues, cities and states should promote solar adoption through power purchase agreements, renewable energy zones and community generation.
The city of the future, we are told, is the smart city. By seamlessly integrating information and... more The city of the future, we are told, is the smart city. By seamlessly integrating information and communication technologies into the provision and management of public services, such cities will enhance opportunity and bolster civic engagement. Smarter cities will bring in new revenue while saving money. They will be more of everything that a twenty-first century urban planner, citizen, and elected official wants: more efficient, more sustainable, and more inclusive. Is this true? In Uneven Innovation, Jennifer Clark considers the potential of these emerging technologies as well as their capacity to exacerbate existing inequalities and even produce new ones. She reframes the smart city concept within the trajectory of uneven development of cities and regions, as well as the long history of technocratic solutions to urban policy challenges. Clark argues that urban change driven by the technology sector is following the patterns that have previously led to imbalanced access, opportunities, and outcomes. The tech sector needs the city, yet it exploits and maintains unequal arrangements, embedding labor flexibility and precarity in the built environment. Technology development, Uneven Innovation contends, is the easy part; understanding the city and its governance, regulation, access, participation, and representation—all of which are complex and highly localized—is the real challenge. Clark’s critique leads to policy prescriptions that present a path toward an alternative future in which smart cities result in more equitable communities. Table or Contents List of Illustrations Preface 1. Uneven Innovation: The Evolution of the Urban Technology Project 2. Smart Cities as Solutions 3. Smart Cities as Emerging Markets 4. Smart Cities as the New Urban Entrepreneurship 5. Smart Cities as Urban Innovation Networks 6. Smart Cities as Participatory Planning 7. Smart Cities as the New Uneven Development 8. Conclusions: The Local Is (Not) the Enemy Epilogue: The View from Inside the Urban Innovation Project Notes Bibliography Index
This chapter presents a continuum of building-level actions cities are taking in light of the pol... more This chapter presents a continuum of building-level actions cities are taking in light of the political and economic constraints they face. It begins by explaining the continuum of building-efficiency standards cities are using as well as a continuum of action that runs from individual buildings to all buildings in a defined district. It examines two categories of standards: those for constructing new buildings and those for retrofitting existing buildings. The chapter also considers the question of who gets to occupy green buildings—with the reduced energy costs they make possible—highlighting how some cities are building green low-income housing using methods that are then taken statewide. Finally, it examines how cities, in collaboration with the private and nonprofit sectors, are serving as test beds for technical, financing, and equity greenovations that can be scaled for policy in larger political geographies and for private market participation.
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