Suboptimal iodine status is a prominent public health issue in several European coun-tries. Brown... more Suboptimal iodine status is a prominent public health issue in several European coun-tries. Brown algae have a high iodine content that, upon intake, may exceed the recommended dietary intake level, but iodine bioavailability has been reported to be lower than from potassium iodide (KI) and highly depends on algae species. Further, potential negative effects from other components in algae, such as cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), have also been addressed. In this study, we observed a lower bioavailability of iodine from farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) than from KI in female Wistar IGS rats. Urinary iodine excretion was 94–95% in rats fed KI and 73–81% in rats fed sugar kelp, followed by increased faecal iodine levels in rats fed sugar kelp. No effects on body weight, feed efficiency, or plasma markers for liver or kidney damage were detected. The highest dose of iodine reduced plasma free thyroxine (fT4) and total T4 levels, but no significant effects on circulating levels of...
Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyc... more Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are considered hazardous to human health. Due to their persistence, they are still present in the environment and in biota and seafood is major contributor of BFRs to human exposure. Here, we used data from >9700 samples of wild and farmed fish, fish feed and fish feed ingredients collected from the North Atlantic between 2006 and 2016 aiming to investigate factors influencing the risk assessments of BFRs. Due to most representative number of analyses, PBDEs were the main focus of investigation. Mean ∑PBDE in fillet samples ranged from below quantification in Atlantic cod fillet to 2.0 μg kg in Atlantic halibut. The main congener contributing to the ∑PBDE in all species was BDE 47. Factors affecting the level of BFR in seafood were multifaceted, and the levels were within species mainly determined by fish age, geographical origin and time of sampling. BDE 47, 99, 153...
The Norwegian spring spawning (NSS) herring is an ecologically and economically important fish po... more The Norwegian spring spawning (NSS) herring is an ecologically and economically important fish population in the Norwegian Sea. It was the first of several Norwegian fish stocks subject to a baseline study designed to give a comprehensive account of the levels of contaminants in a fish species from most of its area of distribution and during different seasons. During 2006 and 2007, 800 individual herring were sampled in their feeding areas in the Norwegian Sea in spring and autumn and at their spawning grounds off the coast of Norway during late winter. Metals including Hg, Cd, As and Pb were determined in muscle samples of individual herring, and mean concentrations±sd (mgkg(-1)ww) were: Hg: 0.04±0.03, Cd: 0.010±0.006, As: 2.2±0.6 and Pb: <0.01-0.10. Apart from one sample, no individual herring exceeded the EU's maximum level for any of these elements, as has been seen also in previous monitoring. Hg and Cd concentration increased with increasing fish age and As concentratio...
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the food safety of the red king crab from Norwegian waters a... more The aim of this paper is to evaluate the food safety of the red king crab from Norwegian waters and obtain information on possible geographical and gender differences. Samples of claw and leg meat of 185 red king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus), collected from 23 positions in the Barents Sea, were analysed for dioxins, furans, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs, non dioxin-like PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluorinated alkyl substances and elements, such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead. The concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and metals were low compared to maximum levels laid down in European regulations. Hence, red king crab is a safe food. Significant differences in the concentrations of metals among different areas, and between male and female crabs, were found. Positive correlations were found between carapace length and mercury, methylmercury and cadmium concentrations, and between fat and arsenic and inorganic arsenic concentrations.
It has previously been addressed that some species of macroalgae may contain elevated levels of i... more It has previously been addressed that some species of macroalgae may contain elevated levels of iodine, cadmium and inorganic arsenic. With the increased amount of data in the present report it is now possible to discriminate between individual species that have high levels of these components and others that are within the normal range. Among the updates are also new data on microbiology and iodine reduction that may contribute to a better understanding of this food group that is new to most Europeans. This report follows up a previous report from 2016 pointing out knowledge-gaps in the area of food and feed safety regarding macroalgae. The levels of iodine, cadmium and inorganic arsenic were pointed out as the main challenges for macroalgae as food. Since 2016 a substantial number of samples of Norwegian macroalgae have been analysed, with data from 27 species and 14 of these with five or more samples. The report is based on about 400 analyses of cadmium, mercury, lead and iodine and 332 analyses of inorganic arsenic. This allows for a more detailed evaluation of many individual species compared to the previous report. The present report answers to a request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority for updates on filling of the knowledge gaps from the previous report
The increase in the global population demands more biomass from the ocean as future food and feed... more The increase in the global population demands more biomass from the ocean as future food and feed, and the mesopelagic species might contribute significantly. In the present study, we evaluated the food and feed safety of six of the most abundant mesopelagic species in Norwegian fjords. Trace elements (i.e., arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead), organic pollutants (i.e., dioxins, furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated flame-retardants), and potentially problematic lipid compounds (i.e., wax esters and erucic acid) were analyzed and compared to existing food and feed maximum levels and intake recommendations. Furthermore, contaminant loads in processed mesopelagic biomass (protein, oil, and fish meal) was estimated using worst-case scenarios to identify possible food and feed safety issues. While most undesirables were low considering European food legislation, we identified a few potential food safety issues regarding high levels of fluoride in Northern kr...
There is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the stability of iodine and mercury during cooki... more There is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the stability of iodine and mercury during cooking and processing of seafood. In this study, the iodine and mercury content were determined after thawing frozen fillets of Atlantic cod (Cadus morhua), and further in raw compared to boiled, pan-fried, and oven baked fillets. Iodine was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and mercury by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA-80). Thawing of the cod resulted on average in a 12% loss of iodine to the thawing water. Boiling significantly decreased the total content of iodine per slice of cod fillet corresponding to the concentration of iodine found in the boiling water. Pan-frying and oven-baking did not cause any significant changes of the total iodine content per slice of cod fillet, although iodine content per 100 g increased due to weight reduction of the cod slices from evaporation of water during preparation. For mercury,...
Suboptimal iodine status is a prominent public health issue in several European coun-tries. Brown... more Suboptimal iodine status is a prominent public health issue in several European coun-tries. Brown algae have a high iodine content that, upon intake, may exceed the recommended dietary intake level, but iodine bioavailability has been reported to be lower than from potassium iodide (KI) and highly depends on algae species. Further, potential negative effects from other components in algae, such as cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), have also been addressed. In this study, we observed a lower bioavailability of iodine from farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) than from KI in female Wistar IGS rats. Urinary iodine excretion was 94–95% in rats fed KI and 73–81% in rats fed sugar kelp, followed by increased faecal iodine levels in rats fed sugar kelp. No effects on body weight, feed efficiency, or plasma markers for liver or kidney damage were detected. The highest dose of iodine reduced plasma free thyroxine (fT4) and total T4 levels, but no significant effects on circulating levels of...
Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyc... more Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are considered hazardous to human health. Due to their persistence, they are still present in the environment and in biota and seafood is major contributor of BFRs to human exposure. Here, we used data from >9700 samples of wild and farmed fish, fish feed and fish feed ingredients collected from the North Atlantic between 2006 and 2016 aiming to investigate factors influencing the risk assessments of BFRs. Due to most representative number of analyses, PBDEs were the main focus of investigation. Mean ∑PBDE in fillet samples ranged from below quantification in Atlantic cod fillet to 2.0 μg kg in Atlantic halibut. The main congener contributing to the ∑PBDE in all species was BDE 47. Factors affecting the level of BFR in seafood were multifaceted, and the levels were within species mainly determined by fish age, geographical origin and time of sampling. BDE 47, 99, 153...
The Norwegian spring spawning (NSS) herring is an ecologically and economically important fish po... more The Norwegian spring spawning (NSS) herring is an ecologically and economically important fish population in the Norwegian Sea. It was the first of several Norwegian fish stocks subject to a baseline study designed to give a comprehensive account of the levels of contaminants in a fish species from most of its area of distribution and during different seasons. During 2006 and 2007, 800 individual herring were sampled in their feeding areas in the Norwegian Sea in spring and autumn and at their spawning grounds off the coast of Norway during late winter. Metals including Hg, Cd, As and Pb were determined in muscle samples of individual herring, and mean concentrations±sd (mgkg(-1)ww) were: Hg: 0.04±0.03, Cd: 0.010±0.006, As: 2.2±0.6 and Pb: <0.01-0.10. Apart from one sample, no individual herring exceeded the EU's maximum level for any of these elements, as has been seen also in previous monitoring. Hg and Cd concentration increased with increasing fish age and As concentratio...
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the food safety of the red king crab from Norwegian waters a... more The aim of this paper is to evaluate the food safety of the red king crab from Norwegian waters and obtain information on possible geographical and gender differences. Samples of claw and leg meat of 185 red king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus), collected from 23 positions in the Barents Sea, were analysed for dioxins, furans, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs, non dioxin-like PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluorinated alkyl substances and elements, such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead. The concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and metals were low compared to maximum levels laid down in European regulations. Hence, red king crab is a safe food. Significant differences in the concentrations of metals among different areas, and between male and female crabs, were found. Positive correlations were found between carapace length and mercury, methylmercury and cadmium concentrations, and between fat and arsenic and inorganic arsenic concentrations.
It has previously been addressed that some species of macroalgae may contain elevated levels of i... more It has previously been addressed that some species of macroalgae may contain elevated levels of iodine, cadmium and inorganic arsenic. With the increased amount of data in the present report it is now possible to discriminate between individual species that have high levels of these components and others that are within the normal range. Among the updates are also new data on microbiology and iodine reduction that may contribute to a better understanding of this food group that is new to most Europeans. This report follows up a previous report from 2016 pointing out knowledge-gaps in the area of food and feed safety regarding macroalgae. The levels of iodine, cadmium and inorganic arsenic were pointed out as the main challenges for macroalgae as food. Since 2016 a substantial number of samples of Norwegian macroalgae have been analysed, with data from 27 species and 14 of these with five or more samples. The report is based on about 400 analyses of cadmium, mercury, lead and iodine and 332 analyses of inorganic arsenic. This allows for a more detailed evaluation of many individual species compared to the previous report. The present report answers to a request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority for updates on filling of the knowledge gaps from the previous report
The increase in the global population demands more biomass from the ocean as future food and feed... more The increase in the global population demands more biomass from the ocean as future food and feed, and the mesopelagic species might contribute significantly. In the present study, we evaluated the food and feed safety of six of the most abundant mesopelagic species in Norwegian fjords. Trace elements (i.e., arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead), organic pollutants (i.e., dioxins, furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated flame-retardants), and potentially problematic lipid compounds (i.e., wax esters and erucic acid) were analyzed and compared to existing food and feed maximum levels and intake recommendations. Furthermore, contaminant loads in processed mesopelagic biomass (protein, oil, and fish meal) was estimated using worst-case scenarios to identify possible food and feed safety issues. While most undesirables were low considering European food legislation, we identified a few potential food safety issues regarding high levels of fluoride in Northern kr...
There is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the stability of iodine and mercury during cooki... more There is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the stability of iodine and mercury during cooking and processing of seafood. In this study, the iodine and mercury content were determined after thawing frozen fillets of Atlantic cod (Cadus morhua), and further in raw compared to boiled, pan-fried, and oven baked fillets. Iodine was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and mercury by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA-80). Thawing of the cod resulted on average in a 12% loss of iodine to the thawing water. Boiling significantly decreased the total content of iodine per slice of cod fillet corresponding to the concentration of iodine found in the boiling water. Pan-frying and oven-baking did not cause any significant changes of the total iodine content per slice of cod fillet, although iodine content per 100 g increased due to weight reduction of the cod slices from evaporation of water during preparation. For mercury,...
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