... A state-of-the-art 2d system with a single videocamera and a Sony Triniton monitor was used a... more ... A state-of-the-art 2d system with a single videocamera and a Sony Triniton monitor was used as the second comparison condition. ... (1996). However, they only compared a 3d vision system using shutter glasses with the same system in 2d mode. ...
Abstract Previous research has shown that the use of stereoscopic displays and observer-produced ... more Abstract Previous research has shown that the use of stereoscopic displays and observer-produced motion parallax in telepresence systems can each improve operators' performance beyond that achieved using conventional 2-D displays. Enhancing stereo disparity and motion parallax through increased inter-camera distance or camera movement respectively may confer further benefits both in laboratory and applied tasks. In experiment 1 the inter-camera distance was doubled to provide enhanced stereo disparity. Using 3 ...
Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques, 1999
Background: Endoscopic surgeons rely on visual feedback to control their movements but lack stere... more Background: Endoscopic surgeons rely on visual feedback to control their movements but lack stereopsis, an important depth cue. Previous three-dimensional (3D) systems alternated images on a two-dimensional (2D) screen, which was uncomfortable for surgeons. A second-generation 3D system provides continuous stereoscopic images on a monitor suspended at arm's length. We studied its effect on the laparoscopic precision of novices and experienced surgeons. Methods: Experienced laparoscopic surgeons (n= 12) and novices (n= 16) performed a total of 672 tasks in 2D, 3D, and under direct vision. Precision was assessed using the Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device (ICSAD), which generates objective scores of performance by analyzing the movements of surgical instruments. Results: We found that 2D endoscopic vision impaired performance by 35–100% when compared with direct vision, whereas 3D reduced this endoscopic handicap by 41–53% in novices and experienced surgeons (p < 0.03). No side effects were reported with the new 3D system. Even in 2D, novices performed better with an image at arm's length (p < 0.03). Conclusions: Second-generation 3D significantly improved the laparoscopic precision of novices and experienced surgeons, without the side effects reported from previous systems. This technology is expected to improve the ease and safety of laparoscopic surgery.
... A state-of-the-art 2d system with a single videocamera and a Sony Triniton monitor was used a... more ... A state-of-the-art 2d system with a single videocamera and a Sony Triniton monitor was used as the second comparison condition. ... (1996). However, they only compared a 3d vision system using shutter glasses with the same system in 2d mode. ...
Abstract Previous research has shown that the use of stereoscopic displays and observer-produced ... more Abstract Previous research has shown that the use of stereoscopic displays and observer-produced motion parallax in telepresence systems can each improve operators&amp;#x27; performance beyond that achieved using conventional 2-D displays. Enhancing stereo disparity and motion parallax through increased inter-camera distance or camera movement respectively may confer further benefits both in laboratory and applied tasks. In experiment 1 the inter-camera distance was doubled to provide enhanced stereo disparity. Using 3 ...
Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques, 1999
Background: Endoscopic surgeons rely on visual feedback to control their movements but lack stere... more Background: Endoscopic surgeons rely on visual feedback to control their movements but lack stereopsis, an important depth cue. Previous three-dimensional (3D) systems alternated images on a two-dimensional (2D) screen, which was uncomfortable for surgeons. A second-generation 3D system provides continuous stereoscopic images on a monitor suspended at arm's length. We studied its effect on the laparoscopic precision of novices and experienced surgeons. Methods: Experienced laparoscopic surgeons (n= 12) and novices (n= 16) performed a total of 672 tasks in 2D, 3D, and under direct vision. Precision was assessed using the Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device (ICSAD), which generates objective scores of performance by analyzing the movements of surgical instruments. Results: We found that 2D endoscopic vision impaired performance by 35–100% when compared with direct vision, whereas 3D reduced this endoscopic handicap by 41–53% in novices and experienced surgeons (p < 0.03). No side effects were reported with the new 3D system. Even in 2D, novices performed better with an image at arm's length (p < 0.03). Conclusions: Second-generation 3D significantly improved the laparoscopic precision of novices and experienced surgeons, without the side effects reported from previous systems. This technology is expected to improve the ease and safety of laparoscopic surgery.
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