Phone: 1 212 998 9137 Address: Preston Robert Tisch Center for Hospitality, Tourism, and Sports Management
New York University
7 East 12th Street, 425 H
New York, NY 10003
Social tourism refers to facilitating access to tourism for low income groups and/or the use of t... more Social tourism refers to facilitating access to tourism for low income groups and/or the use of tourism as a regeneration and economic stimulation strategy. Although social tourism has its roots in the early 20th Century and is still a major component of the tourism sector in a range of countries, the concept has received relatively little research attention until recently. In this volume, international specialists on social tourism present perspectives on social tourism from different disciplines and geographical contexts. The book highlights the multitude of interpretations and implementations of social tourism that make the concept so multi-faceted: examples reviewed in this book include holiday vouchers in Hungary, charity initiatives in the UK, tourism schemes for senior citizens in Spain and state provision in Brazil.
Seven themed chapters and two case studies explore the potential of social tourism from a range of perspectives. Should tourism be a right that is available to all? Is social tourism indispensable in a sustainable tourism strategy? What are the different systems of social tourism supply and demand in Europe, and why do the implementations differ so much between countries? The book provides a critical reflection on these and other questions, and is therefore a key resource for social tourism researchers and practitioners.
This book, the first on social tourism in English, provides a comprehensive analysis of the vario... more This book, the first on social tourism in English, provides a comprehensive analysis of the various systems and practices in support of disadvantaged people's enjoyment of tourism. Combining theory and practice and a truly European perspective, this book provides an interdisciplinary approach to examine the concepts and contexts underpinning social tourism that will be a key reference point for students, practitioners and researchers. Theoretical perspectives on social tourism are assessed in the context of social inequality, sustainability, family diversity, mobility and the welfare society. The case studies cover public initiatives, charities and voluntary organisations, from a range of different countries including the UK, Ireland, Belgium, Denmark and Poland, covering the diversity of systems and practices in Europe.
This exciting new text offers all students of Tourism a concise introduction to all the core topi... more This exciting new text offers all students of Tourism a concise introduction to all the core topics of Tourism Management. Covering both key theory and practice it introduces students to general management issues across the whole tourism sector in an accessible and manageable way.
Focusing particularly on the challenges of managing tourism in the 21st Century, it integrates the themes of sustainability, internationalism, technology and globalisation throughout to provide a thoroughly modern approach to the study of Tourism. Key features of this text include:
- A specific focus on the management of tourism in the context of economic, social and environmental conditions, avoiding lengthy descriptions of the various components of the sector;
- Three main integrated themes focusing on the demand for tourism, the supply of tourism, and the challenge of balancing of the two;
- Coverage of how management techniques are developing in response to changing patterns of demand, emerging markets and destinations, globalisation, and the impacts of tourism;
- Discussion points, examples and cases studies designed with the broadest cultural and international dimensions in mind for today's diverse student profile.
Written specifically for those looking for core topic coverage in a manageable and concise format, this text will be essential reading for those looking for a truly contemporary introduction to Tourism Management.
In this fifth edition of the US Family Travel Survey, the Family Travel Association and the Jonat... more In this fifth edition of the US Family Travel Survey, the Family Travel Association and the Jonathan M. Tisch Center of Hospitality (NYU School of Professional Studies) examine family travel in the U.S. This year, the study has expanded its scope to not only include parents traveling with their children, but also grandparents traveling with their grandchildren on multi-generational or skip-generational trips. With the support of media sponsor Meredith Corporation (publisher of, among others, Parents and Travel + Leisure magazines) 2,748 responses were collected: 1,580 from parents and 1,1168 from grandparents. The following themes were explored in the 2019 US Family Travel Survey: • Travel behaviors, including travel motivations, number of trips, trip lengths, recent and expected spending on family travel, preferred destinations, accommodations and trip types • Attitudes towards and experiences with skip-generational travel: trips that children take with their grandparents without their parents • Attitudes towards and experiences with multi-generational travel: trips that the children, their parents and at least one of their grandparents take together as a family • Use of travel agents by parents and grandparents • Use of social media and interaction with travel-related content on social media, by parents and grandparents • Availability of vacation days for parents, and use of vacation days for family travel
At the end of this 2018 edition of our annual Family Travel Survey, what have we learned?
This su... more At the end of this 2018 edition of our annual Family Travel Survey, what have we learned? This survey gives us a snapshot of when, how and where families like to travel, and how their travel preferences change as the children grow older. In this study, respondents share where they find travel inspiration, travel information, and how they prefer to book travel products. It is clear from the results of this survey that US families see the value of family vacations as a way to bond, build memories and explore new places together: as an industry, we should be proud to be a part of this meaningful aspect of family life. Yes, there are areas where the industry can do better. For four years in a row, affordability has emerged as a major hurdle for travel participation. While for some respondents, only low-cost travel options are within reach, this is not the case for all: value for money is often emphasized more than pure dollar value. With a world of travel information at our fingertips, the respondents still highlight that they wish they had access to clearer pricing and more accurate and comprehensive answers to their questions about destinations, accommodations and activities. As travel is a product we often buy before we have seen or experienced it, having complete and clear information available on prices, surcharges and extras is crucial in the decision-making process. It seems that while families are overwhelmed with information, what they are looking for is not always within easy reach. Simplifying the information gathering stage for families – personalized to their budget, family size, the age of the children and their preferences - has to be a priority for the industry going forward. Another priority should be that we remain an industry that prides itself being welcoming to all. Parents of very young children, teenagers and children with special needs often commented in this study that they don’t feel the travel industry understands their needs – single parents have expressed the same concern in a previous edition of this study. In a world where personalization dominates business innovation, a ‘one size fits all’ approach to family travel is likely to result in disappointment and frustration. The leading companies in our industry will be those who integrate an awareness of the diversity of families into their product design, marketing and recruitment processes. For the past two years, families have given the travel industry a lackluster B- grade when it comes to understanding their needs. As our understanding grows of what US families look for when they vacation together, we increasingly have the tools to become truly hospitable to all.
This book has examined different conceptualisations and practical implementations of social touri... more This book has examined different conceptualisations and practical implementations of social tourism in Europe from a range of perspectives. Social tourism is a little-known concept; it is not widely understood either within the tourism industry, as an aspect of social and welfare ...
Learning at the Crossroads of Theory and Practice, 2012
ABSTRACT Internships represent an approach for the professional development of student’s specific... more ABSTRACT Internships represent an approach for the professional development of student’s specific skills and allow students to gain relevant work experience. Despite the growing popularity of internships, limited research has examined the potential benefits of internship supervision at a distance through Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL). This article combines the findings of a literature review with insights from a concept-mapping exercise with 22 experts from 15 business institutes to identify effective collaboration of the three stakeholders: students, company and university. Results reveal the inherent goals and expectations of internship supervision differ for companies and universities. Therefore, substantial benefits can be obtained through CSCL by effective communication and collaboration between the three stakeholders during internships. Future research should address whether the identified concept map of internships can be successfully implemented in practice.
As highlighted in the previous chapter, the definitions and consequently the expression of social... more As highlighted in the previous chapter, the definitions and consequently the expression of social tourism have developed and changed since its inception in the 19th century. In post-modern times there has been a significant evolution of the needs, the expectations and ...
Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 2011
Even though business travel represents a significant share of international travel and thus an im... more Even though business travel represents a significant share of international travel and thus an important economic driver for the transport and tourism industry, it is often poorly understood and patchily researched. This may be due to the complexity of the sector, and the fact that ...
66 Het Armoederapport 2010 2 7 Vrije tijd 2 7 1 De details die het verschil maken... Positieve ef... more 66 Het Armoederapport 2010 2 7 Vrije tijd 2 7 1 De details die het verschil maken... Positieve effecten van vakantie Lynn Minnaert Research Fellow Tourism Research Centre, Londen Marianne Schapmans Coördinator Vakantieparticipatie Steunpunt Vakantieparticipatie Toerisme ...
This study examines the impact of the Olympic Games on socially excluded groups in the host commu... more This study examines the impact of the Olympic Games on socially excluded groups in the host community: more specifically it focuses on non-infrastructural programmes and initiatives that are directly linked to the Olympic Games. Academic discussion of the socio-economic ...
The article presents a summary of a study undertaken by and for the University of Westminster... more The article presents a summary of a study undertaken by and for the University of Westminster's Centre for Tourism Research which examines if the Corporate Hospitality sector is indeed more resilient to economic downturns now than it was in the past, or if its health is still largely ...
Page 1. Dr Lynn Minnaert Centre for Tourism Research School of Architecture and the Built Environ... more Page 1. Dr Lynn Minnaert Centre for Tourism Research School of Architecture and the Built Environment University of Westminster 35 Marylebone Road London NW1 5LS The non-infrastructural impacts of the Olympic Games on socially excluded groups in the host ...
In this third edition of the US Family Travel Survey, the Family Travel Association and the Tisch... more In this third edition of the US Family Travel Survey, the Family Travel Association and the Tisch Center for Hospitality and Tourism (NYU School of Professional Studies) examine the under-researched phenomenon of family travel in the U.S. The survey represents families of diverse incomes, education levels, ethnicities and sizes. The study examines the following about families’: • Travel behavior and preferences • Travel challenges • Travel attitudes • Travel decision making • Travel industry evaluation
Key Findings This study provides a snapshot of family travel behaviors and preferences in the USA. Key findings are: • 88% of families are ‘very likely’ or ‘likely’ to travel with their child(ren) in the coming two years • Shorter vacations (up to one week) are most common. While summer is the most popular time for family travel, respondents show a strong interest in winter vacations for future years. Most families book their travel within three months of departure. • Theme parks, beach vacations and family road trips are the most common vacations the respondents have taken. When analyzing which vacation types US families would like to try for the first time in the future, cruises and all-inclusive resorts show the greatest appeal. • The top 3 states families have visited are Florida, California and New York. The top 3 states they would like to visit in the future are Florida, California and Hawaii. • Hotels, resorts and motels were the most commonly used accommodation choices. Value for money and amenities for children are key factors in their decision-making process on where to stay. • A family’s main priority is when taking a family vacation is ‘visiting new places and exploring together’ (49%), followed by ‘relaxing and unwinding together’ (42%). • 25% of respondents had booked with a travel agent in the past 5 years.
A new addition to the survey this year is a block of questions that examined families’ evaluations of the travel industry. Respondents were asked to give the industry a grade for how well it meets the needs of families, and they gave the industry a lackluster score of B-. The recommendations they had for the industry focused on: • The need for more affordable options • A request for more packaged domestic options • The challenges larger families face when traveling • The lack of reliable and comprehensive information on travel options and prices • The lack of accessible travel options for families where an adult or child has a disability Since 2015, the US Family Travel Survey has distinguished between three family travel profiles: • Hassle-Free Travelers • Cautious Travelers • Intrepid Travelers Each profile has its own distinct characteristics, which were confirmed in the findings of this new edition of the survey. New attitude statements have revealed a more nuanced overview of the profiles, and show that each has its own attitude spectrum: in other words, the boundaries between the profiles are in some areas somewhat fluid, and several characteristics are shared between several groups. For example, while Cautious Travelers – the most prominent group for the third year running - often worry about safety and value for money still see themselves as fairly adventurous families. Cautious Travelers also share some characteristics with the Intrepid Travelers: both groups like to plan their vacations thoroughly and enjoy researching destinations and travel options. This shows that even profiles that are opposites at first glance, may share characteristics and preferences: in other words, travel products may appeal across two different profiles. This more nuanced understanding of the three family travel profiles can assist in the marketing, distribution and product development of family travel products and services.
Family travel is one of the fastest-growing segments of the tourism industry, accounting for over... more Family travel is one of the fastest-growing segments of the tourism industry, accounting for over one-third of all leisure trips. A new study by the Family Travel Association (FTA) (familytravel.org) and the NYU School of Professional Studies (NYUSPS) Tisch Center for Hospitality and Tourism (sps.nyu.edu/tisch) examines this sector and provides insight into how US families make travel decisions, as well as the considerations they take into account when doing so.
This exploratory study focused on the influence of demographic (income, age, number of children) and psychographic factors (attitudes toward travel and life) on how families make travel decisions. The findings reveal that affordability is the greatest factor in determining how families choose to travel. Not surprisingly, a family’s higher household income positively correlates with higher travel spending, a lower likelihood that affordability is a major challenge, a higher likelihood to travel internationally, a higher preference for resorts, and a higher preference for air travel when children are involved.
However, the research also points to the fact that income does not tell the whole story. While it determines in many ways HOW families travel, it does not always show clearly the relationships as to WHY they do. To learn more about this, the research team carefully combed through the more than 2,600 responses they received to a survey, which was deployed nationwide to families that travel. After analyzing the data, the researchers concluded families that travel fall into three distinct groups.
The first group, the Hassle-Free Travelers, prefers travel options that require little effort and research. While they are not averse to international travel, they are likely to book an all-inclusive resort or to choose an organized tour, where the travel planning is done for them. They are least likely to take their children out of school for travel. The second and most dominant group, the Cautious Travelers, is more willing to spend time researching and preparing for travel and to try a wider variety of travel options. They also are more willing for their children to miss school to travel. However, they worry about safety, hygiene, food options, finding appropriate activities for their children, and getting value for their money. Because of these uncertainties, they tend to revert to “safe bets” such as family-friendly hotels and theme parks. Finally, there are the Intrepid Travelers. They tend to opt for new destinations each time they travel, are most likely to take their children out of school for vacations, value travel over material possessions, and are likely to travel to unusual destinations to experience different cultures. While all families want to keep their children safe while traveling, it is not the main concern of this group.
STUDY HIGHLIGHTS •93% of the respondents are either “very likely” or “likely” to travel with their children in the next two years. •Respondents took an average of 3.53 domestic trips and 1.25 international trips with their children in the past year. •Families most prefer to travel with their children when the children are between 6 and 12. •Affordability is the most prominent challenge for family travel. While this mainly affects lower income families, even higher income families raise this as a concern. •The respondents highly value the educational and emotional benefits of travel. •The respondents’ household income is the most prominent demographic factor to influence travel behaviors and challenges. •Travel attitudes and preferences are, however, not clearly linked to demographic factors, pointing instead to psychographic explanations. •Search engines are the most important information source for many families, but do not always provide information that is seen to be reliable and trustworthy.
It is often said that simple questions do not always yield simple answers. Does relevance matter ... more It is often said that simple questions do not always yield simple answers. Does relevance matter in policy research? The question is value-laden, with strong advocates on each side of the argument. Answering it with a resounding ‘yes’ implies to some that academic researchers will relinquish their academic freedom; focus on issues as directed by authorities and businesses; and submit to a neo-liberal approach to education. Answering it with a resounding ‘no’ may be met with the criticism that ‘academics seem all too eager and able to block changes that might lead to universities better addressing the needs of society’ (Dearlove, 2002, p. 257). This discussion will draw on Dredge’s contribution, and on relevant literature in management science, to propose an answer of ‘yes, but’.
Social tourism initiatives tend to facilitate access to tourism for groups who would otherwise be... more Social tourism initiatives tend to facilitate access to tourism for groups who would otherwise be financially unable to participate in holidays. The tourism products offered in social tourism vary between individual and group holidays, and day trips. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study with social tourism beneficiaries and social support workers, which explores via interviews and focus groups how these different tourism products can be tailored most effectively to the needs to the beneficiaries. The findings of the study highlight the important role of travel inexperience, and associated uncertainty, in travel decisions made by this target group. The findings show that (public sector or charitable) providers of social tourism can offer the most tailored and potentially most cost-effective tourism product to each beneficiary by closely considering previous travel experience and uncertainty levels before departure.
Social tourism refers to facilitating access to tourism for low income groups and/or the use of t... more Social tourism refers to facilitating access to tourism for low income groups and/or the use of tourism as a regeneration and economic stimulation strategy. Although social tourism has its roots in the early 20th Century and is still a major component of the tourism sector in a range of countries, the concept has received relatively little research attention until recently. In this volume, international specialists on social tourism present perspectives on social tourism from different disciplines and geographical contexts. The book highlights the multitude of interpretations and implementations of social tourism that make the concept so multi-faceted: examples reviewed in this book include holiday vouchers in Hungary, charity initiatives in the UK, tourism schemes for senior citizens in Spain and state provision in Brazil.
Seven themed chapters and two case studies explore the potential of social tourism from a range of perspectives. Should tourism be a right that is available to all? Is social tourism indispensable in a sustainable tourism strategy? What are the different systems of social tourism supply and demand in Europe, and why do the implementations differ so much between countries? The book provides a critical reflection on these and other questions, and is therefore a key resource for social tourism researchers and practitioners.
This book, the first on social tourism in English, provides a comprehensive analysis of the vario... more This book, the first on social tourism in English, provides a comprehensive analysis of the various systems and practices in support of disadvantaged people's enjoyment of tourism. Combining theory and practice and a truly European perspective, this book provides an interdisciplinary approach to examine the concepts and contexts underpinning social tourism that will be a key reference point for students, practitioners and researchers. Theoretical perspectives on social tourism are assessed in the context of social inequality, sustainability, family diversity, mobility and the welfare society. The case studies cover public initiatives, charities and voluntary organisations, from a range of different countries including the UK, Ireland, Belgium, Denmark and Poland, covering the diversity of systems and practices in Europe.
This exciting new text offers all students of Tourism a concise introduction to all the core topi... more This exciting new text offers all students of Tourism a concise introduction to all the core topics of Tourism Management. Covering both key theory and practice it introduces students to general management issues across the whole tourism sector in an accessible and manageable way.
Focusing particularly on the challenges of managing tourism in the 21st Century, it integrates the themes of sustainability, internationalism, technology and globalisation throughout to provide a thoroughly modern approach to the study of Tourism. Key features of this text include:
- A specific focus on the management of tourism in the context of economic, social and environmental conditions, avoiding lengthy descriptions of the various components of the sector;
- Three main integrated themes focusing on the demand for tourism, the supply of tourism, and the challenge of balancing of the two;
- Coverage of how management techniques are developing in response to changing patterns of demand, emerging markets and destinations, globalisation, and the impacts of tourism;
- Discussion points, examples and cases studies designed with the broadest cultural and international dimensions in mind for today's diverse student profile.
Written specifically for those looking for core topic coverage in a manageable and concise format, this text will be essential reading for those looking for a truly contemporary introduction to Tourism Management.
In this fifth edition of the US Family Travel Survey, the Family Travel Association and the Jonat... more In this fifth edition of the US Family Travel Survey, the Family Travel Association and the Jonathan M. Tisch Center of Hospitality (NYU School of Professional Studies) examine family travel in the U.S. This year, the study has expanded its scope to not only include parents traveling with their children, but also grandparents traveling with their grandchildren on multi-generational or skip-generational trips. With the support of media sponsor Meredith Corporation (publisher of, among others, Parents and Travel + Leisure magazines) 2,748 responses were collected: 1,580 from parents and 1,1168 from grandparents. The following themes were explored in the 2019 US Family Travel Survey: • Travel behaviors, including travel motivations, number of trips, trip lengths, recent and expected spending on family travel, preferred destinations, accommodations and trip types • Attitudes towards and experiences with skip-generational travel: trips that children take with their grandparents without their parents • Attitudes towards and experiences with multi-generational travel: trips that the children, their parents and at least one of their grandparents take together as a family • Use of travel agents by parents and grandparents • Use of social media and interaction with travel-related content on social media, by parents and grandparents • Availability of vacation days for parents, and use of vacation days for family travel
At the end of this 2018 edition of our annual Family Travel Survey, what have we learned?
This su... more At the end of this 2018 edition of our annual Family Travel Survey, what have we learned? This survey gives us a snapshot of when, how and where families like to travel, and how their travel preferences change as the children grow older. In this study, respondents share where they find travel inspiration, travel information, and how they prefer to book travel products. It is clear from the results of this survey that US families see the value of family vacations as a way to bond, build memories and explore new places together: as an industry, we should be proud to be a part of this meaningful aspect of family life. Yes, there are areas where the industry can do better. For four years in a row, affordability has emerged as a major hurdle for travel participation. While for some respondents, only low-cost travel options are within reach, this is not the case for all: value for money is often emphasized more than pure dollar value. With a world of travel information at our fingertips, the respondents still highlight that they wish they had access to clearer pricing and more accurate and comprehensive answers to their questions about destinations, accommodations and activities. As travel is a product we often buy before we have seen or experienced it, having complete and clear information available on prices, surcharges and extras is crucial in the decision-making process. It seems that while families are overwhelmed with information, what they are looking for is not always within easy reach. Simplifying the information gathering stage for families – personalized to their budget, family size, the age of the children and their preferences - has to be a priority for the industry going forward. Another priority should be that we remain an industry that prides itself being welcoming to all. Parents of very young children, teenagers and children with special needs often commented in this study that they don’t feel the travel industry understands their needs – single parents have expressed the same concern in a previous edition of this study. In a world where personalization dominates business innovation, a ‘one size fits all’ approach to family travel is likely to result in disappointment and frustration. The leading companies in our industry will be those who integrate an awareness of the diversity of families into their product design, marketing and recruitment processes. For the past two years, families have given the travel industry a lackluster B- grade when it comes to understanding their needs. As our understanding grows of what US families look for when they vacation together, we increasingly have the tools to become truly hospitable to all.
This book has examined different conceptualisations and practical implementations of social touri... more This book has examined different conceptualisations and practical implementations of social tourism in Europe from a range of perspectives. Social tourism is a little-known concept; it is not widely understood either within the tourism industry, as an aspect of social and welfare ...
Learning at the Crossroads of Theory and Practice, 2012
ABSTRACT Internships represent an approach for the professional development of student’s specific... more ABSTRACT Internships represent an approach for the professional development of student’s specific skills and allow students to gain relevant work experience. Despite the growing popularity of internships, limited research has examined the potential benefits of internship supervision at a distance through Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL). This article combines the findings of a literature review with insights from a concept-mapping exercise with 22 experts from 15 business institutes to identify effective collaboration of the three stakeholders: students, company and university. Results reveal the inherent goals and expectations of internship supervision differ for companies and universities. Therefore, substantial benefits can be obtained through CSCL by effective communication and collaboration between the three stakeholders during internships. Future research should address whether the identified concept map of internships can be successfully implemented in practice.
As highlighted in the previous chapter, the definitions and consequently the expression of social... more As highlighted in the previous chapter, the definitions and consequently the expression of social tourism have developed and changed since its inception in the 19th century. In post-modern times there has been a significant evolution of the needs, the expectations and ...
Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 2011
Even though business travel represents a significant share of international travel and thus an im... more Even though business travel represents a significant share of international travel and thus an important economic driver for the transport and tourism industry, it is often poorly understood and patchily researched. This may be due to the complexity of the sector, and the fact that ...
66 Het Armoederapport 2010 2 7 Vrije tijd 2 7 1 De details die het verschil maken... Positieve ef... more 66 Het Armoederapport 2010 2 7 Vrije tijd 2 7 1 De details die het verschil maken... Positieve effecten van vakantie Lynn Minnaert Research Fellow Tourism Research Centre, Londen Marianne Schapmans Coördinator Vakantieparticipatie Steunpunt Vakantieparticipatie Toerisme ...
This study examines the impact of the Olympic Games on socially excluded groups in the host commu... more This study examines the impact of the Olympic Games on socially excluded groups in the host community: more specifically it focuses on non-infrastructural programmes and initiatives that are directly linked to the Olympic Games. Academic discussion of the socio-economic ...
The article presents a summary of a study undertaken by and for the University of Westminster... more The article presents a summary of a study undertaken by and for the University of Westminster's Centre for Tourism Research which examines if the Corporate Hospitality sector is indeed more resilient to economic downturns now than it was in the past, or if its health is still largely ...
Page 1. Dr Lynn Minnaert Centre for Tourism Research School of Architecture and the Built Environ... more Page 1. Dr Lynn Minnaert Centre for Tourism Research School of Architecture and the Built Environment University of Westminster 35 Marylebone Road London NW1 5LS The non-infrastructural impacts of the Olympic Games on socially excluded groups in the host ...
In this third edition of the US Family Travel Survey, the Family Travel Association and the Tisch... more In this third edition of the US Family Travel Survey, the Family Travel Association and the Tisch Center for Hospitality and Tourism (NYU School of Professional Studies) examine the under-researched phenomenon of family travel in the U.S. The survey represents families of diverse incomes, education levels, ethnicities and sizes. The study examines the following about families’: • Travel behavior and preferences • Travel challenges • Travel attitudes • Travel decision making • Travel industry evaluation
Key Findings This study provides a snapshot of family travel behaviors and preferences in the USA. Key findings are: • 88% of families are ‘very likely’ or ‘likely’ to travel with their child(ren) in the coming two years • Shorter vacations (up to one week) are most common. While summer is the most popular time for family travel, respondents show a strong interest in winter vacations for future years. Most families book their travel within three months of departure. • Theme parks, beach vacations and family road trips are the most common vacations the respondents have taken. When analyzing which vacation types US families would like to try for the first time in the future, cruises and all-inclusive resorts show the greatest appeal. • The top 3 states families have visited are Florida, California and New York. The top 3 states they would like to visit in the future are Florida, California and Hawaii. • Hotels, resorts and motels were the most commonly used accommodation choices. Value for money and amenities for children are key factors in their decision-making process on where to stay. • A family’s main priority is when taking a family vacation is ‘visiting new places and exploring together’ (49%), followed by ‘relaxing and unwinding together’ (42%). • 25% of respondents had booked with a travel agent in the past 5 years.
A new addition to the survey this year is a block of questions that examined families’ evaluations of the travel industry. Respondents were asked to give the industry a grade for how well it meets the needs of families, and they gave the industry a lackluster score of B-. The recommendations they had for the industry focused on: • The need for more affordable options • A request for more packaged domestic options • The challenges larger families face when traveling • The lack of reliable and comprehensive information on travel options and prices • The lack of accessible travel options for families where an adult or child has a disability Since 2015, the US Family Travel Survey has distinguished between three family travel profiles: • Hassle-Free Travelers • Cautious Travelers • Intrepid Travelers Each profile has its own distinct characteristics, which were confirmed in the findings of this new edition of the survey. New attitude statements have revealed a more nuanced overview of the profiles, and show that each has its own attitude spectrum: in other words, the boundaries between the profiles are in some areas somewhat fluid, and several characteristics are shared between several groups. For example, while Cautious Travelers – the most prominent group for the third year running - often worry about safety and value for money still see themselves as fairly adventurous families. Cautious Travelers also share some characteristics with the Intrepid Travelers: both groups like to plan their vacations thoroughly and enjoy researching destinations and travel options. This shows that even profiles that are opposites at first glance, may share characteristics and preferences: in other words, travel products may appeal across two different profiles. This more nuanced understanding of the three family travel profiles can assist in the marketing, distribution and product development of family travel products and services.
Family travel is one of the fastest-growing segments of the tourism industry, accounting for over... more Family travel is one of the fastest-growing segments of the tourism industry, accounting for over one-third of all leisure trips. A new study by the Family Travel Association (FTA) (familytravel.org) and the NYU School of Professional Studies (NYUSPS) Tisch Center for Hospitality and Tourism (sps.nyu.edu/tisch) examines this sector and provides insight into how US families make travel decisions, as well as the considerations they take into account when doing so.
This exploratory study focused on the influence of demographic (income, age, number of children) and psychographic factors (attitudes toward travel and life) on how families make travel decisions. The findings reveal that affordability is the greatest factor in determining how families choose to travel. Not surprisingly, a family’s higher household income positively correlates with higher travel spending, a lower likelihood that affordability is a major challenge, a higher likelihood to travel internationally, a higher preference for resorts, and a higher preference for air travel when children are involved.
However, the research also points to the fact that income does not tell the whole story. While it determines in many ways HOW families travel, it does not always show clearly the relationships as to WHY they do. To learn more about this, the research team carefully combed through the more than 2,600 responses they received to a survey, which was deployed nationwide to families that travel. After analyzing the data, the researchers concluded families that travel fall into three distinct groups.
The first group, the Hassle-Free Travelers, prefers travel options that require little effort and research. While they are not averse to international travel, they are likely to book an all-inclusive resort or to choose an organized tour, where the travel planning is done for them. They are least likely to take their children out of school for travel. The second and most dominant group, the Cautious Travelers, is more willing to spend time researching and preparing for travel and to try a wider variety of travel options. They also are more willing for their children to miss school to travel. However, they worry about safety, hygiene, food options, finding appropriate activities for their children, and getting value for their money. Because of these uncertainties, they tend to revert to “safe bets” such as family-friendly hotels and theme parks. Finally, there are the Intrepid Travelers. They tend to opt for new destinations each time they travel, are most likely to take their children out of school for vacations, value travel over material possessions, and are likely to travel to unusual destinations to experience different cultures. While all families want to keep their children safe while traveling, it is not the main concern of this group.
STUDY HIGHLIGHTS •93% of the respondents are either “very likely” or “likely” to travel with their children in the next two years. •Respondents took an average of 3.53 domestic trips and 1.25 international trips with their children in the past year. •Families most prefer to travel with their children when the children are between 6 and 12. •Affordability is the most prominent challenge for family travel. While this mainly affects lower income families, even higher income families raise this as a concern. •The respondents highly value the educational and emotional benefits of travel. •The respondents’ household income is the most prominent demographic factor to influence travel behaviors and challenges. •Travel attitudes and preferences are, however, not clearly linked to demographic factors, pointing instead to psychographic explanations. •Search engines are the most important information source for many families, but do not always provide information that is seen to be reliable and trustworthy.
It is often said that simple questions do not always yield simple answers. Does relevance matter ... more It is often said that simple questions do not always yield simple answers. Does relevance matter in policy research? The question is value-laden, with strong advocates on each side of the argument. Answering it with a resounding ‘yes’ implies to some that academic researchers will relinquish their academic freedom; focus on issues as directed by authorities and businesses; and submit to a neo-liberal approach to education. Answering it with a resounding ‘no’ may be met with the criticism that ‘academics seem all too eager and able to block changes that might lead to universities better addressing the needs of society’ (Dearlove, 2002, p. 257). This discussion will draw on Dredge’s contribution, and on relevant literature in management science, to propose an answer of ‘yes, but’.
Social tourism initiatives tend to facilitate access to tourism for groups who would otherwise be... more Social tourism initiatives tend to facilitate access to tourism for groups who would otherwise be financially unable to participate in holidays. The tourism products offered in social tourism vary between individual and group holidays, and day trips. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study with social tourism beneficiaries and social support workers, which explores via interviews and focus groups how these different tourism products can be tailored most effectively to the needs to the beneficiaries. The findings of the study highlight the important role of travel inexperience, and associated uncertainty, in travel decisions made by this target group. The findings show that (public sector or charitable) providers of social tourism can offer the most tailored and potentially most cost-effective tourism product to each beneficiary by closely considering previous travel experience and uncertainty levels before departure.
Social tourism initiatives tend to facilitate access to tourism for groups who would otherwise be... more Social tourism initiatives tend to facilitate access to tourism for groups who would otherwise be financially unable to participate in holidays. The tourism products offered in social tourism vary between individual and group holidays, and day trips. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study with social tourism beneficiaries and social support workers, which explores via interviews and focus groups how these different tourism products can be tailored most effectively to the needs to the beneficiaries. The findings of the study highlight the important role of travel inexperience, and associated uncertainty, in travel decisions made by this target group. The findings show that (public sector or charitable) providers of social tourism can offer the most tailored and potentially most cost-effective tourism product to each beneficiary by closely considering previous travel experience and uncertainty levels before departure.
Social tourism refers to initiatives aimed to
include groups that would otherwise be excluded
fro... more Social tourism refers to initiatives aimed to include groups that would otherwise be excluded from tourism. Its earliest definition refers to “the relationships and phenomena in the field of tourism resulting from participation in travel by economically weak or otherwise disadvantaged elements in society” (Hunzicker 1951: 1). Other scholars have defined it as tourism with an added moral value, of which the primary objective is to benefit the host or the tourist populations (Minnaert et al. 2011). In practice, social tourism usually refers to budget-friendly domestic holidays. In some cases, day trips to theme parks, museums, and attractions are funded or made available at highly reduced rates by charities or agencies in the public sector.
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Seven themed chapters and two case studies explore the potential of social tourism from a range of perspectives. Should tourism be a right that is available to all? Is social tourism indispensable in a sustainable tourism strategy? What are the different systems of social tourism supply and demand in Europe, and why do the implementations differ so much between countries? The book provides a critical reflection on these and other questions, and is therefore a key resource for social tourism researchers and practitioners.
Focusing particularly on the challenges of managing tourism in the 21st Century, it integrates the themes of sustainability, internationalism, technology and globalisation throughout to provide a thoroughly modern approach to the study of Tourism. Key features of this text include:
- A specific focus on the management of tourism in the context of economic, social and environmental conditions, avoiding lengthy descriptions of the various components of the sector;
- Three main integrated themes focusing on the demand for tourism, the supply of tourism, and the challenge of balancing of the two;
- Coverage of how management techniques are developing in response to changing patterns of demand, emerging markets and destinations, globalisation, and the impacts of tourism;
- Discussion points, examples and cases studies designed with the broadest cultural and international dimensions in mind for today's diverse student profile.
Written specifically for those looking for core topic coverage in a manageable and concise format, this text will be essential reading for those looking for a truly contemporary introduction to Tourism Management.
• Travel behaviors, including travel motivations, number of trips, trip lengths, recent and expected spending on family travel, preferred destinations, accommodations and trip types
• Attitudes towards and experiences with skip-generational travel: trips that children take with their grandparents without their parents
• Attitudes towards and experiences with multi-generational travel: trips that the children, their parents and at least one of their grandparents take together as a family
• Use of travel agents by parents and grandparents
• Use of social media and interaction with travel-related content on social media, by parents and grandparents
• Availability of vacation days for parents, and use of vacation days for family travel
This survey gives us a snapshot of when, how and where families like to travel, and how their travel preferences change as the children grow older. In this study, respondents share where they find travel inspiration, travel information, and how they prefer to book travel products. It is clear from the results of this survey that US families see the value of family vacations as a way to bond, build memories and explore new places together: as an industry, we should be proud to be a part of this meaningful aspect of family life.
Yes, there are areas where the industry can do better. For four years in a row, affordability has emerged as a major hurdle for travel participation. While for some respondents, only low-cost travel options are within reach, this is not the case for all: value for money is often emphasized more than pure dollar value. With a world of travel information at our fingertips, the respondents still highlight that they wish they had access to clearer pricing and more accurate and comprehensive answers to their questions about destinations, accommodations and activities. As travel is a product we often buy before we have seen or experienced it, having complete and clear information available on prices, surcharges and extras is crucial in the decision-making process. It seems that while families are overwhelmed with information, what they are looking for is not always within easy reach. Simplifying the information gathering stage for families – personalized to their budget, family size, the age of the children and their preferences - has to be a priority for the industry going forward.
Another priority should be that we remain an industry that prides itself being welcoming to all. Parents of very young children, teenagers and children with special needs often commented in this study that they don’t feel the travel industry understands their needs – single parents have expressed the same concern in a previous edition of this study. In a world where personalization dominates business innovation, a ‘one size fits all’ approach to family travel is likely to result in disappointment and frustration. The leading companies in our industry will be those who integrate an awareness of the diversity of families into their product design, marketing and recruitment processes.
For the past two years, families have given the travel industry a lackluster B- grade when it comes to understanding their needs. As our understanding grows of what US families look for when they vacation together, we increasingly have the tools to become truly hospitable to all.
• Travel behavior and preferences
• Travel challenges
• Travel attitudes
• Travel decision making
• Travel industry evaluation
Key Findings
This study provides a snapshot of family travel behaviors and preferences in the USA. Key findings are:
• 88% of families are ‘very likely’ or ‘likely’ to travel with their child(ren) in the coming two years
• Shorter vacations (up to one week) are most common. While summer is the most popular time for family travel, respondents show a strong interest in winter vacations for future years. Most families book their travel within three months of departure.
• Theme parks, beach vacations and family road trips are the most common vacations the respondents have taken. When analyzing which vacation types US families would like to try for the first time in the future, cruises and all-inclusive resorts show the greatest appeal.
• The top 3 states families have visited are Florida, California and New York. The top 3 states they would like to visit in the future are Florida, California and Hawaii.
• Hotels, resorts and motels were the most commonly used accommodation choices. Value for money and amenities for children are key factors in their decision-making process on where to stay.
• A family’s main priority is when taking a family vacation is ‘visiting new places and exploring together’ (49%), followed by ‘relaxing and unwinding together’ (42%).
• 25% of respondents had booked with a travel agent in the past 5 years.
A new addition to the survey this year is a block of questions that examined families’ evaluations of the travel industry. Respondents were asked to give the industry a grade for how well it meets the needs of families, and they gave the industry a lackluster score of B-. The recommendations they had for the industry focused on:
• The need for more affordable options
• A request for more packaged domestic options
• The challenges larger families face when traveling
• The lack of reliable and comprehensive information on travel options and prices
• The lack of accessible travel options for families where an adult or child has a disability
Since 2015, the US Family Travel Survey has distinguished between three family travel profiles:
• Hassle-Free Travelers
• Cautious Travelers
• Intrepid Travelers
Each profile has its own distinct characteristics, which were confirmed in the findings of this new edition of the survey. New attitude statements have revealed a more nuanced overview of the profiles, and show that each has its own attitude spectrum: in other words, the boundaries between the profiles are in some areas somewhat fluid, and several characteristics are shared between several groups. For example, while Cautious Travelers – the most prominent group for the third year running - often worry about safety and value for money still see themselves as fairly adventurous families. Cautious Travelers also share some characteristics with the Intrepid Travelers: both groups like to plan their vacations thoroughly and enjoy researching destinations and travel options. This shows that even profiles that are opposites at first glance, may share characteristics and preferences: in other words, travel products may appeal across two different profiles. This more nuanced understanding of the three family travel profiles can assist in the marketing, distribution and product development of family travel products and services.
This exploratory study focused on the influence of demographic (income, age, number of children) and psychographic factors (attitudes toward travel and life) on how families make travel decisions. The findings reveal that affordability is the greatest factor in determining how families choose to travel. Not surprisingly, a family’s higher household income positively correlates with higher travel spending, a lower likelihood that affordability is a major challenge, a higher likelihood to travel internationally, a higher preference for resorts, and a higher preference for air travel when children are involved.
However, the research also points to the fact that income does not tell the whole story. While it determines in many ways HOW families travel, it does not always show clearly the relationships as to WHY they do. To learn more about this, the research team carefully combed through the more than 2,600 responses they received to a survey, which was deployed nationwide to families that travel. After analyzing the data, the researchers concluded families that travel fall into three distinct groups.
The first group, the Hassle-Free Travelers, prefers travel options that require little effort and research. While they are not averse to international travel, they are likely to book an all-inclusive resort or to choose an organized tour, where the travel planning is done for them. They are least likely to take their children out of school for travel. The second and most dominant group, the Cautious Travelers, is more willing to spend time researching and preparing for travel and to try a wider variety of travel options. They also are more willing for their children to miss school to travel. However, they worry about safety, hygiene, food options, finding appropriate activities for their children, and getting value for their money. Because of these uncertainties, they tend to revert to “safe bets” such as family-friendly hotels and theme parks. Finally, there are the Intrepid Travelers. They tend to opt for new destinations each time they travel, are most likely to take their children out of school for vacations, value travel over material possessions, and are likely to travel to unusual destinations to experience different cultures. While all families want to keep their children safe while traveling, it is not the main concern of this group.
STUDY HIGHLIGHTS
•93% of the respondents are either “very likely” or “likely” to travel with their children in the next two years.
•Respondents took an average of 3.53 domestic trips and 1.25 international trips with their children in the past year.
•Families most prefer to travel with their children when the children are between 6 and 12.
•Affordability is the most prominent challenge for family travel. While this mainly affects lower income families, even higher income families raise this as a concern.
•The respondents highly value the educational and emotional benefits of travel.
•The respondents’ household income is the most prominent demographic factor to influence travel behaviors and challenges.
•Travel attitudes and preferences are, however, not clearly linked to demographic factors, pointing instead to psychographic explanations.
•Search engines are the most important information source for many families, but do not always provide information that is seen to be reliable and trustworthy.
Answering it with a resounding ‘no’ may be met with the criticism that ‘academics seem all too eager and able to block changes that might lead to universities better addressing the needs of society’ (Dearlove, 2002, p. 257). This discussion will
draw on Dredge’s contribution, and on relevant literature in management science, to propose an answer of ‘yes, but’.
Seven themed chapters and two case studies explore the potential of social tourism from a range of perspectives. Should tourism be a right that is available to all? Is social tourism indispensable in a sustainable tourism strategy? What are the different systems of social tourism supply and demand in Europe, and why do the implementations differ so much between countries? The book provides a critical reflection on these and other questions, and is therefore a key resource for social tourism researchers and practitioners.
Focusing particularly on the challenges of managing tourism in the 21st Century, it integrates the themes of sustainability, internationalism, technology and globalisation throughout to provide a thoroughly modern approach to the study of Tourism. Key features of this text include:
- A specific focus on the management of tourism in the context of economic, social and environmental conditions, avoiding lengthy descriptions of the various components of the sector;
- Three main integrated themes focusing on the demand for tourism, the supply of tourism, and the challenge of balancing of the two;
- Coverage of how management techniques are developing in response to changing patterns of demand, emerging markets and destinations, globalisation, and the impacts of tourism;
- Discussion points, examples and cases studies designed with the broadest cultural and international dimensions in mind for today's diverse student profile.
Written specifically for those looking for core topic coverage in a manageable and concise format, this text will be essential reading for those looking for a truly contemporary introduction to Tourism Management.
• Travel behaviors, including travel motivations, number of trips, trip lengths, recent and expected spending on family travel, preferred destinations, accommodations and trip types
• Attitudes towards and experiences with skip-generational travel: trips that children take with their grandparents without their parents
• Attitudes towards and experiences with multi-generational travel: trips that the children, their parents and at least one of their grandparents take together as a family
• Use of travel agents by parents and grandparents
• Use of social media and interaction with travel-related content on social media, by parents and grandparents
• Availability of vacation days for parents, and use of vacation days for family travel
This survey gives us a snapshot of when, how and where families like to travel, and how their travel preferences change as the children grow older. In this study, respondents share where they find travel inspiration, travel information, and how they prefer to book travel products. It is clear from the results of this survey that US families see the value of family vacations as a way to bond, build memories and explore new places together: as an industry, we should be proud to be a part of this meaningful aspect of family life.
Yes, there are areas where the industry can do better. For four years in a row, affordability has emerged as a major hurdle for travel participation. While for some respondents, only low-cost travel options are within reach, this is not the case for all: value for money is often emphasized more than pure dollar value. With a world of travel information at our fingertips, the respondents still highlight that they wish they had access to clearer pricing and more accurate and comprehensive answers to their questions about destinations, accommodations and activities. As travel is a product we often buy before we have seen or experienced it, having complete and clear information available on prices, surcharges and extras is crucial in the decision-making process. It seems that while families are overwhelmed with information, what they are looking for is not always within easy reach. Simplifying the information gathering stage for families – personalized to their budget, family size, the age of the children and their preferences - has to be a priority for the industry going forward.
Another priority should be that we remain an industry that prides itself being welcoming to all. Parents of very young children, teenagers and children with special needs often commented in this study that they don’t feel the travel industry understands their needs – single parents have expressed the same concern in a previous edition of this study. In a world where personalization dominates business innovation, a ‘one size fits all’ approach to family travel is likely to result in disappointment and frustration. The leading companies in our industry will be those who integrate an awareness of the diversity of families into their product design, marketing and recruitment processes.
For the past two years, families have given the travel industry a lackluster B- grade when it comes to understanding their needs. As our understanding grows of what US families look for when they vacation together, we increasingly have the tools to become truly hospitable to all.
• Travel behavior and preferences
• Travel challenges
• Travel attitudes
• Travel decision making
• Travel industry evaluation
Key Findings
This study provides a snapshot of family travel behaviors and preferences in the USA. Key findings are:
• 88% of families are ‘very likely’ or ‘likely’ to travel with their child(ren) in the coming two years
• Shorter vacations (up to one week) are most common. While summer is the most popular time for family travel, respondents show a strong interest in winter vacations for future years. Most families book their travel within three months of departure.
• Theme parks, beach vacations and family road trips are the most common vacations the respondents have taken. When analyzing which vacation types US families would like to try for the first time in the future, cruises and all-inclusive resorts show the greatest appeal.
• The top 3 states families have visited are Florida, California and New York. The top 3 states they would like to visit in the future are Florida, California and Hawaii.
• Hotels, resorts and motels were the most commonly used accommodation choices. Value for money and amenities for children are key factors in their decision-making process on where to stay.
• A family’s main priority is when taking a family vacation is ‘visiting new places and exploring together’ (49%), followed by ‘relaxing and unwinding together’ (42%).
• 25% of respondents had booked with a travel agent in the past 5 years.
A new addition to the survey this year is a block of questions that examined families’ evaluations of the travel industry. Respondents were asked to give the industry a grade for how well it meets the needs of families, and they gave the industry a lackluster score of B-. The recommendations they had for the industry focused on:
• The need for more affordable options
• A request for more packaged domestic options
• The challenges larger families face when traveling
• The lack of reliable and comprehensive information on travel options and prices
• The lack of accessible travel options for families where an adult or child has a disability
Since 2015, the US Family Travel Survey has distinguished between three family travel profiles:
• Hassle-Free Travelers
• Cautious Travelers
• Intrepid Travelers
Each profile has its own distinct characteristics, which were confirmed in the findings of this new edition of the survey. New attitude statements have revealed a more nuanced overview of the profiles, and show that each has its own attitude spectrum: in other words, the boundaries between the profiles are in some areas somewhat fluid, and several characteristics are shared between several groups. For example, while Cautious Travelers – the most prominent group for the third year running - often worry about safety and value for money still see themselves as fairly adventurous families. Cautious Travelers also share some characteristics with the Intrepid Travelers: both groups like to plan their vacations thoroughly and enjoy researching destinations and travel options. This shows that even profiles that are opposites at first glance, may share characteristics and preferences: in other words, travel products may appeal across two different profiles. This more nuanced understanding of the three family travel profiles can assist in the marketing, distribution and product development of family travel products and services.
This exploratory study focused on the influence of demographic (income, age, number of children) and psychographic factors (attitudes toward travel and life) on how families make travel decisions. The findings reveal that affordability is the greatest factor in determining how families choose to travel. Not surprisingly, a family’s higher household income positively correlates with higher travel spending, a lower likelihood that affordability is a major challenge, a higher likelihood to travel internationally, a higher preference for resorts, and a higher preference for air travel when children are involved.
However, the research also points to the fact that income does not tell the whole story. While it determines in many ways HOW families travel, it does not always show clearly the relationships as to WHY they do. To learn more about this, the research team carefully combed through the more than 2,600 responses they received to a survey, which was deployed nationwide to families that travel. After analyzing the data, the researchers concluded families that travel fall into three distinct groups.
The first group, the Hassle-Free Travelers, prefers travel options that require little effort and research. While they are not averse to international travel, they are likely to book an all-inclusive resort or to choose an organized tour, where the travel planning is done for them. They are least likely to take their children out of school for travel. The second and most dominant group, the Cautious Travelers, is more willing to spend time researching and preparing for travel and to try a wider variety of travel options. They also are more willing for their children to miss school to travel. However, they worry about safety, hygiene, food options, finding appropriate activities for their children, and getting value for their money. Because of these uncertainties, they tend to revert to “safe bets” such as family-friendly hotels and theme parks. Finally, there are the Intrepid Travelers. They tend to opt for new destinations each time they travel, are most likely to take their children out of school for vacations, value travel over material possessions, and are likely to travel to unusual destinations to experience different cultures. While all families want to keep their children safe while traveling, it is not the main concern of this group.
STUDY HIGHLIGHTS
•93% of the respondents are either “very likely” or “likely” to travel with their children in the next two years.
•Respondents took an average of 3.53 domestic trips and 1.25 international trips with their children in the past year.
•Families most prefer to travel with their children when the children are between 6 and 12.
•Affordability is the most prominent challenge for family travel. While this mainly affects lower income families, even higher income families raise this as a concern.
•The respondents highly value the educational and emotional benefits of travel.
•The respondents’ household income is the most prominent demographic factor to influence travel behaviors and challenges.
•Travel attitudes and preferences are, however, not clearly linked to demographic factors, pointing instead to psychographic explanations.
•Search engines are the most important information source for many families, but do not always provide information that is seen to be reliable and trustworthy.
Answering it with a resounding ‘no’ may be met with the criticism that ‘academics seem all too eager and able to block changes that might lead to universities better addressing the needs of society’ (Dearlove, 2002, p. 257). This discussion will
draw on Dredge’s contribution, and on relevant literature in management science, to propose an answer of ‘yes, but’.
include groups that would otherwise be excluded
from tourism. Its earliest definition refers to “the
relationships and phenomena in the field of tourism
resulting from participation in travel by
economically weak or otherwise disadvantaged
elements in society” (Hunzicker 1951: 1).
Other scholars have defined it as tourism with
an added moral value, of which the primary
objective is to benefit the host or the tourist
populations (Minnaert et al. 2011). In practice,
social tourism usually refers to budget-friendly
domestic holidays. In some cases, day trips to
theme parks, museums, and attractions are funded
or made available at highly reduced rates by
charities or agencies in the public sector.