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Search: a003415 -id:a003415
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Arithmetic derivative without its inherited divisor; the arithmetic derivative of n divided by A003557(n), which is a common divisor of both n and A003415(n).
+20
86
0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 1, 8, 1, 9, 8, 4, 1, 7, 1, 12, 10, 13, 1, 11, 2, 15, 3, 16, 1, 31, 1, 5, 14, 19, 12, 10, 1, 21, 16, 17, 1, 41, 1, 24, 13, 25, 1, 14, 2, 9, 20, 28, 1, 9, 16, 23, 22, 31, 1, 46, 1, 33, 17, 6, 18, 61, 1, 36, 26, 59, 1, 13, 1, 39, 11, 40, 18, 71, 1, 22, 4, 43, 1, 62, 22, 45, 32, 35, 1, 41, 20
OFFSET
1,4
COMMENTS
See also the scatter plot of A342002 that seems to reveal some interesting internal structure in this sequence, not fully explained by the regularity of primorial base expansion used in the latter sequence. - Antti Karttunen, May 09 2022
FORMULA
a(n) = A003415(n) / A003557(n).
For all n >= 0, a(A276086(n)) = A342002(n).
a(n) = A342414(n) * A342416(n) = A342459(n) * A342919(n). - Antti Karttunen, Apr 30 2022
Dirichlet g.f.: Dirichlet g.f. of A007947 * Sum_{p prime} p^s/((p^s-1)*(p^s+p-1)) = zeta(s) * Product_{p prime} (1+p^(1-s)-p^(-s)) * Sum_{p prime} p^s/((p^s-1)*(p^s+p-1)). - Sebastian Karlsson, May 05 2022
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ c * A065464 * Pi^2 * n^2 / 12, where c = Sum_{j>=2} (1/2 + (-1)^j * (Fibonacci(j) - 1/2))*PrimeZetaP(j) = 0.4526952873143153104685540856936425315834753528741817723313791528384... - Vaclav Kotesovec, May 09 2022
MATHEMATICA
Array[#1/#2 & @@ {If[# < 2, 0, # Total[#2/#1 & @@@ FactorInteger[#]]] &@ Abs[#], #/Times @@ FactorInteger[#][[All, 1]]} &, 91] (* Michael De Vlieger, Mar 11 2021 *)
PROG
(PARI)
A003415(n) = if(n<=1, 0, my(f=factor(n)); n*sum(i=1, #f~, f[i, 2]/f[i, 1]));
A003557(n) = (n/factorback(factorint(n)[, 1]));
A342001(n) = (A003415(n) / A003557(n));
(Python)
from math import prod
from sympy import factorint
def A342001(n):
q = prod(f:=factorint(n))
return sum(q*e//p for p, e in f.items()) # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 04 2022
CROSSREFS
Cf. A342002 [= a(A276086(n))], A342463 [= a(A342456(n))], A351945 [= a(A181819(n))], A353571 [= a(A003961(n))].
Cf. A346485 (Möbius transform), A347395 (convolution with Liouville's lambda), A347961 (with itself), and A347234, A347235, A347954, A347959, A347963, A349396, A349612 (for convolutions with other sequences).
Cf. A007947.
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
Antti Karttunen, Feb 28 2021
STATUS
approved
Arithmetic derivative of the primorial base exp-function: a(n) = A003415(A276086(n)).
+20
79
0, 1, 1, 5, 6, 21, 1, 7, 8, 31, 39, 123, 10, 45, 55, 185, 240, 705, 75, 275, 350, 1075, 1425, 3975, 500, 1625, 2125, 6125, 8250, 22125, 1, 9, 10, 41, 51, 165, 12, 59, 71, 247, 318, 951, 95, 365, 460, 1445, 1905, 5385, 650, 2175, 2825, 8275, 11100, 30075, 4125, 12625, 16750, 46625, 63375, 166125, 14, 77, 91, 329, 420
OFFSET
0,4
COMMENTS
Are there any other fixed points after 0, 1, 7, 8 and 2556? (A328110, see also A351087 and A351088).
Out of the 30030 initial terms, 19220 are multiples of 5. (See A327865).
Proof that a(n) is even if and only if n is a multiple of 4: Consider Charlie Neder's Feb 25 2019 comment in A235992. As A276086 is never a multiple of 4, and as it toggles the parity, we only need to know when A001222(A276086(n)) = A276150(n) is even. The condition for that is given in the latter sequence by David A. Corneth's Feb 27 2019 comment. From this it also follows that A166486 gives similarly the parity of terms of A342002, A351083 and A345000. See also comment in A327858. - Antti Karttunen, May 01 2022
FORMULA
a(n) = A003415(A276086(n)).
a(A002110(n)) = 1 for all n >= 0.
From Antti Karttunen, Nov 03 2019: (Start)
Whenever A329041(x,y) = 1, a(x + y) = A003415(A276086(x)*A276086(y)) = a(x)*A276086(y) + a(y)*A276086(x). For example, we have:
a(n) = a(A328841(n)+A328842(n)) = A329031(n)*A328572(n) + A329032(n)*A328571(n).
A051903(a(n)) = A328391(n).
A328114(a(n)) = A328392(n).
(End)
From Antti Karttunen, May 01 2022: (Start)
a(n) = A328572(n) * A342002(n).
For all n >= 0, A000035(a(n)) = A166486(n). [See comments]
(End)
EXAMPLE
2556 has primorial base expansion [1,1,1,1,0,0] as 1*A002110(5) + 1*A002110(4) + 1*A002110(3) + 1*A002110(2) = 2310 + 210 + 30 + 6 = 2556. That in turn is converted by A276086 to 13^1 * 11^1 * 7^1 * 5^1 = 5005, whose arithmetic derivative is 5' * 1001 + 1001' * 5 = 1*1001 + 311*5 = 2556, thus 2556 is one of the rare fixed points (A328110) of this sequence.
MATHEMATICA
Block[{b = MixedRadix[Reverse@ Prime@ Range@ 12]}, Array[Function[k, If[# < 2, 0, # Total[#2/#1 & @@@ FactorInteger[#]] ] &@ Abs[Times @@ Power @@@ # &@ Transpose@{Prime@ Range@ Length@ k, Reverse@ k}]]@ IntegerDigits[#, b] &, 65, 0]] (* Michael De Vlieger, Mar 12 2021 *)
PROG
(PARI)
A003415(n) = {my(fac); if(n<1, 0, fac=factor(n); sum(i=1, matsize(fac)[1], n*fac[i, 2]/fac[i, 1]))}; \\ From A003415
A276086(n) = { my(i=0, m=1, pr=1, nextpr); while((n>0), i=i+1; nextpr = prime(i)*pr; if((n%nextpr), m*=(prime(i)^((n%nextpr)/pr)); n-=(n%nextpr)); pr=nextpr); m; };
(PARI) A327860(n) = { my(s=0, m=1, p=2, e); while(n, e = (n%p); m *= (p^e); s += (e/p); n = n\p; p = nextprime(1+p)); (s*m); }; \\ (Standalone version) - Antti Karttunen, Nov 07 2019
CROSSREFS
Cf. A002110 (positions of 1's), A003415, A048103, A276086, A327858, A327859, A327865, A328110 (fixed points), A328233 (positions of primes), A328242 (positions of squarefree terms), A328388, A328392, A328571, A328572, A329031, A329032, A329041, A342002.
Cf. A345000, A351074, A351075, A351076, A351077, A351080, A351083, A351084, A351087 (numbers k such that a(k) is a multiple of k), A351088.
Coincides with A329029 on positions given by A276156.
Cf. A166486 (a(n) mod 2), A353630 (a(n) mod 4).
Cf. A267263, A276150, A324650, A324653, A324655 for omega, bigomega, phi, sigma and tau applied to A276086(n).
Cf. also A351950 (analogous sequence).
KEYWORD
nonn,base,easy,look
AUTHOR
Antti Karttunen, Sep 30 2019
EXTENSIONS
Verbal description added to the definition by Antti Karttunen, May 01 2022
STATUS
approved
Greatest common divisor of the arithmetic derivative and the primorial base exp-function: a(n) = gcd(A003415(n), A276086(n)).
+20
43
1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 3, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 10, 1, 1, 1, 10, 15, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 14, 1, 6, 5, 1, 21, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 25, 1, 7, 14, 15, 10, 7, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 18, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 18, 1, 1, 1, 6, 1, 1, 1, 2, 15, 2, 35, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 49, 6, 1, 1, 7, 15, 35, 1, 7, 1, 1, 1
OFFSET
0,2
COMMENTS
Sequence contains only terms of A048103.
Proof that A046337 gives the positions of even terms: see Charlie Neder's Feb 25 2019 comment in A235992 and recall that A276086 is never a multiple of 4, as it is a permutation of A048103, and furthermore it toggles the parity. See also comment in A327860. - Antti Karttunen, May 01 2022
FORMULA
a(n) = gcd(A003415(n), A276086(n)).
a(p) = 1 for all primes p.
a(n) = A276086(A351234(n)). - Antti Karttunen, May 01 2022
From Antti Karttunen, Dec 05 2022: (Start)
For n >= 2, a(n) = gcd(A003415(n), A328382(n)).
(End)
For n >= 2, a(n) = A358669(n) / A359423(n). For n >= 1, A356299(n) | a(n). - Antti Karttunen, Jan 09 2023
a(n) = gcd(A003415(n), A373849(n)) = gcd(A276086(n), A369971(n)) = A373843(A276086(n)). - Antti Karttunen, Jun 21 & 23 2024
MATHEMATICA
Block[{b = MixedRadix[Reverse@ Prime@ Range@ 12], f, g}, f[n_] := If[Abs@ n < 2, 0, n Total[#2/#1 & @@@ FactorInteger[Abs@ n]]]; g[n_] := Times @@ Power @@@ # &@ Transpose@ {Prime@ Range@ Length@ #, Reverse@ #} &@ IntegerDigits[n, b]; Array[GCD[f@ #, g@ #] &, 105]] (* Michael De Vlieger, Sep 30 2019 *)
PROG
(PARI)
A003415(n) = if(n<=1, 0, my(f=factor(n)); n*sum(i=1, #f~, f[i, 2]/f[i, 1]));
A276086(n) = { my(m=1, p=2); while(n, m *= (p^(n%p)); n = n\p; p = nextprime(1+p)); (m); };
A327858(n) = gcd(A003415(n), A276086(n));
CROSSREFS
Cf. A046337 (positions of even terms), A356311 (positions of 1's), A356310 (their characteristic function).
Cf. also A085731, A324198, A328572 [= gcd(A276086(n), A327860(n))], A345000, A373145, A373843.
KEYWORD
nonn,base,easy
AUTHOR
Antti Karttunen, Sep 30 2019
EXTENSIONS
Verbal description added to the definition by Antti Karttunen, May 01 2022
STATUS
approved
Numbers with an even arithmetic derivative, cf. A003415.
+20
34
0, 1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 64, 65, 68, 69, 72, 76, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 100, 104, 108, 111, 112, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 128, 129, 132, 133
OFFSET
1,3
COMMENTS
A165560(a(n)) = 0; A003415(a(n)) mod 2 = 0.
For n > 1: A007814(a(n)) <> 1, A006519(a(n)) <> 2.
Union of multiples of 4 and odd numbers with an even number of prime factors with multiplicity. - Charlie Neder, Feb 25 2019
After two initial terms (0 and 1), numbers n such that A086134(n) = 2. - Antti Karttunen, Sep 30 2019
A multiplicative semigroup; if m and n are in the sequence then so is m*n. (See also comments in A359780.) - Antti Karttunen, Jan 17 2023
LINKS
MATHEMATICA
Select[Range[0, 133], EvenQ@ If[Abs@ # < 2, 0, # Total[#2/#1 & @@@ FactorInteger[Abs@ #]]] &] (* Michael De Vlieger, Sep 30 2019 *)
PROG
(Haskell)
a235992 n = a235992_list !! (n-1)
a235992_list = filter (even . a003415) [0..]
(Python)
from itertools import count, islice
from sympy import factorint
def A235992_gen(startvalue=0): # generator of terms >= startvalue
return filter(lambda n: not n&3 or (n&1 and not sum(factorint(n).values())&1), count(max(startvalue, 0)))
A235992_list = list(islice(A235992_gen(), 40)) # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 04 2022
CROSSREFS
Cf. A235991 (complement).
Union of A327862 and A327864.
Union of A359829 (primitive elements) and A359831 (nonprimitive elements).
Cf. A003415, A086134, A327863, A327865, A327933, A327935, A358680 (characteristic function).
Positions of multiples of 4 in A358669 (and in A358765).
Cf. also A028260, A036349, A046337, A332820 (other multiplicative semigroups), and comments in A359780.
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 11 2014
STATUS
approved
a(n) = A276086(A003415(n)), where A003415 is the arithmetic derivative, and A276086 is the primorial base exp-function.
+20
34
1, 1, 2, 2, 9, 2, 18, 2, 25, 5, 10, 2, 225, 2, 30, 15, 21, 2, 750, 2, 625, 45, 50, 2, 525, 45, 150, 3750, 21, 2, 14, 2, 18375, 75, 250, 25, 49, 2, 750, 225, 735, 2, 630, 2, 875, 210, 1250, 2, 385875, 75, 1050, 375, 13125, 2, 36750, 225, 1029, 1125, 14, 2, 1029, 2, 42, 5250, 2941225, 125, 98, 2, 1225, 1875, 78750
OFFSET
0,3
COMMENTS
Sequence contains only terms of A048103.
Are there fixed points other than 1, 2, 10, 15, 5005? (There are none in the range 5006 .. 402653184.) See A369650.
Records occur at n = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 27, 32, 48, 64, 80, 144, 224, 256, 336, 448, 480, 512, 1728, ... (see also A131117).
a(n) and n are never multiples of 9 at the same time, thus the fixed points certainly exclude any terms of A008591. For a proof, consider my comment in A047257 and that A003415(9*n) is always a multiple of 3. - Antti Karttunen, Feb 08 2024
FORMULA
a(n) = A276086(A003415(n)).
a(p) = 2 for all primes p.
PROG
(PARI)
A003415(n) = if(n<=1, 0, my(f=factor(n)); n*sum(i=1, #f~, f[i, 2]/f[i, 1]));
A276086(n) = { my(m=1, p=2); while(n, m *= (p^(n%p)); n = n\p; p = nextprime(1+p)); (m); };
CROSSREFS
Cf. A003415, A008591, A048103, A131117, A276086, A327858, A327860, A341517 [= mu(a(n))], A341518 (k where a(k) is squarefree), A369641 (composite k where a(k) is squarefree), A369642.
Cf. A370114 (where a(k) is a multiple of k), A370115 (where k is a multiple of a(k)), A369650.
KEYWORD
nonn,base
AUTHOR
Antti Karttunen, Sep 30 2019
STATUS
approved
Numbers with an odd arithmetic derivative, cf. A003415.
+20
27
2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 53, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 82, 83, 86, 89, 90, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 113
OFFSET
1,1
COMMENTS
A165560(a(n)) = 1; A003415(a(n)) mod 2 = 1;
A007814(a(n)) <= 1, A006519(a(n)) <= 2.
LINKS
FORMULA
n is in this sequence iff either n is congruent to 2 modulo 4 or n and Omega(n) are both odd. - Charlie Neder, Feb 25 2019
MATHEMATICA
ader[n_] := ader[n] = Switch[n, 0|1, 0, _, If[PrimeQ[n], 1,
Sum[Module[{p, e}, {p, e} = pe; n e/p], {pe, FactorInteger[n]}]]];
Select[Range[120], OddQ[ader[#]]&] (* Jean-François Alcover, Oct 10 2021 *)
PROG
(Haskell)
a235991 n = a235991_list !! (n-1)
a235991_list = filter (odd . a003415) [0..]
(Python)
from itertools import count, islice
from sympy import factorint
def A235991_gen(startvalue=0): # generator of terms >= startvalue
return filter(lambda n: n&3==2 or (n&1 and sum(factorint(n).values())&1), count(max(startvalue, 0)))
A235991_list = list(islice(A235991_gen(), 40)) # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 04 2022
CROSSREFS
Cf. A003415, A006519, A007814, A165560, A235992 (complement), A000040 (subsequence).
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 11 2014
STATUS
approved
a(n) = A003415(sigma(n)), where A003415 is the arithmetic derivative, and sigma is the sum of divisors of n.
+20
26
0, 1, 4, 1, 5, 16, 12, 8, 1, 21, 16, 32, 9, 44, 44, 1, 21, 16, 24, 41, 80, 60, 44, 92, 1, 41, 68, 92, 31, 156, 80, 51, 112, 81, 112, 20, 21, 92, 92, 123, 41, 272, 48, 124, 71, 156, 112, 128, 22, 34, 156, 77, 81, 244, 156, 244, 176, 123, 92, 332, 33, 272, 164, 1, 124, 384, 72, 165, 272, 384, 156, 119, 39, 101, 128, 188
OFFSET
1,3
LINKS
FORMULA
a(A023194(n)) = 1.
If gcd(m,n) = 1, a(m*n) = sigma(m)*A003415(sigma(n)) + sigma(n)*A003415(sigma(m)) = sigma(m)*a(n) + sigma(n)*a(m).
a(n) = (A351568(n)*A351571(n)) + (A351569(n)*A351570(n)). - Antti Karttunen, Feb 23 2022
MATHEMATICA
Array[If[# < 2, 0, # Total[#2/#1 & @@@ FactorInteger[#]]] &@ DivisorSigma[1, #] &, 76] (* Michael De Vlieger, Apr 08 2021 *)
PROG
(PARI)
A003415(n) = if(n<=1, 0, my(f=factor(n)); n*sum(i=1, #f~, f[i, 2]/f[i, 1]));
A342925(n) = A003415(sigma(n));
CROSSREFS
Cf. A023194 (positions of ones, which is a subsequence of prime powers, A000961).
Cf. A342021 (fixed points), A343216 [positions k where a(k) < k], A343217 [a(k) >= k], A343218 [a(k) > k].
Cf. A347870 (parity of terms), A347872, A347873, A347877 (positions of odd terms), A347878 (of even terms), A343218, A343220, A344024.
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
Antti Karttunen, Apr 07 2021
STATUS
approved
Numbers with prime arithmetic derivative A003415.
+20
25
6, 10, 22, 30, 34, 42, 58, 66, 70, 78, 82, 105, 114, 118, 130, 142, 154, 165, 174, 182, 202, 214, 222, 231, 238, 246, 255, 273, 274, 282, 285, 286, 298, 310, 318, 345, 357, 358, 366, 370, 382, 385, 390, 394, 399, 418, 430, 434, 442, 454, 455, 465, 474, 478
OFFSET
1,1
COMMENTS
Equivalently, solutions to n'' = 1, since n' = 1 iff n is prime. Twice the lesser of the twin primes, 2*A001359 = A108605, are a subsequence. - M. F. Hasler, Apr 07 2015
All terms are squarefree, because if there would be a prime p whose square p^2 would divide n, then A003415(n) = (A003415(p^2) * (n/p^2)) + (p^2 * A003415(n/p^2)) = p*[(2 * (n/p^2)) + (p * A003415(n/p^2))], which certainly is not a prime. - Antti Karttunen, Oct 10 2019
LINKS
Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10001 (first 1000 terms from Reinhard Zumkeller)
FORMULA
A010051(A003415(a(n))) = 1; A068346(a(n)) = 1; A099306(a(n)) = 0.
A003415(a(n)) = A328385(a(n)) = A241859(n); A327969(a(n)) = 3. - Antti Karttunen, Oct 19 2019
EXAMPLE
A003415(42) = A003415(2*3*7) = 2*3+3*7+7*2 = 41 = A000040(13), therefore 42 is a term.
MATHEMATICA
dn[0] = 0; dn[1] = 0; dn[n_?Negative] := -dn[-n]; dn[n_] := Module[{f = Transpose[FactorInteger[n]]}, If[PrimeQ[n], 1, Total[n*f[[2]]/f[[1]]]]]; Select[Range[500], dn[dn[#]] == 1 &] (* T. D. Noe, Mar 07 2013 *)
PROG
(Haskell)
a157037 n = a157037_list !! (n-1)
a157037_list = filter ((== 1) . a010051' . a003415) [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 08 2015
(PARI)
A003415(n) = if(n<=1, 0, my(f=factor(n)); n*sum(i=1, #f~, f[i, 2]/f[i, 1]));
isA157037(n) = isprime(A003415(n)); \\ Antti Karttunen, Oct 19 2019
(Python)
from itertools import count, islice
from sympy import isprime, factorint
def A157037_gen(): # generator of terms
return filter(lambda n:isprime(sum(n*e//p for p, e in factorint(n).items())), count(2))
A157037_list = list(islice(A157037_gen(), 20)) # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 23 2022
CROSSREFS
Cf. A189441 (primes produced by these numbers), A241859.
Cf. A192192, A328239 (numbers whose 2nd and numbers whose 3rd arithmetic derivative is prime).
Cf. A108605, A256673 (subsequences).
Subsequence of following sequences: A005117, A099308, A235991, A328234 (A328393), A328244, A328321.
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 22 2009
STATUS
approved
The length of a shortest path from n to zero when using the transitions x -> A003415(x) and x -> A276086(x), or -1 if no zero can ever be reached from n.
+20
25
0, 1, 2, 2, 5, 2, 3, 2, 6, 4, 3, 2, 5, 2, 5, 6, 6, 2, 5, 2, 7, 4, 3, 2
OFFSET
0,3
COMMENTS
The terms of this sequence are currently known only up to n=23, with the value of a(24) still being uncertain. For the tentative values of the later terms, see sequence A328324 which gives upper bounds for these terms, many of which are very likely also exact values for them.
As A051903(A003415(n)) >= A051903(n)-1, it means that it takes always at least A051903(n) steps to a prime if iterating solely with A003415.
Some known values and upper bounds from n=24 onward:
a(24) <= 11.
a(25) = 4.
a(26) = 7.
a(27) <= 22.
a(33) = 4.
a(39) = 4.
a(40) = 5.
a(42) = 3.
a(44) <= 10.
a(45) = 5.
a(46) = 5.
a(48) = 9.
a(49) = 6.
a(50) = 6.
a(55) = 7.
a(74) = 5.
a(77) = 6.
a(80) <= 18.
a(111) = 6.
a(112) = 8.
a(125) <= 9.
a(240) = 7.
a(625) <= 10.
a(875) = 8.
From Antti Karttunen, Feb 20 2022: (Start)
a(2556) <= 20.
a(5005) <= 19.
What is the value of a(128), and is A328324(128) well-defined?
When I created this sequence, I conjectured that by applying two simple arithmetic operations "arithmetic derivative" (A003415) and "primorial base exp-function" (A276086) in some combination, and starting from any positive integer, we could always reach zero (via a prime and 1).
At the first sight it seems almost certain that the conjecture holds, as it is always possible at every step to choose from two options (which very rarely meet, see A351088), leading to an exponentially growing search tree, and also because A276086 always jumps out of any dead-end path with p^p-factors (dead-end from the arithmetic derivative's point of view). However, it should be realized that one can reach the terms of either A157037 or A327978 with a single step of A003415 only from squarefree numbers (or respectively, cubefree numbers that are not multiples of 4, see A328234), and in general, because A003415 decreases the maximal exponent of the prime factorization (A051903) at most by one, if the maximal exponent in the prime factorization of n is large, there is a correspondingly long path to traverse if we take only A003415-steps in the iteration, and any step could always lead with certain probability to a p^p-number. Note that the antiderivatives of primorials with a square factor seem quite rare, see A351029.
And although taking a A276086-step will always land us to a p^p-free number (which a priori is not in the obvious dead-end path of A003415, although of course it might eventually lead to one), it (in most cases) also increases the magnitude of number considerably, that tends to make the escape even harder. Particularly, in the majority of cases A276086 increases the maximal exponent (which in the preimage is A328114, "maximal digit value used when n is written in primorial base"), so there will be even a longer journey down to squarefree numbers when using A003415. See the sequences A351067 and A351071 for the diminishing ratios suggesting rapidly diminishing chances of successfully reaching zero from larger terms of A276086. Also, the asymptotic density of A276156 is zero, even though A351073 may contain a few larger values.
On the other hand, if we could prove that by (for example) continuing upwards with any p^p-path of A003415 we could eventually reach with a near certainty a region of numbers with low values of A328114 (i.e., numbers with smallish digits in primorial base, like A276156), then the situation might change (see also A351089). However, a few empirical runs seemed to indicate otherwise.
For all of the above reasons, I now conjecture that there are natural numbers from which it is not possible to reach zero with any combination of steps. For example 128 or 5^5 = 3125.
(End)
FORMULA
a(0) = 0, a(p^p) = 1 + a(A276086(p^p)) for primes p, and for other numbers, a(n) = 1+min(a(A003415(n)), a(A276086(n))).
a(p) = 2 for all primes p.
For all n, a(n) <= A328324(n).
Let A stand the transition x -> A003415(x), and B stand for x -> A276086(x). The following sequences give some constant upper limits, because it is guaranteed that the combination given in brackets (the leftmost A or B is applied first) will always lead to a prime:
For all n, a(A157037(n)) = 3. [A]
For n > 1, a(A002110(n)) = 3. [B]
For all n, a(A192192(n)) <= 4. [AA]
For all n, a(A327978(n)) = 4. [AB]
For all n, a(A328233(n)) <= 4. [BA]
For all n, a(A143293(n)) <= 4. [BB]
For all n, a(A328239(n)) <= 5. [AAA]
For all n, a(A328240(n)) <= 5. [BAA]
For all n, a(A328243(n)) <= 5. [ABB]
For all n, a(A328313(n)) <= 5. [BBB]
For all n, a(A328249(n)) <= 6. [BAAA]
For all k in A046099, a(k) >= 4, and if A328114(k) > 1, then certainly a(k) > 4.
EXAMPLE
Let -A> stand for an application of A003415 and -B> for an application of A276086, then, we have for example:
a(8) = 6 as we have 8 -A> 12 -B> 25 -A> 10 -A> 7 -A> 1 -A> 0, six transitions in total (and there are no shorter paths).
a(15) = 6 as we have 15 -B> 150 -A> 185 -A> 42 -A> 41 -A> 1 -A> 0, six transitions in total (and there are no shorter paths).
a(20) = 7, as 20 -B> 375 -A> 350 -A> 365 -A> 78 -A> 71 -A> 1 -A> 0, and there are no shorter paths.
For n=112, we know that a(112) cannot be larger than eight, as A328099^(8)(112) = 0, so we have a path of length 8 as 112 -A> 240 -B> 77 -A> 18 -A> 21 -A> 10 -A> 7 -A> 1 -A> 0. Checking all 32 combinations of the paths of lengths of 5 starting from 112 shows that none of them or their prefixes ends with a prime, thus there cannot be any shorter path, and indeed a(112) = 8.
a(24) <= 11 as A328099^(11)(24) = 0, i.e., we have 24 -A> 44 -A> 48 -A> 112 -A> 240 -B> 77 -A> 18 -A> 21 -A> 10 -A> 7 -A> 1 -A> 0. On the other hand, 24 -B> 625 -B> 17794411250 -A> 41620434625 -A> 58507928150 -A> 86090357185 -A> 54113940517 -A> 19982203325 -A> 12038411230 -A> 8426887871 -A> 1 -A> 0, thus offering another path of length 11.
PROG
(PARI)
A003415(n) = if(n<=1, 0, my(f=factor(n)); n*sum(i=1, #f~, f[i, 2]/f[i, 1]));
A276086(n) = { my(m=1, p=2); while(n, m *= (p^(n%p)); n = n\p; p = nextprime(1+p)); (m); };
A327969(n, searchlim=0) = if(!n, n, my(xs=Set([n]), newxs, a, b, u); for(k=1, oo, print("n=", n, " k=", k, " xs=", xs); newxs=Set([]); for(i=1, #xs, u = xs[i]; a = A003415(u); if(0==a, return(k)); if(isprime(a), return(k+2)); b = A276086(u); if(isprime(b), return(k+1+(u>2))); newxs = setunion([a], newxs); if(!searchlim || (b<=searchlim), newxs = setunion([b], newxs))); xs = newxs));
CROSSREFS
Cf. A328324 (a sequence giving upper bounds, computed with restricted search space).
Sequences for whose terms k, value a(k) has a guaranteed constant upper bound: A000040, A002110, A143293, A157037, A192192, A327978, A328232, A328233, A328239, A328240, A328243, A328249, A328313.
Sequences for whose terms k, it is guaranteed that a(k) has finite value > 0, even if not bound by a constant: A099308, A328116.
KEYWORD
nonn,hard,more
AUTHOR
Antti Karttunen, Oct 07 2019
STATUS
approved
a(n) = 1 if n' / gcd(n,n') is even, otherwise 0, where n' stands for the arithmetic derivative of n, A003415.
+20
24
1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1
OFFSET
1
COMMENTS
a(n) = 1 if A083345(n) = numerator of Sum(e/p: n=Product(p^e)) is even, and 0 if it is odd.
Question: Is the asymptotic mean of this sequence 1/3? See also A369004.
Answer to the above question is yes, as 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + 1/1024 + 1/4096 + ... = 1/3. See the new recursive formula, whose first term contributes 1/4, and the second term 1/16 to the total asymptotic mean, with the rest obtained by recursion. For a proof, consider A001787(n) = A003415(2^n) = n*2^(n-1). We have A007814(A001787(n)) > n iff n is a multiple of 4. - Antti Karttunen, Jan 29 2024
Also a(n) = 1 iff A276085(n) is a multiple of 4. See comment in A327860, which applies also to A342002 [= A083345(A276086(n))]. Therefore, A121262(n) = A059841(A342002(n)) = A059841(A083345(A276086(n))) = a(A276086(n)). Assuming that the new formula a(n) = A121262(A276085(n)) holds, then substituing A276086(n) for n in it gives us back equation a(A276086(n)) = A121262(n) that was proved above. - Antti Karttunen, Feb 08 2024
FORMULA
a(n) = A059841(A083345(n)).
a(n) >= A369004(n).
A353557(n) <= a(n) <= A368997(n) <= A358680(n).
From Antti Karttunen, Jan 29 2024 and Feb 08 2024: (Start)
For n > 1, a(n) = [A007814(A003415(n)) > A007814(n)], where [ ] is the Iverson bracket.
a(n) = A353557(n) + [A007814(n)==2]*A066829(n) + [A007814(n)>=4]*a(n/16).
a(n) = a(16*n).
a(n) <= A035263(n).
a(n) = A121262(A276085(n)). [See comments]
(End)
a(n) = A035263(n) - A373141(n) = A369004(n) + A373264(n) = A373137(n) + A373266(n). - Antti Karttunen, Jun 01 2024
PROG
(PARI)
A083345(n) = { my(f=factor(n)); numerator(vecsum(vector(#f~, i, f[i, 2]/f[i, 1]))); };
A369001(n) = !(A083345(n)%2);
(PARI)
A003415(n) = if(n<=1, 0, my(f=factor(n)); n*sum(i=1, #f~, f[i, 2]/f[i, 1]));
A369001(n) = ((1==n)||(valuation(A003415(n), 2) > valuation(n, 2)));
(PARI) A369001(n) = (((n%2)&&(!(bigomega(n)%2))) || (2==valuation(n, 2) && (bigomega(n)%2)) || (valuation(n, 2)>=4 && A369001(n/16)));
CROSSREFS
Characteristic function of A369002, whose complement A369003 gives the positions of 0's.
Cf. A369974 (Dirichlet inverse), A369975 (and its parity), A369980 (run lengths).
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
Antti Karttunen, Jan 14 2024
STATUS
approved

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