OFFSET
1,3
COMMENTS
Number of ways n labeled objects can be distributed into k nonempty parcels. Also number of special terms in n variables with maximal degree k.
In older terminology these are called differences of 0. - Michael Somos, Oct 08 2003
Number of surjections (onto functions) from an n-element set to a k-element set.
Also coefficients (in ascending order) of so-called ordered Bell polynomials.
(k-1)!*Stirling2(n,k-1) is the number of chain topologies on an n-set having k open sets [Stephen].
Number of set compositions (ordered set partitions) of n items into k parts. Number of k dimensional 'faces' of the n dimensional permutohedron (see Simion, p. 162). - Mitch Harris, Jan 16 2007
Correction of comment before: Number of (n-k)-dimensional 'faces' of the permutohedron of order n (an (n-1)-dimensional polytope). - Tilman Piesk, Oct 29 2014
This array is related to the reciprocal of an e.g.f. as sketched in A133314. For example, the coefficient of the fourth-order term in the Taylor series expansion of 1/(a(0) + a(1) x + a(2) x^2/2! + a(3) x^3/3! + ...) is a(0)^(-5) * {24 a(1)^4 - 36 a(1)^2 a(2) a(0) + [8 a(1) a(3) + 6 a(2)^2] a(0)^2 - a(4) a(0)^3}. The unsigned coefficients characterize the P3 permutohedron depicted on page 10 in the Loday link with 24 vertices (0-D faces), 36 edges (1-D faces), 6 squares (2-D faces), 8 hexagons (2-D faces) and 1 3-D permutohedron. Summing coefficients over like dimensions gives A019538 and A090582. Compare to A133437 for the associahedron. - Tom Copeland, Sep 29 2008, Oct 07 2008
Further to the comments of Tom Copeland above, the permutohedron of type A_3 can be taken as the truncated octahedron. Its dual is the tetrakis hexahedron, a simplicial polyhedron, with f-vector (1,14,36,24) giving the fourth row of this triangle. See the Wikipedia entry and [Fomin and Reading p. 21]. The corresponding h-vectors of permutohedra of type A give the rows of the triangle of Eulerian numbers A008292. See A145901 and A145902 for the array of f-vectors for type B and type D permutohedra respectively. - Peter Bala, Oct 26 2008
Subtriangle of triangle in A131689. - Philippe Deléham, Nov 03 2008
Since T(n,k) counts surjective functions and surjective functions are "consistent", T(n,k) satisfies a binomial identity, namely, T(n,x+y) = Sum_{j=0..n} C(n,j)*T(j,x)*T(n-j,y). For definition of consistent functions and a generalized binomial identity, see "Toy stories and combinatorial identities" in the link section below. - Dennis P. Walsh, Feb 24 2012
T(n,k) is the number of labeled forests on n+k vertices satisfying the following two conditions: (i) each forest consists of exactly k rooted trees with roots labeled 1, 2, ..., k; (ii) every root has at least one child vertex. - Dennis P. Walsh, Feb 24 2012
The triangle is the inverse binomial transform of triangle A028246, deleting the left column and shifting up one row. - Gary W. Adamson, Mar 05 2012
See A074909 for associations among this array and the Bernoulli polynomials and their umbral compositional inverses. - Tom Copeland, Nov 14 2014
E.g.f. for the shifted signed polynomials is G(x,t) = (e^t-1)/[1+(1+x)(e^t-1)] = 1-(1+x)(e^t-1) + (1+x)^2(e^t-1)^2 - ... (see also A008292 and A074909), which has the infinitesimal generator g(x,u)d/du = [(1-x*u)(1-(1+x)u)]d/du, i.e., exp[t*g(x,u)d/du]u eval. at u=0 gives G(x,t), and dG(x,t)/dt = g(x,G(x,t)). The compositional inverse is log((1-xt)/(1-(1+x)t)). G(x,t) is a generating series associated to the generalized Hirzebruch genera. See the G. Rzadowski link for the relation of the derivatives of g(x,u) to solutions of the Riccatt differential equation, soliton solns. to the KdV equation, and the Eulerian and Bernoulli numbers. In addition A145271 connects products of derivatives of g(x,u) and the refined Eulerian numbers to the inverse of G(x,t), which gives the normalized, reverse face polynomials of the simplices (A135278, divided by n+1). See A028246 for the generator g(x,u)d/dx. - Tom Copeland, Nov 21 2014
For connections to toric varieties and Eulerian polynomials, see the Dolgachev and Lunts and the Stembridge links. - Tom Copeland, Dec 31 2015
See A008279 for a relation between the e.g.f.s enumerating the faces of permutahedra (this entry) and stellahedra. - Tom Copeland, Nov 14 2016
T(n, k) appears in a Worpitzky identity relating monomials to binomials: x^n = Sum_{k=1..n} T(n, k)*binomial(x,k), n >= 1. See eq. (11.) of the Worpitzky link on p. 209. The relation to the Eulerian numbers is given there in eqs. (14.) and (15.). See the formula below relating to A008292. See also Graham et al. eq. (6.10) (relating monomials to falling factorials) on p. 248 (2nd ed. p. 262). The Worpitzky identity given in the Graham et al. reference as eq. (6.37) (2nd ed. p. 269) is eq. (5.), p. 207, of Worpitzky. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 10 2017
T(n, m) is also the number of minimum clique coverings and minimum matchings in the complete bipartite graph K_{m,n}. - Eric W. Weisstein, Apr 26 2017
From the Hasan and Franco and Hasan papers: The m-permutohedra for m=1,2,3,4 are the line segment, hexagon, truncated octahedron and omnitruncated 5-cell. The first three are well-known from the study of elliptic models, brane tilings and brane brick models. The m+1 torus can be tiled by a single (m+2)-permutohedron. Relations to toric Calabi-Yau Kahler manifolds are also discussed. - Tom Copeland, May 14 2020
From Manfred Boergens, Jul 25 2021: (Start)
Number of n X k binary matrices with row sums = 1 and no zero columns. These matrices are a subset of the matrices defining A183109.
The distribution into parcels in the leading comment can be regarded as a covering of [n] by tuples (A_1,...,A_k) in P([n])^k with nonempty and disjoint A_j, with P(.) denoting the power set (corrected for clarity by Manfred Boergens, May 26 2024). For the non-disjoint case see A183109 and A218695.
For tuples with "nonempty" dropped see A089072. For tuples with "nonempty and disjoint" dropped see A092477 and A329943 (amendment by Manfred Boergens, Jun 24 2024). (End)
REFERENCES
A. T. Benjamin and J. J. Quinn, Proofs that really count: the art of combinatorial proof, M.A.A. 2003, p. 89, ex. 1; also p. 210.
Miklos Bona, Combinatorics of Permutations, Chapman and Hall,2004, p.12.
G. Boole, A Treatise On The Calculus of Finite Differences, Dover Publications, 1960, p. 20.
H. T. Davis, Tables of the Mathematical Functions. Vols. 1 and 2, 2nd ed., 1963, Vol. 3 (with V. J. Fisher), 1962; Principia Press of Trinity Univ., San Antonio, TX, Vol. 2, p. 212.
R. L. Graham, D. E. Knuth and O. Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1989, p. 155. Also eqs.(6.10) and (6.37).
Kiran S. Kedlaya and Andrew V. Sutherland Computing L -Series of Hyperelliptic Curves in Algorithmic Number Theory Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 5011/2008
T. K. Petersen, Eulerian Numbers, Birkhauser, 2015, Section 5.6.
J. Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, 1958, p. 33.
J. F. Steffensen, Interpolation, 2nd ed., Chelsea, NY, 1950, see p. 54.
A. H. Voigt, Theorie der Zahlenreihen und der Reihengleichungen, Goschen, Leipzig, 1911, p. 31.
E. Whittaker and G. Robinson, The Calculus of Observations, Blackie, London, 4th ed., 1949; p. 7.
LINKS
T. D. Noe, Rows n = 1..100 of triangle, flattened
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Mohammad K. Azarian, Remarks and Conjectures Regarding Combinatorics of Discrete Partial Functions, Int'l Math. Forum (2022) Vol. 17, No. 3, 129-141. (See Theorem 2.1 (iv), p. 131.)
J. Fernando Barbero G., Jesús Salas, and Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor, Bivariate Generating Functions for a Class of Linear Recurrences. I. General Structure, arXiv:1307.2010 [math.CO], 2013.
J. F. Barbero G., J. Salas and E. J. S. Villaseñor, Bivariate Generating Functions for a Class of Linear Recurrences. II. Applications, arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.5624 [math.CO], 2013.
Paul Barry, On the f-Matrices of Pascal-like Triangles Defined by Riordan Arrays, arXiv:1805.02274 [math.CO], 2018.
Moussa Benoumhani, The Number of Topologies on a Finite Set, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 9 (2006), Article 06.2.6.
Olivier Bodini, Antoine Genitrini, Cécile Mailler, and Mehdi Naima, Strict monotonic trees arising from evolutionary processes: combinatorial and probabilistic study, hal-02865198 [math.CO] / [math.PR] / [cs.DS] / [cs.DM], 2020.
K. N. Boyadzhiev, A Series transformation formula and related polynomials, Int. J. Math. Math. Sc. 23 (2005), 3849-3866.
Xavier Bultel, Jannik Dreier, Matthieu Giraud, Marie Izaute, Timothée Kheyrkhah, Pascal Lafourcade, Dounia Lakhzoum, Vincent Marlin, and Ladislav Motá, Security Analysis and Psychological Study of Authentication Methods with PIN Codes, RCIS 2018 - IEEE 12th International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science, 2018.
J. L. Chandon, J. LeMaire, and J. Pouget, Dénombrement des quasi-ordres sur un ensemble fini, Math. Sci. Humaines, No. 62 (1978), 61-80.
Frédéric Chapoton and Vincent Pilaud, Shuffles of deformed permutahedra, multiplihedra, constrainahedra, and biassociahedra, arXiv:2201.06896 [math.CO], 2022. See p. 12, 19.
E. Delucchi, A. Pixton, and L. Sabalka, Face vectors of subdivided simplicial complexes Discrete Math. 312 (2012), no. 2, 248--257. MR2852583 (2012j:05470). See p. 250. - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 04 2014
I. Dolgachev and V. Lunts, A character formula for the representation of the Weyl group in the cohomology of the associated toric variety, Journal of Algebra, 168, 741-772, (1994).
S. Fomin and N. Reading, Root systems and generalized associahedra, Lecture notes for IAS/Park-City 2004; arXiv:math/0505518 [math.CO], 2005-2008.
S. Franco and A. Hasan, Graded Quivers, Generalized Dimer Models and Toric Geometry , arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.07954 [hep-th], 2019.
T. L. Friedman and P. Klingsberg, Combinatorial identities by way of Wilf's multigraph model, Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. (2006) 96327, defn. 4.3.
X. Gao, S. He, and Y. Zhan, Labelled tree graphs, Feynman diagrams and disk integrals , arXiv:1708.08701 [hep-th], 2017. [From Tom Copeland, Jun 24 2018]
M. Goebel, On the number of special permutation-invariant orbits and terms, in Applicable Algebra in Engin., Comm. and Comp. (AAECC 8), Volume 8, Number 6, 1997, pp. 505-509 (Lect. Notes Comp. Sci.)
M. Griffiths and I. Mezo, A generalization of Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind via a special multiset, JIS 13 (2010) #10.2.5
J. Gubeladze and J. Love, Vertex maps between simplices, cubes, and crosspolytopes, arXiv preprint arXiv:1304.3775 [math.CO], 2013.
Li Guo, Baxter algebras, Stirling numbers and partitions, arXiv:math/0402348 [math.AC], 2004.
M. Iida, On Triangle of numbers, Josai Mathematical Monographs, Vol. 5 (2012), 61-70;
A. Hasan, Physics and Mathematics of Graded Quivers, dissertation, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 2019.
Gábor Hetyei, The Stirling polynomial of a simplicial complex Discrete and Computational Geometry 35, Number 3, March 2006, pp 437-455.
Gábor Hetyei, Face enumeration using generalized binomial coefficients. Online draft version of the Hetyei paper referenced above.
Sergey Kitaev, Andrew Niedermaier, Jeffrey Remmel, and Manda Riehl, Generalized pattern-matching conditions for Ck wreath Sn, ISRN Comb. 2013, Article ID 634823, 20 p. (2013), eq. (87)
Germain Kreweras, Une dualité élémentaire souvent utile dans les problèmes combinatoires, Mathématiques et Sciences Humaines 3 (1963): 31-41.
Germain Kreweras, Les préordres totaux compatibles avec un ordre partiel, Math. Sci. Humaines No. 53 (1976), 5-30.
Germain Kreweras, Les préordres totaux compatibles avec un ordre partiel, Math. Sci. Humaines No. 53 (1976), 5-30. (Annotated scanned copy)
L. Liu and Y. Wang, A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros, arXiv:math/0509207 [math.CO], 2005-2006.
J. Loday, The Multiple Facets of the Associahedron [From Tom Copeland, Sep 29 2008]
František Marko, Sums of Consecutive Powers as a Linear Combination of Products of Two Figurate Numbers, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 25 (2022), Article 22.2.8.
Richard J. Mathar, On an Alternating Double Sum of a Triple Product of Aerated Binomial Coefficients, arXiv:2306.08022 [math.GM], 2023.
MathOverflow, How many surjections are there from a set of size n? [From Tom Copeland, Sep 09 2015]
E. Mendelson, Races with Ties, Math. Mag. 55 (1982), 170-175.
Lucas Chaves Meyles, Pamela E. Harris, Richter Jordaan, Gordon Rojas Kirby, Sam Sehayek, and Ethan Spingarn, Unit-Interval Parking Functions and the Permutohedron, arXiv:2305.15554 [math.CO], 2023.
T. S. Motzkin, Sorting numbers for cylinders and other classification numbers, in Combinatorics, Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 19, AMS, 1971, pp. 167-176. [Annotated, scanned copy]
Arthur Nunge, Eulerian polynomials on segmented permutations, arXiv:1805.01797 [math.CO], 2018.
OEIS Wiki, Sorting numbers
K. A. Penson, P. Blasiak, G. Duchamp, A. Horzela and A. I. Solomon, Hierarchical Dobinski-type relations via substitution and the moment problem, arXiv:quant-ph/0312202, 2003.
Vincent Pilaud and V. Pons, Permutrees, arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.09643 [math.CO], 2016-2017.
P. A. Piza, Kummer numbers, Mathematics Magazine, 21 (1947/1948), 257-260.
P. A. Piza, Kummer numbers, Mathematics Magazine, 21 (1947/1948), 257-260. [Annotated scanned copy]
G. Rzadkowski, Bernoulli numbers and solitons revisited, Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics, 17:1, 121-126, DOI: 10.1142/S1402925110000635
Natalie Schluter, The Taylor expansion for dropout is divergent, 2018.
Natalie Schluter, On approximating dropout noise injection, arXiv:1905.11320 [cs.LG], 2019.
Mark Shattuck, Combinatorial proofs of some Stirling number formulas, Preprint (ResearchGate), 2014.
John K. Sikora, On Calculating the Coefficients of a Polynomial Generated Sequence Using the Worpitzky Number Triangles, arXiv:1806.00887 [math.NT], 2018.
R. Simion, Convex Polytopes and Enumeration, Adv. in Appl. Math. 18 (1997) pp. 149-180.
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S. M. Tanny, On some numbers related to the Bell numbers, Canad. Math. Bull. Vol. 17 (5), 733-738, 1975.
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D. P. Walsh, Toy stories and combinatorial identities
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Clique Covering
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Complete Bipartite Graph
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Matching
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Minimum Edge Cover
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J. Worpitzky, Studien über die Bernoullischen und Eulerschen Zahlen, J. reine u. angew. Math., 94 (1883) 203-232.
FORMULA
T(n, k) = k*(T(n-1, k-1)+T(n-1, k)) with T(0, 0) = 1 [or T(1, 1) = 1]. - Henry Bottomley, Mar 02 2001
E.g.f.: (y*(exp(x)-1) - exp(x))/(y*(exp(x)-1) - 1). - Vladeta Jovovic, Jan 30 2003
Equals [0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 5, ...] DELTA [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, ...] where DELTA is Deléham's operator defined in A084938.
T(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..k} (-1)^(k-j)*j^n*binomial(k, j). - Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Nov 28 2003. See Graham et al., eq. (6.19), p. 251. For a proof see Bert Seghers, Jun 29 2013.
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n, k)(-1)^(n-k) = 1, Sum_{k=0..n} T(n, k)(-1)^k = (-1)^n. - Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Dec 11 2003
O.g.f. for n-th row: polylog(-n, x/(1+x))/(x+x^2). - Vladeta Jovovic, Jan 30 2005
E.g.f.: 1 / (1 + t*(1-exp(x))). - Tom Copeland, Oct 13 2008
From Peter Bala, Oct 26 2008: (Start)
O.g.f. as a continued fraction: 1/(1 - x*t/(1 - (x + 1)*t/(1 - 2*x*t/(1 - 2*(x + 1)*t/(1 - ...))))) = 1 + x*t + (x + 2*x^2)*t^2 + (x + 6*x^2 + 6*x^3)*t^3 + ... .
The row polynomials R(n,x), which begin R(1,x) = x, R(2,x) = x + 2*x^2, R(3,x) = x + 6*x^2 + 6*x^3, satisfy the recurrence x*d/dx ((x + 1)*R(n,x)) = R(n+1,x). It follows that the zeros of R(n,x) are real and negative (apply Corollary 1.2 of [Liu and Wang]).
Since this is the triangle of f-vectors of the (simplicial complexes dual to the) type A permutohedra, whose h-vectors form the Eulerian number triangle A008292, the coefficients of the polynomial (x-1)^n*R(n,1/(x-1) give the n-th row of A008292. For example, from row 3 we have x^2 + 6*x + 6 = 1 + 4*y + y^2, where y = x + 1, producing [1,4,1] as the third row of A008292. The matrix product A008292 * A007318 gives the mirror image of this triangle (see A090582).
For n,k >= 0, T(n+1,k+1) = Sum_{j=0..k} (-1)^(k-j)*binomial(k,j)*[(j+1)^(n+1) - j^(n+1)]. The matrix product of Pascal's triangle A007318 with the current array gives (essentially) A047969. This triangle is also related to triangle A047969 by means of the S-transform of [Hetyei], a linear transformation of polynomials whose value on the basis monomials x^k is given by S(x^k) = binomial(x,k). The S-transform of the shifted n-th row polynomial Q(n,x) := R(n,x)/x is S(Q(n,x)) = (x+1)^n - x^n. For example, from row 3 we obtain S(1 + 6*x + 6*x^2) = 1 + 6*x + 6*x*(x-1)/2 = 1 + 3*x + 3*x^2 = (x+1)^3 - x^3. For fixed k, the values S(Q(n,k)) give the nonzero entries in column (k-1) of the triangle A047969 (the Hilbert transform of the Eulerian numbers). (End)
E.g.f.: (exp(x)-1)^k = sum T(n,k)x^n/n!. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Aug 10 2010
T(n,k) = Sum_{i=1..k} A(n,i)*Binomial(n-i,k-i) where A(n,i) is the number of n-permutations that have i ascending runs, A008292.
From Tom Copeland, Oct 11 2011: (Start)
With e.g.f.. A(x,t)= -1 + 1/(1+t*(1-exp(x)), the comp. inverse in x is
B(x,t) = log(((1+t)/t) - 1/(t(1+x))).
With h(x,t) = 1/(dB/dx)= (1+x)((1+t)(1+x)-1), the row polynomial P(n,t) is given by (h(x,t)*d/dx)^n x, eval. at x=0, A=exp(x*h(y,t)*d/dy) y, eval. at y=0, and dA/dx = h(A(x,t),t), with P(0,t)=0.
(A factor of -1/n! was removed by Copeland on Aug 25 2016.) (End)
The term linear in x of [x*h(d/dx,t)]^n 1 gives the n-th row polynomial. (See A134685.) - Tom Copeland, Nov 07 2011
Row polynomials are given by D^n(1/(1-x*t)) evaluated at x = 0, where D is the operator (1+x)*d/dx. - Peter Bala, Nov 25 2011
T(n,x+y) = Sum_{j=0..n} binomial(n,j)*T(j,x)*T(n-j,y). - Dennis P. Walsh, Feb 24 2012
Let P be a Rota-Baxter operator of weight 1 satisfying the identity P(x)*P(y) = P(P(x)*y) + P(x*P(y)) + P(x*y). Then P(1)^2 = P(1) + 2*P^2(1). More generally, Guo shows that P(1)^n = Sum_{k=1..n} T(n,k)*P^k(1). - Peter Bala, Jun 08 2012
Sum_{i=1..n} (-1)^i*T(n,i)/i = 0, for n > 1. - Leonid Bedratyuk, Aug 09 2012
T(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..k} (-1)^j*binomial(k, j)*(k-j)^n. [M. Catalani's re-indexed formula from Nov 28 2003] Proof: count the surjections of [n] onto [k] with the inclusion-exclusion principle, as an alternating sum of the number of functions from [n] to [k-j]. - Bert Seghers, Jun 29 2013
n-th row polynomial = 1/(1 + x)*( Sum_{k>=0} k^n*(x/(1 + x))^k ), valid for x in the open interval (-1/2, inf). See Tanny link. Cf. A145901. - Peter Bala, Jul 22 2014
T(n,k) = k * A141618(n,k-1) / binomial(n,k-1). - Tom Copeland, Oct 25 2014
Sum_{n>=0} n^k*a^n = Sum_{i=1..k} (a / (1 - a))^i * T(k, i)/(1-a) for |a| < 1. - David A. Corneth, Mar 09 2015
From Peter Bala, May 26 2015: (Start)
The row polynomials R(n,x) satisfy (1 + x)*R(n,x) = (-1)^n*x*R(n,-(1 + x)).
For a fixed integer k, the expansion of the function A(k,z) := exp( Sum_{n >= 1} R(n,k)*z^n/n ) has integer coefficients and satisfies the functional equation A(k,z)^(k + 1) = BINOMIAL(A(k,z))^k, where BINOMIAL(F(z))= 1/(1 - z)*F(z/(1 - z)) denotes the binomial transform of the o.g.f. F(z). Cf. A145901. For cases see A084784 (k = 1), A090352 (k = 2), A090355 (k = 3), A090357 (k = 4), A090362 (k = 5) and A084785 (k = -2 with z -> -z).
A(k,z)^(k + 1) = A(-(k + 1),-z)^k and hence BINOMIAL(A(k,z)) = A(-(k + 1),-z). (End)
From Tom Copeland, Oct 19 2016: (Start)
Let a(1) = 1 + x + B(1) = x + 1/2 and a(n) = B(n) = (B.)^n, where B(n) are the Bernoulli numbers defined by e^(B.t) = t / (e^t-1), then t / e^(a.t) = t / [(x + 1) * t + exp(B.t)] = (e^t - 1) /[ 1 + (x + 1) (e^t - 1)] = exp(p.(x)t), where (p.(x))^n = p_n(x) are the shifted, signed row polynomials of this array: p_0(x) = 0, p_1(x) = 1, p_2(x) = -(1 + 2 x), p_3(x) = 1 + 6 x + 6 x^2, ... and p_n(x) = n * b(n-1), where b(n) are the partition polynomials of A133314 evaluated with these a(n).
Sum_{n > 0} R(n,-1/2) x^n/n! = 2 * tanh(x/2), where R(n,x) = Sum_{k = 1..n} T(n,k) x^(k-1) are the shifted row polynomials of this entry, so R(n,-1/2) = 4 * (2^(n+1)-1) B(n+1)/(n+1). (Cf. A000182.)
(End)
Also the Bernoulli numbers are given by B(n) = Sum_{k =1..n} (-1)^k T(n,k) / (k+1). - Tom Copeland, Nov 06 2016
G.f. for column k: k! x^k / Product_{i=1..k} (1-i*x). - Robert A. Russell, Sep 25 2018
a(j) <= A183109(j). - Manfred Boergens, Jul 25 2021
EXAMPLE
The triangle T(n, k) begins:
n\k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1: 1
2: 1 2
3: 1 6 6
4: 1 14 36 24
5: 1 30 150 240 120
6: 1 62 540 1560 1800 720
7: 1 126 1806 8400 16800 15120 5040
8: 1 254 5796 40824 126000 191520 141120 40320
9: 1 510 18150 186480 834120 1905120 2328480 1451520 362880
10: 1 1022 55980 818520 5103000 16435440 29635200 30240000 16329600 3628800
... Reformatted and extended - Wolfdieter Lang, Oct 04 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
T(4,1) = 1: {1234}. T(4,2) = 14: {1}{234} (4 ways), {12}{34} (6 ways), {123}{4} (4 ways). T(4,3) = 36: {12}{3}{4} (12 ways), {1}{23}{4} (12 ways), {1}{2}{34} (12 ways). T(4,4) = 1: {1}{2}{3}{4} (1 way).
MAPLE
with(combinat): A019538 := (n, k)->k!*stirling2(n, k);
MATHEMATICA
Table[k! StirlingS2[n, k], {n, 9}, {k, n}] // Flatten
PROG
(PARI) {T(n, k) = if( k<0 || k>n, 0, sum(i=0, k, (-1)^i * binomial(k, i) * (k-i)^n))}; /* Michael Somos, Oct 08 2003 */
(Haskell)
a019538 n k = a019538_tabl !! (n-1) !! (k-1)
a019538_row n = a019538_tabl !! (n-1)
a019538_tabl = iterate f [1] where
f xs = zipWith (*) [1..] $ zipWith (+) ([0] ++ xs) (xs ++ [0])
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 15 2013
(Sage) def T(n, k): return factorial(k)*stirling_number2(n, k) # Danny Rorabaugh, Oct 10 2015
CROSSREFS
Cf. A000918, A000919, A001117, A001118, A008275, A008277, A008279, A048594, A059117, A059515, A074909, A084938, A089072, A092477, A183109, A218695, A329943.
See also the two closely related triangles: A008277(n, k) = T(n, k)/k! (Stirling numbers of second kind) and A028246(n, k) = T(n, k)/k.
Cf. A033282 'faces' of the associahedron.
Visible in the 3-D array in A249042.
See also A000182.
KEYWORD
AUTHOR
N. J. A. Sloane, Manfred Goebel (goebel(AT)informatik.uni-tuebingen.de), Dec 11 1996
STATUS
approved